Research Article
Year 2018,
Volume: 35 Issue: 3, 243 - 249, 15.09.2018
Abstract
Plastiklerin tabiatta parçalara ayrılması dolayısıyla da
mikroplastiklerin (<5mm) oluşması doğal olarak hava, rüzgar, güneş ve su
akışı etkileriyle ve/veya antropojenik etkilerle gerçekleşebilir. Mikroplastik
kirliliği günümüzde yeni anlaşılan bir konudur. Son zamanlarda çevrede ve
sulardaki mikroplastik kirliliği konusunda yapılmış çalışmalar artsa da
gıdalardaki mikroplastik kirliliği ve sağlığa etkileri açısından yapılmış pek
fazla çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Yemek tuzu, basit üretim teknikleri ile deniz,
göl ve kaya (kuyu) gibi doğal kaynaklardan temin edilmektedir. Abiyotik bir su
ürünü olan tuz, günlük hayatta çok kullanılan ve “üç beyaz” olarak bilinen gıda
maddelerinden biridir. Yapılan bu çalışmada ülkemizdeki marketlerden alınan ve
temel gıda maddelerinden biri olan sofra (yemek) tuzlarındaki mikroplastik
kirliliği incelenmiştir. İncelemeler sonucunda yemeklik tuz içerisinde
bulununan mikroplastik sayısının hiçte azımsanamayacak miktarda olduğu
anlaşılmıştır. Kaya tuzlarında ortalama 28, deniz
tuzlarında 56 ve göl tuzlarında 63 MP/200g tespit edilmiştir.
Keywords
Tuz (NaCl) mikroplastikler antropojenik kirlilik gıda Türkiye
References
- Avio, C.G., Gorbi, S. & Regoli, F. (2017). Plastics and microplastics in the oceans: From emerging pollutants to emerged threat. Marine Environmental Research, 128, 2-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.05.012
- Bakir, A., Rowland, S.J. & Thompson, R.C. (2012). Competitive sorption of persistent organic pollutants onto microplastics in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 2782–2789. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.09.010
- Bakir, A., Rowland, S.J. & Thompson, R.C. (2014). Transport of persistent organic pollutants by microplastics in estuarine conditions. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 140, 14–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2014.01.004
- Baztan, J., Carrasco, A., Chouinard, O., Cleaud, M., Gabaldon, J.E., Huck, T. & Vanderlinden, J. P. (2014). Protected areas in the Atlantic facing the hazards of micro-plastic pollution: first diagnosis of three islands in the Canary Current. Marine pollution bulletin, 80(1), 302-311. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.12.052
- Browne, M.A., Galloway, T.S. & Thompson, R.C. (2010). Spatial patterns of plastic debris along estuarine shorelines. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(9), 3404-3409. DOI: 10.1021/es903784e
- Claessens, M., Van Cauwenberghe, L., Vandegehuchte, M.B. & Janssen, C. R. (2013). New techniques for the detection of microplastics in sediments and field collected organisms. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 70(1), 227-233. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.03.009
- Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Fileman, E., Halsband, C. & Galloway, T.S. (2015). The impact of polystyrene microplastics on feeding, function and fecundity in the marine copepod Calanus helgolandicus. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(2), 1130-1137. DOI: 10.1021/es504525u
- Depledge, M.H., Galgani, F., Panti, C., Caliani, I., Casini, S. & Fossi, M.C. (2013). Plastic litter in the sea. Marine Environmental Research, 92, 279-281. DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.10.002
- Dris, R., Gasperi, J., Saad, M., Mirande, C. & Tassin, B. (2016). Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout: A source of microplastics in the environment?. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 104(1), 290-293. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.006
- Duis, K., & Coors, A. (2016). Microplastics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment: sources (with a specific focus on personal care products), fate and effects. Environmental Sciences Europe, 28(1), 2. DOI: 10.1186/s12302-015-0069-y
- Eich, A., Mildenberger, T., Laforsch, C. & Weber, M. (2015). Biofilm and Diatom Succession on Polyethylene (PE) and Biodegradable Plastic Bags in Two Marine Habitats: Early Signs of Degradation in the Pelagic and Benthic Zone? PloS One, 10(9): e0137201. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137201
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- Iwasaki, S., Isobe, A., Kako, S.I., Uchida, K. & Tokai, T. (2017). Fate of microplastics and mesoplastics carried by surface currents and wind waves: A numerical model approach in the Sea of Japan. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 121(1-2), 85-96. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.05.057
