Research Article

Kars province (Türkiye) GIS-based evaluation of wetland sustainability under land-use dynamics and climate variability

Volume: 43 Number: 2 March 21, 2026
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Kars province (Türkiye) GIS-based evaluation of wetland sustainability under land-use dynamics and climate variability

Abstract

This study investigates the spatiotemporal dynamics of wetland ecosystems in Kars province, northeastern Türkiye, focusing on Aygır, Çalı, and Kuyucuk Lakes between 1990 and 2018. Land use/land cover changes were analyzed using CORINE Land Cover data in relation to climatic variables, demographic shifts, and sustainability indicators. The results revealed marked transformations in wetland extent and adjacent land uses. Around Aygır Lake, agricultural areas expanded from 67.3% to 69%, while wetlands declined from 19.3% to 17.8%. In the Çalı Lake region, agriculture increased from 21.1% to 28%, whereas wetlands nearly disappeared (0.05%) by 2018. Kuyucuk Lake exhibited the most severe degradation, with wetlands decreasing from 11.8% in 1990 to 6.1% in 2018. Although precipitation exhibited a clear increasing trend over the study period, wetland recovery was not observed. Population decreased substantially (662,155 to 288,878), suggesting that human-induced land-use intensity rather than demographic growth is the main driver of degradation. Principal Component Analysis associated 1990 with high precipitation and population, while 2018 correlated with urbanization and agriculture. Markov Chain Analysis estimated trend-based transition probabilities indicating a high likelihood of wetland conversion to agricultural and/or urban land under the assumption that the observed land-use dynamics persist. A strong positive correlation was observed between wetland extent and precipitation (r = 0.975, p < 0.01). The findings emphasize the combined impacts of climate change, land-use intensification, and anthropogenic pressures, underscoring an urgent need for adaptive wetland management strategies in Kars province.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Gaziantep University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (BAPYB)

Project Number

FEF.ÖKAP.24.15

Ethical Statement

There is no need for ethical approval for this study.

Thanks

We would like to thank Gaziantep University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (BAPYB) for supporting this study (FEF.ÖKAP.24.15).

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Ecology (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

March 21, 2026

Submission Date

October 30, 2025

Acceptance Date

February 19, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 43 Number: 2

APA
Zariç, Ö. E., & Çelekli, A. (2026). Kars province (Türkiye) GIS-based evaluation of wetland sustainability under land-use dynamics and climate variability. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 43(2), 102-111. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.43.2.02