Phytochemical profiling and assessment of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the green macroalga Caulerpa prolifera from the Antalya coast

Hatice Banu Keskinkaya; Emine Şükran Okudan; Bahar Yılmaz; Merve Koçak; Numan Emre Gümüş

doi:10.12714/egejfas.43.1.08

EN TR

Phytochemical profiling and assessment of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the green macroalga Caulerpa prolifera from the Antalya coast

Abstract

Macroalgae are increasingly supported for utilization and development in pharmacology, food, and biotechnology due to their high bioactive potential. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile of C. prolifera extracts and to evaluate their in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The extracts exhibited total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) values of 2.68±0.22 and 18.94±0.68 µg GAEs/mg, while flavonoid contents were determined as 51.05 and 7.26±0.09 µg QEs/mg. HPLC-DAD analysis identified major metabolites including chlorogenic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, t-ferulic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, naringin, o-coumaric acid, rosmarinic acid, salicylic acid, quercetin, t-cinnamic acid, rutin, and naringenin. Antibacterial evaluation demonstrated variable susceptibility among Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains, with MIC values ranging from 7.5 to 5.25 mg/mL. While the ethanol extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity in the ABTS•⁺ (IC50: 333.16±0.74 µg/mL) and CUPRAC (A0.50: 538.5±0.02) assays, all extracts showed limited DPPH scavenging capacity (IC50:>800 µg/mL). The ethanolic extract also demonstrated the highest metal chelating capacity (IC50: 327.15±0.63 µg/mL). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that ethanol is the most effective solvent for recovering antioxidant bioactive components from C. prolifera and recommends its use in extraction-based studies.

Keywords

Antalya kıyılarından toplanan yeşil makroalg Caulerpa prolifera’nın fitokimyasal profili, antioksidan ve antibakteriyel aktivite değerlendirmesi

Öz

Makroalglerin yüksek biyoaktif potansiyelleri, farmakoloji, gıda ve biyoteknoloji alanlarında kullanım ve geliştirilmesini giderek daha fazla desteklemektedir. Bu çalışma, C. prolifera ekstrelerin fitokimyasal profilini karakterize etmeyi ve in vitro antioksidan ve antibakteriyel aktivitelerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Ekstrelerin toplam fenolik içerik (TPC) ve toplam flavonoid içeriği (TFC) değerleri sırasıyla 2.68±0.22 ve 18.94±0.68 µg GAEs/mg olarak, flavonoid içerikleri ise 51.05 ve 7.26±0.09 µg QEs/mg olarak belirlenmiştir. HPLC-DAD analizi, klorojenik asit, 4-hidroksibenzoik asit, t-ferulik asit, hidroksisinamik asit, naringin, o-kumarik asit, rosmarinik asit, salisilik asit, kuersetin, t-sinamik asit, rutin ve naringenin gibi başlıca metabolitleri ortaya koymuştur. Antibakteriyel değerlendirme, Gram-negatif ve Gram-pozitif suşların farklı duyarlılık düzeyleri sergilediğini göstermiştir (MIC: 7.5–5.25 mg/mL). Etanol ekstresi, ABTS•⁺ (IC₅₀: 333.16±0.74 µg/mL) ve CUPRAC (A_0.50: 538.5±0.02) testlerinde en yüksek antioksidan aktiviteyi gösterirken, tüm ekstreler DPPH radikal süpürme kapasitesi açısından düşük aktivite sergilemiştir (IC₅₀: >800 µg/mL). En yüksek metal şelatlama aktivitesi de etanol ekstresinde gözlenmiştir (IC₅₀: 327.15±0.63 µg/mL). Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada, etanolün C. prolifera'dan antioksidan biyoaktif bileşenleri geri kazanmak için en etkili çözücü olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü

Proje Numarası

03-M-23

Teşekkür

Bu çalışma Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü tarafından desteklenmiştir (Proje numarası 03-M-23).