- Jambeck, J.R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T.R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A. & Law, K.L. (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 347(6223), 768-771. DOI: 10.1126/science.1260352
- Karami, A., Golieskardi, A., Choo, C.K., Larat, V., Galloway, T.S. & Salamatinia, B. (2017). The presence of microplastics in commercial salts from different countries. Scientific Reports, 7, 46173. DOI: 10.1038/srep46173
- Karataş, E. (2006). Aksaray ili atık sularının Tuz gölü üzerindeki kirletici etkilerinin incelenmesi, YL Tez, Niğde Üniversitesi. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
- Katsnelson, A. (2015). News Feature: Microplastics present pollution puzzle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(18), 5547-5549. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1504135112
- Klein, S., Worch, E. & Knepper, T.P. (2015). Occurrence and spatial distribution of microplastics in river shore sediments of the Rhine-Main area in Germany. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(10), 6070-6076. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00492
- Kooi, M., Nes, E.H.V., Scheffer, M. & Koelmans, A.A. (2017). Ups and downs in the ocean: effects of biofouling on vertical transport of microplastics. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(14): 7963-7971. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04702
- Lee, H., Shim, W.J. &Kwon, J.H. (2014). Sorption capacity of plastic debris for hydrophobic organic chemicals. Science of the Total Environment,470, 1545–1552. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.023
- Lee, K.H., Noh, N.S., Shin, D.H. & Seo, Y. (2002). Comparison of plastic types for catalytic degradation of waste plastics into liquid product with spent FCC catalyst. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 78(3), 539-544. DOI: 10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00227-6
- Liebezeit, G. & Liebezeit, E. (2013). Non-pollen particulates in honey and sugar. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30(12), 2136-2140. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.843025
- Liebezeit, G. & Liebezeit, E. (2014). Synthetic particles as contaminants in German beers. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 31(9), 1574-1578. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.945099
- Maes, T., Van der Meulen, M.D., Devriese, L.L., Leslie, H.A., Huvet, A., Frère, L. & Vethaak, D.A. (2017). Microplastics baseline surveys at the water surface and in sediments of the North-East Atlantic. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4(135), 1-13. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00135
- Mato, Y., Isobe, T., Takada, H., Kanehiro, H., Ohtake, C. & Kaminuma, T. (2001). Plastic resin pellets as a transport medium for toxic chemicals in the marine environment. Environmental Science&Technology, 35(2), 318-324. DOI: 10.1021/es0010498
- MTA (2017) Maden, Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü. http://www.mta.gov.tr/v3.0/bilgi-merkezi/kaya-tuzu (27.12.2017)
- Oliveira, M., Ribeiro, A., Hylland, K. & Guilhermino, L. (2013). Single and combined effects of microplastics and pyrene on juveniles (0+ group) of the common goby Pomatoschistus microps (Teleostei, Gobiidae). Ecological Indicators, 34, 641-647. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.06.019
- Pruter, A.T. (1987). Sources, quantities and distribution of persistent plastics in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 18, 305–310. DOI: 10.1016/S0025-326X(87)80016-4
- Rochman, C.M., Manzano, C., Hentschel, B.T., Simonich, S.L.M. & Hoh, E. (2013a). Polystyrene plastic: a source and sink for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the marine environment. Environmental Science&Technology, 47 (24), 13976–13984. DOI: 10.1021/es403605f
- Rochman, C.M., Browne, M.A., Halpern, B.S., Hentschel, B.T., Hoh, E., Karapanagioti, H.K. & Thompson, R.C. (2013b). Policy: Classify plastic waste as hazardous. Nature, 494(7436), 169-171. DOI: 10.1038/494169a
- Ross, S.S., Parker, R. & Strickland, M. (1991). A survey of shoreline litter in Halifax Harbour 1989. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 22, 245–248. DOI: 10.1016/0025-326X(91)90919-J
- Storck, F.R., Kools, S.A. & Rinck-Pfeiffer, S. (2015). Microplastics in fresh water resources. Global Water Research Coalition, Stirling, South Australia, Australia.
- Uçan, H.N. & Dursun, S., (2009). Environmental Problems of Tuz Lake(Konya-Turkey). Journal of International Environmental Application & Science, 4(2), 231-233.
