Research Article

Evaluation of hemotoxic, nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic potential of phenol in Labeo rohita

Volume: 43 Number: 3 July 12, 2026
  • Iqra Akram
  • Hasnain Akmal
  • Shahroz Maqsud
  • Shabbir Ahmad *
  • Khurram Shahzad
  • Muhammad Saleem Khan
EN TR

Evaluation of hemotoxic, nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic potential of phenol in Labeo rohita

Abstract

The current study aimed to investigate the effects of phenol on the haematology, biochemical parameters, and histopathology of Labeo rohita in the laboratory conditions.  Three groups were maintained as control, low dose (0.30 mg/L) and high dose (0.40 mg /L). The results after 28 days exposure to phenols showed changes in hematological parameters as RBCs, WBC, PLT, HGB, MCH, MCHC, RDW and PCT significant decrease and HCT, MCV, RDW-SD, MPV, and PDW significant decrease as compared with control group. Similarly, phenol exposure showed significant alterations in biochemical parameters as decrease the level of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, blood glucose, total protein, TSH, albumin and globulin while increase the level of ALT, AST, T3, T4, urea and creatinine. Histological observations showed the damage caused by phenol in kidney tissues was sinusoidal spaces, elongated tubules, cluster nuclei formation, damages parenchyma and melano-macrophages. Histology of liver showed pyknotic nuclei formation, eosinophilic granules in cytoplasm, cytoplasmic vacuolation and necrosis. In gills, curved gills lamellae, oedema, lamellar aneurysm, lamellar disorganization, bone cell deformities and hyperplasia of epithelial cells were observed. Histology of muscles also showed pigmented cells around blood cells, necrosis, intermyofibrillar, oedema and atrophy in muscle tissues. The overall results showed that phenols are highly toxic to aquatic species.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

This research did not receive any kind of financial support.

Ethical Statement

Ethical approval was taken from the University of Okara ‘s Ethical Committee for the current research work (Reference no. UO/ETH/2025/misc.).

References

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  2. Agri farming. (2018). Rohu fish farming project report. https://www.agrifarming.in/rohu-fish-farming-project-report-economics-of-rohu
  3. Ahmad, I., Ahmad, S., Akmal, H., & Shahzad, K. (2024). Histological effects of sodium metabisulfite exposure on the gills, kidneys, and liver of the Labeo rohita. RADS Journal of Biological Research & Applied Sciences, 15(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.37962/jbas.v15i1.640
  4. Ahmad, S., Akmal, H., Jabeen, F., & Ahmad, M.K. (2024a). Assessing the impact of the environmental stressor (Bisphenol A) on Labeo rohita: insights into histological alterations, genotoxic effects, and antioxidant defense mechanisms. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 13, 21. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20240221173220
  5. Ahmad, S., Akmal, H., Jabeen, F., & Shahzad, K. (2025). Exposure to bisphenol S induces organ toxicity by disrupting oxidative and antioxidant defense system and blood physiology in Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 51(2), 1 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-025-01467-1
  6. Ahmad, S., Akmal, H., & Shahzad, K. (2024b). Assessing the Impact of xenobiotic (Bisphenol A) on blood physiology and biochemical alterations using Labeo Rohita fish as a model organism: Impact of Bisphenol A on blood physiology in Labeo Rohita. Futuristic Biotechnology, 4(2), 10-18. https://doi.org/10.54393/fbt.v4i02.122
  7. Ahmad, S., Akmal, H., Shahzad, K., Ahmad Khan, M.K., & Jabeen, F. (2024c). Evaluating the Toxicity Induced by Bisphenol F in Labeo rohita Fish Using Multiple Biomarker Approach. Scientifica, 2024(1), 8646751. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8646751
  8. Akmal, H., Ahmad, S., Abbasi, M.H., Jabeen, F., & Shahzad, K. (2024). A study on assessing the toxic effects of ethyl paraben on rohu (Labeo rohita) using different biomarkers; hemato-biochemical assays, histology, oxidant and antioxidant activity and genotoxicity. PloS one, 19(5), e0302691. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302691

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Freshwater Ecology, Ecology (Other), Fish Biology

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Iqra Akram
0009-0006-6757-1854
Pakistan

Hasnain Akmal
0000-0002-1908-2590
Pakistan

Shahroz Maqsud
0000-0003-3360-0443
Pakistan

Khurram Shahzad
0000-0001-9152-3736
Pakistan

Muhammad Saleem Khan
0000-0003-2653-402X
Pakistan

Publication Date

July 12, 2026

Submission Date

March 22, 2026

Acceptance Date

June 2, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 43 Number: 3

APA
Akram, I., Akmal, H., Maqsud, S., Ahmad, S., Shahzad, K., & Khan, M. S. (2026). Evaluation of hemotoxic, nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic potential of phenol in Labeo rohita. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 43(3), 251-258. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.43.3.08
AMA
1.Akram I, Akmal H, Maqsud S, Ahmad S, Shahzad K, Khan MS. Evaluation of hemotoxic, nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic potential of phenol in Labeo rohita. EgeJFAS. 2026;43(3):251-258. doi:10.12714/egejfas.43.3.08
Chicago
Akram, Iqra, Hasnain Akmal, Shahroz Maqsud, Shabbir Ahmad, Khurram Shahzad, and Muhammad Saleem Khan. 2026. “Evaluation of Hemotoxic, Nephrotoxic and Hepatotoxic Potential of Phenol in Labeo Rohita”. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43 (3): 251-58. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.43.3.08.
EndNote
Akram I, Akmal H, Maqsud S, Ahmad S, Shahzad K, Khan MS (July 1, 2026) Evaluation of hemotoxic, nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic potential of phenol in Labeo rohita. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43 3 251–258.
IEEE
[1]I. Akram, H. Akmal, S. Maqsud, S. Ahmad, K. Shahzad, and M. S. Khan, “Evaluation of hemotoxic, nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic potential of phenol in Labeo rohita”, EgeJFAS, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 251–258, July 2026, doi: 10.12714/egejfas.43.3.08.
ISNAD
Akram, Iqra - Akmal, Hasnain - Maqsud, Shahroz - Ahmad, Shabbir - Shahzad, Khurram - Khan, Muhammad Saleem. “Evaluation of Hemotoxic, Nephrotoxic and Hepatotoxic Potential of Phenol in Labeo Rohita”. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43/3 (July 1, 2026): 251-258. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.43.3.08.
JAMA
1.Akram I, Akmal H, Maqsud S, Ahmad S, Shahzad K, Khan MS. Evaluation of hemotoxic, nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic potential of phenol in Labeo rohita. EgeJFAS. 2026;43:251–258.
MLA
Akram, Iqra, et al. “Evaluation of Hemotoxic, Nephrotoxic and Hepatotoxic Potential of Phenol in Labeo Rohita”. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 43, no. 3, July 2026, pp. 251-8, doi:10.12714/egejfas.43.3.08.
Vancouver
1.Iqra Akram, Hasnain Akmal, Shahroz Maqsud, Shabbir Ahmad, Khurram Shahzad, Muhammad Saleem Khan. Evaluation of hemotoxic, nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic potential of phenol in Labeo rohita. EgeJFAS. 2026 Jul. 1;43(3):251-8. doi:10.12714/egejfas.43.3.08