Kaynakça

Akdag, T., Keskınkaya, H., Argon, Z., Dogu, S., & Kocak, M. (2025). Characterization and bioactivity of carrot (Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang by supercritical liquid CO2 extraction. Modern Phytomorphology, 19, 96–105. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.200121
Alghazeer, R.O., Azwai, S.M., Elmansori, A.A., Alzintani, K.M., Elghmasi, S., Alnajjar, A.Y., Gammoudi, F.T., Sidati, M., Hawisa, S.T., Garbaj, A.M., & Eldaghayes, I.M. (2024). Antibacterial activity of flavonoid extracts from Enteromorpha intestinalis and Caulerpa prolifera against multidrug-resistant foodborne bacterial isolates. Open Veterinary Journal, 14(3), 769. https://doi.org/10.5455/OVJ.2024.V14.I3.3
Armagan, E., Keskinates, M., Gumus, N.E., Aydin, Z., Yilmaz, B., & Bayrakci, M. (2024). Macroalgal (Ulva compressa) silver nanoparticles: Their characterization, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial applications. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 24(9). https://doi.org/10.4194/TRJFAS25612
Aşıkkutlu, B., & Akköz, C. (2022). Determination of pigment content and antioxidant activities of some Chlorophyta species isolated from Altınapa Dam Lake (Konya/Turkey). Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 7(2), 227 234. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1095138
Baharfar, R., Azimi, R., & Mohseni, M. (2015). Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of flavonoid-, polyphenol- and anthocyanin-rich extracts from Thymus kotschyanus boiss & hohen aerial parts. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52(10), 6777–6783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197- 015-1752-0
Basri, D.F., & Fan, S.H. (2005). The potential of aqueous and acetone extracts of galls of Quercus infectoria as antibacterial agents. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 37(1), 26–29. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.13851 Blois, M.S. (1958). Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 181(4617), 1199 1200. https://doi.org/10.1038/1811199a0
Borowitzka, M.A. (2013). High-value products from microalgae—their development and commercialisation. Journal of Applied Phycology 2013 25:3, 25(3), 743–756. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10811-013-9983-9
Castillo-Correa, M., Montalbán-Hernández, C., Navarro-Hortal, M.D., Peña-Guzmán, D., Badillo-Carrasco, A., Varela-López, A., Hinojosa-Nogueira, D. & Romero Márquez, J.M. (2025). Exploring the influence of extraction methods, solvents, and temperature on total phenolic recovery and antioxidant capacity in olive leaf extracts: A systematic review with quantitative synthesis. Separations, 12(9), 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations12090236