- Van Cauwenberghe, L., Vanreusel, A., Mees, J. & Janssen, C.R. (2013). Microplastic pollution in deep-sea sediments. Environmental Pollution, 182, 495-499. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.08.013
- Waters, C.N., Zalasiewicz, J., Summerhayes, C., Barnosky, A.D., Poirier, C., Gałuszka, A., Cearreta, A., Edgeworth, M., Ellis, E.C., Ellis, M., Jeandel, C., Leinfelder, R., McNeill, J.R., deB Richter, D., Steffen, W., Syvitski, J., Vidas, D., Wagreich, M., An, Z., Grinevald, J., Odada, E., Oreskes, N. & Wolfe A.P. (2016). The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene, Science, 351(6269), aad2622. DOI: 10.1126/science. aad2622
- Webb, H.K., Arnott, J., Crawford, R.J. & Ivanova, E.P. (2012). Plastic degradation and its environmental implications with special reference to poly (ethylene terephthalate). Polymers, 5(1), 1-18. DOI: 10.3390/polym5010001
- Wright, S.L. & Kelly, F.J. (2017). Plastic and human health: a micro issue?. Environmental science & technology, 51(12), 6634-6647. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00423
- Yang, D., Shi, H., Li, L., Li, J., Jabeen, K. & Kolandhasamy, P. (2015). Microplastic pollution in table salts from China. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(22), 13622-13627. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03163
- Yurtsever, M. (2015). Mikroplastikler’e Genel Bir Bakış, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi, Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, (17), 50, 68-83.
- Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C.N., do Sul, J.A.I., Corcoran, P.L., Barnosky, A.D., Cearreta, A. & McNeill, J.R. (2016). The geological cycle of plastics and their use as a stratigraphic indicator of the Anthropocene. Anthropocene, 13: 4-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.ancene.2016.01.002
Year 2018,
Volume: 35 Issue: 3, 243 - 249, 15.09.2018
Abstract
In the nature, the plastics are broken down to smaller pieces, producing
microplastics (<5mm), through exposure to elements such as air, wind,
sunlight, water, as well as due to anthropogenic effects. Microplastic
pollution is a problem that we are just beginning to understand. Even though an
increase in the number of studies on microplastic pollution in the environment
and in water has seen some increase recently, studies focusing on microplastic
pollutions in food, and their effect on health are few and far between. Table
salt is obtained from natural resources such as the sea, lakes, and rocks
(wells), using very simple production techniques. As an abiotic aquatic
product, salt is a widely used foodstuff, constituting one leg of the so-called
“three whites”. The present study analyzed the level of microplastic pollution
in tablesalts (food), deemed a basic foodstuff, and procured from the
supermarkets in Turkey. The analyses revealed that the microplastic counts
observed in table salt samples are not negligible at all. The amounts of
average MP in rock salt, sea salt and lake salt were found to be 28, 56 and 63,
respectively.
Keywords
Salt (NaCl) microplastics anthropogenic pollution food Turkey
References
- Avio, C.G., Gorbi, S. & Regoli, F. (2017). Plastics and microplastics in the oceans: From emerging pollutants to emerged threat. Marine Environmental Research, 128, 2-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.05.012
- Bakir, A., Rowland, S.J. & Thompson, R.C. (2012). Competitive sorption of persistent organic pollutants onto microplastics in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64, 2782–2789. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.09.010
- Bakir, A., Rowland, S.J. & Thompson, R.C. (2014). Transport of persistent organic pollutants by microplastics in estuarine conditions. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 140, 14–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2014.01.004
- Baztan, J., Carrasco, A., Chouinard, O., Cleaud, M., Gabaldon, J.E., Huck, T. & Vanderlinden, J. P. (2014). Protected areas in the Atlantic facing the hazards of micro-plastic pollution: first diagnosis of three islands in the Canary Current. Marine pollution bulletin, 80(1), 302-311. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.12.052
- Browne, M.A., Galloway, T.S. & Thompson, R.C. (2010). Spatial patterns of plastic debris along estuarine shorelines. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(9), 3404-3409. DOI: 10.1021/es903784e
- Claessens, M., Van Cauwenberghe, L., Vandegehuchte, M.B. & Janssen, C. R. (2013). New techniques for the detection of microplastics in sediments and field collected organisms. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 70(1), 227-233. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.03.009
- Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Fileman, E., Halsband, C. & Galloway, T.S. (2015). The impact of polystyrene microplastics on feeding, function and fecundity in the marine copepod Calanus helgolandicus. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(2), 1130-1137. DOI: 10.1021/es504525u
- Depledge, M.H., Galgani, F., Panti, C., Caliani, I., Casini, S. & Fossi, M.C. (2013). Plastic litter in the sea. Marine Environmental Research, 92, 279-281. DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.10.002
- Dris, R., Gasperi, J., Saad, M., Mirande, C. & Tassin, B. (2016). Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout: A source of microplastics in the environment?. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 104(1), 290-293. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.006
- Duis, K., & Coors, A. (2016). Microplastics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment: sources (with a specific focus on personal care products), fate and effects. Environmental Sciences Europe, 28(1), 2. DOI: 10.1186/s12302-015-0069-y
- Eich, A., Mildenberger, T., Laforsch, C. & Weber, M. (2015). Biofilm and Diatom Succession on Polyethylene (PE) and Biodegradable Plastic Bags in Two Marine Habitats: Early Signs of Degradation in the Pelagic and Benthic Zone? PloS One, 10(9): e0137201. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137201
- Eriksen, M., Lebreton, L.C., Carson, H.S., Thiel, M., Moore, C.J., Borerro, J.C. & Reisser, J. (2014). Plastic pollution in the world's oceans: more than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea. PloS One, 9(12), e111913. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111913
- Free, C.M., Jensen, O.P., Mason, S.A., Eriksen, M., Williamson, N.J. & Boldgiv, B. (2014). High-levels of microplastic pollution in a large, remote, mountain lake. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 85(1), 156-163. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.001
- Gregory, M.R. (1991). The hazards of persistent marine pollution: drift plastics and conservation islands. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 21, 83–100. DOI: 10.1080/03036758.1991.10431398
- Gündoğdu, S. (2018). Contamination of table salts from Turkey with microplastics. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, (just-accepted).
- Huvet, A., Paul-Pont, I., Fabioux, C., Lambert, C., Suquet, M., Thomas, Y., & Sussarellu, R. (2016). Reply to Lenz et al.: Quantifying the smallest microplastics is the challenge for a comprehensive view of their environmental impacts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201607221.
- Iwasaki, S., Isobe, A., Kako, S.I., Uchida, K. & Tokai, T. (2017). Fate of microplastics and mesoplastics carried by surface currents and wind waves: A numerical model approach in the Sea of Japan. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 121(1-2), 85-96. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.05.057
- Jambeck, J.R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T.R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A. & Law, K.L. (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 347(6223), 768-771. DOI: 10.1126/science.1260352
- Karami, A., Golieskardi, A., Choo, C.K., Larat, V., Galloway, T.S. & Salamatinia, B. (2017). The presence of microplastics in commercial salts from different countries. Scientific Reports, 7, 46173. DOI: 10.1038/srep46173
- Karataş, E. (2006). Aksaray ili atık sularının Tuz gölü üzerindeki kirletici etkilerinin incelenmesi, YL Tez, Niğde Üniversitesi. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
- Katsnelson, A. (2015). News Feature: Microplastics present pollution puzzle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(18), 5547-5549. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1504135112
- Klein, S., Worch, E. & Knepper, T.P. (2015). Occurrence and spatial distribution of microplastics in river shore sediments of the Rhine-Main area in Germany. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(10), 6070-6076. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00492
- Kooi, M., Nes, E.H.V., Scheffer, M. & Koelmans, A.A. (2017). Ups and downs in the ocean: effects of biofouling on vertical transport of microplastics. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(14): 7963-7971. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04702
- Lee, H., Shim, W.J. &Kwon, J.H. (2014). Sorption capacity of plastic debris for hydrophobic organic chemicals. Science of the Total Environment,470, 1545–1552. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.023
- Lee, K.H., Noh, N.S., Shin, D.H. & Seo, Y. (2002). Comparison of plastic types for catalytic degradation of waste plastics into liquid product with spent FCC catalyst. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 78(3), 539-544. DOI: 10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00227-6