Chaabani, E., Rebey, I.B., Mgaidi, S., Wannes, W.A., Hammemi, M., Shili, A., & Ksouri, R. (2024). Effect of extraction method on the phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Caulerpa prolifera (Forssk.) J.V. Lamour. (Chlorophyta) extract. International Journal on Algae, 26(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1615/INTERJALGAE.V26.I1.20
Chadorshabi, S., Mohammadi, M., Shamloo, E., & Mahmoudzadeh, M. (2025). Marine algae‐derived bioactives: A sustainable resource for the food and agriculture industries. https://doi.org/10.1002/FFT2.70082
Çınar, B.E. (2012). Deniz alglerinin antimikrobiyal, antitümoral, antiprotozoal ve asetilkolinesteraz aktiviteleri. Master’s Thesis, Celal Bayar University, Manisa.
David, V., Andrea, A.N., Aleksandr, K., Lourdes, J. A., Eugenia, P., Nancy, C., Isabel, W., Jessica, C., & León-Tamariz, F. (2021). Validation of a method of broth microdilution for the determination of antibacterial activity of essential oils. BMC Research Notes, 14(1), 1 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13104-021-05838-8/FIGURES/1
Decker E.A., & Welch, B. (1990). Role of ferritin as a lipid oxidation catalyst in muscle food. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 38(3), 674–677. https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00093A019
Deveci, E., Çayan, F., Tel-Çayan, G., & Duru, M.E. (2019). Structural characterization and determination of biological activities for different polysaccharides extracted from tree mushroom species. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 43(9). https://doi.org/10.1111/JFBC.12965
Goutzourelas, N., Kevrekidis, D.P., Barda, S., Malea, P., Trachana, V., Savvidi, S., Kevrekidou, A., Assimopoulou, A.N., Goutas, A., Liu, M., Lin, X., Kollatos, N., Amoutzias, G.D., & Stagos, D. (2023). Antioxidant Activity and inhibition of liver cancer cells’ growth of extracts from 14 marine macroalgae species of the Mediterranean Sea. Foods, 12(6), 1310. https://doi.org/10.3390/FOODS12061310/S1
Gümüş, B., & Buluş, A. (2020). Uluslararası çevre sorunları ve William Nordhaus’ un çevre ekonomisine katkıları. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 4(3), 1015–1031. https://doi.org/10.29023/ALANYAAKADEMIK.686110
Gümüş, N.E. (2025). Nanofiber applications from Hijiki macroalgae: Antibacterial and cytotoxicity properties in biocompatible polymers. Biopolymers, 116(1), 23650. https://doi.org/10.1002/BIP.23650
Gümüş, N.E., Keskinkaya, H.B., Okudan, E.Ş., & Akköz, C. (2024). Akdeniz Bölgesi’nden (Antalya/Türkiye) alınan makroalg türlerinin makro ve iz element seviyelerinin belirlenmesi. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 1 9. https://doi.org/10.47112/neufmbd.2024.28
Huang, B., Ke, H., He, J., Ban, X., Zeng, H., & Wang, Y. (2011). Extracts of Halenia elliptica exhibit antioxidant properties in vitro and in vivo. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49(1), 185 190. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FCT.2010.10.015
Karabay‐Yavasoglu, N.U., Sukatar, A., Ozdemir, G., & Horzum, Z. (2007). Antimicrobial activity of volatile components and various extracts of the red alga Jania rubens. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 21, 153–156. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr
Keskinkaya, H.B., Akköz, C., Güneş, E., Abbas, M., Albayati, F., Şükran Okudan, E., & Karakurt, S. (2020). Determination of antimicrobial activity of different extracts of Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linnaeus Nees.1820) against pathogenic microorganisms. Bulletin of Biotechnology, 1(1), 13–18.
Keskinkaya, H.B., Deveci, E., Güneş, E., Okudan, E.Ş., Akköz, C., Gümüş, N. E., & Karakurt, S. (2022). Chemical composition, in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of marine macroalgae Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot. Commagene Journal of Biology, 6(1), 94 104. https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.1084336
Keskinkaya H.B., Deveci̇, E., Yilmaz Altinok, B., Emre Gümüş, N., Okudan Aslan, E.Ş., Akköz, C., & Karakurt, S. (2023). HPLC-UV analysis of phenolic compounds and biological activities of Padina pavonica and Zanardinia typus marine macroalgae species. Turkish Journal of Botany, 47(3), 231–243. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-008X.2761
Leandro, A., Pereira, L., & Gonçalves, A.M.M. (2020). Diverse Applications of Marine Macroalgae. Marine Drugs, 18(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/MD18010017
Lomartire, S., & Gonçalves, A.M.M. (2023). An overview on antimicrobial potential of edible terrestrial plants and marine macroalgae Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta extracts. Marine Drugs, 21(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/MD21030163
Lourens, A.C.U., Reddy, D., Başer, K.H.C., Viljoen, A.M., & Van Vuuren, S.F. (2004). In vitro biological activity and essential oil composition of four indigenous South African Helichrysum species. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 95(2 3), 253 258. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JEP.2004.07.027
Matsukawa, R., Dubinsky, Z., Kishimoto, E., Masaki, K., Masuda, Y., Takeuchi, T., Chihara, M., Yamamoto, Y., Niki, E., & Karube, I. (1997). A comparison of screening methods for antioxidant activity in seaweeds. Journal of Applied Phycology, 9(1), 29 35. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007935218120/METRICS
Palaniyappan, S., Sridhar, A., Kari, Z. A., Téllez-Isaías, G., & Ramasamy, T. (2023). Evaluation of phytochemical screening, pigment content, in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial potential and GC-MS metabolite profiling of green seaweed. Marine Drugs, 21(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/MD21050278
Park, P.J., Shahidi, F., & Jeon, Y.J. (2004). Antioxidant activities of enzymatic extracts from an edible seaweed Sargassum horneri using ESR spectrometry. Journal of Food Lipids, 11(1), 15 27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4522.2004.tb00257.x
Ravikumar, S., Jacob Inbaneson, S., Suganthi, P., Gokulakrishnan, R., & Venkatesan, M. (2011). In vitro antiplasmodial activity of ethanolic extracts of seaweed macroalgae against Plasmodium falciparum. Springer, 108(6), 1411–1416. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00436-010-2185-3
Rosa, G.P., Barreto, M.C., Seca, A.M.L., & Pinto, D.C.G.A. (2025). Antiaging potential of lipophilic extracts of Caulerpa prolifera. Marine Drugs, 23(2), 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/MD23020083/S1
Salie, F., Eagles, P.F.K., & Leng, H.M.J. (1996). Preliminary antimicrobial screening of four South African Asteraceae species. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 52(1), 27–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(96)01381-5
Salvador, N., Gómez Garreta, A., Lavelli, L., Ribera, M.A. (2007). Antimicrobial activity of Iberian macroalgae. Scientia Marina, 71, 101–113. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2007.71n1101
Slinkard, K., & Singleton, V. (1977). Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 28(1), 49–55. https://doi.org/10.5344/AJEV.1974.28.1.49
Stagos, D., Amoutzias, G.D., Matakos, A., Spyrou, A., Tsatsakis, A.M., & Kouretas, D. (2012). Chemoprevention of liver cancer by plant polyphenols. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(6), 2155–2170. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FCT.2012.04.002
Taşkın, E. (2022). The biological activities of marine macroalgae from the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, 72, 465–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823944-5.00018-1
Tungmunnithum, D., Thongboonyou, A., Pholboon, A., & Yangsabai, A. (2018). Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds from medicinal plants for pharmaceutical and medical aspects: An overview. Medicines 5(3), 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/MEDICINES5030093
Türkan, F., Atalar, M.N., Aras, A., Gülçin, İ., & Bursal, E. (2020). ICP-MS and HPLC analyses, enzyme inhibition and antioxidant potential of Achillea schischkinii Sosn. Bioorganic Chemistry, 94, 103333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103333
Yılmaz, M., Türker, G., & Ak, İ. (2021). The effect of different solvents on antioxidant properties of Gongolaria barbata (Phaeophyceae). Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Journal of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, 4(2), 197–201. https://doi.org/10.46384/jmsf.1021387
Yucetepe, A., Okudan E.Ş., & Özçelik B. (2022). Antioxidant activity and techno-functional properties of protein extracts from Caulerpa prolifera: Optimization of enzyme-assisted extraction by response surface. Journal of Food & Nutrition Research, 61(3).

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Hidrobiyoloji

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Hatice Banu Keskinkaya
0000-0002-6970-6939
Türkiye

Emine Şükran Okudan
0000-0001-5309-7238
Türkiye

Bahar Yılmaz
0000-0002-6315-3018
Türkiye

Merve Koçak
0000-0001-7590-7190
Türkiye

Numan Emre Gümüş ^*
0000-0001-8275-3871
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

3 Mart 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

14 Kasım 2025

Kabul Tarihi

9 Şubat 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 43 Sayı: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.43.1.08

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA56AH25JH

Kaynak Göster

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Keskinkaya, H. B., Okudan, E. Ş., Yılmaz, B., Koçak, M., & Gümüş, N. E. (2026). Phytochemical profiling and assessment of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the green macroalga Caulerpa prolifera from the Antalya coast. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 43(1), 68-75. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.43.1.08