- Liebezeit, G. & Liebezeit, E. (2013). Non-pollen particulates in honey and sugar. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30(12), 2136-2140. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.843025
- Liebezeit, G. & Liebezeit, E. (2014). Synthetic particles as contaminants in German beers. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 31(9), 1574-1578. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.945099
- Maes, T., Van der Meulen, M.D., Devriese, L.L., Leslie, H.A., Huvet, A., Frère, L. & Vethaak, D.A. (2017). Microplastics baseline surveys at the water surface and in sediments of the North-East Atlantic. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4(135), 1-13. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00135
- Mato, Y., Isobe, T., Takada, H., Kanehiro, H., Ohtake, C. & Kaminuma, T. (2001). Plastic resin pellets as a transport medium for toxic chemicals in the marine environment. Environmental Science&Technology, 35(2), 318-324. DOI: 10.1021/es0010498
- MTA (2017) Maden, Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü. http://www.mta.gov.tr/v3.0/bilgi-merkezi/kaya-tuzu (27.12.2017)
- Oliveira, M., Ribeiro, A., Hylland, K. & Guilhermino, L. (2013). Single and combined effects of microplastics and pyrene on juveniles (0+ group) of the common goby Pomatoschistus microps (Teleostei, Gobiidae). Ecological Indicators, 34, 641-647. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.06.019
- Pruter, A.T. (1987). Sources, quantities and distribution of persistent plastics in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 18, 305–310. DOI: 10.1016/S0025-326X(87)80016-4
- Rochman, C.M., Manzano, C., Hentschel, B.T., Simonich, S.L.M. & Hoh, E. (2013a). Polystyrene plastic: a source and sink for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the marine environment. Environmental Science&Technology, 47 (24), 13976–13984. DOI: 10.1021/es403605f
- Rochman, C.M., Browne, M.A., Halpern, B.S., Hentschel, B.T., Hoh, E., Karapanagioti, H.K. & Thompson, R.C. (2013b). Policy: Classify plastic waste as hazardous. Nature, 494(7436), 169-171. DOI: 10.1038/494169a
- Ross, S.S., Parker, R. & Strickland, M. (1991). A survey of shoreline litter in Halifax Harbour 1989. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 22, 245–248. DOI: 10.1016/0025-326X(91)90919-J
- Storck, F.R., Kools, S.A. & Rinck-Pfeiffer, S. (2015). Microplastics in fresh water resources. Global Water Research Coalition, Stirling, South Australia, Australia.
- Uçan, H.N. & Dursun, S., (2009). Environmental Problems of Tuz Lake(Konya-Turkey). Journal of International Environmental Application & Science, 4(2), 231-233.
- Van Cauwenberghe, L., Vanreusel, A., Mees, J. & Janssen, C.R. (2013). Microplastic pollution in deep-sea sediments. Environmental Pollution, 182, 495-499. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.08.013
- Waters, C.N., Zalasiewicz, J., Summerhayes, C., Barnosky, A.D., Poirier, C., Gałuszka, A., Cearreta, A., Edgeworth, M., Ellis, E.C., Ellis, M., Jeandel, C., Leinfelder, R., McNeill, J.R., deB Richter, D., Steffen, W., Syvitski, J., Vidas, D., Wagreich, M., An, Z., Grinevald, J., Odada, E., Oreskes, N. & Wolfe A.P. (2016). The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene, Science, 351(6269), aad2622. DOI: 10.1126/science. aad2622
- Webb, H.K., Arnott, J., Crawford, R.J. & Ivanova, E.P. (2012). Plastic degradation and its environmental implications with special reference to poly (ethylene terephthalate). Polymers, 5(1), 1-18. DOI: 10.3390/polym5010001
- Wright, S.L. & Kelly, F.J. (2017). Plastic and human health: a micro issue?. Environmental science & technology, 51(12), 6634-6647. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00423
- Yang, D., Shi, H., Li, L., Li, J., Jabeen, K. & Kolandhasamy, P. (2015). Microplastic pollution in table salts from China. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(22), 13622-13627. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03163
- Yurtsever, M. (2015). Mikroplastikler’e Genel Bir Bakış, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi, Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, (17), 50, 68-83.
- Zalasiewicz, J., Waters, C.N., do Sul, J.A.I., Corcoran, P.L., Barnosky, A.D., Cearreta, A. & McNeill, J.R. (2016). The geological cycle of plastics and their use as a stratigraphic indicator of the Anthropocene. Anthropocene, 13: 4-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.ancene.2016.01.002
There are 44 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | September 15, 2018 |
| Submission Date | February 13, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2018Volume: 35 Issue: 3 |