Araştırma Makalesi
Size and structure of the Mediterranean medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana populations inhabiting wetlands around Lake Eğirdir, Turkey
Öz
In the present study size and structure of the Mediterranean medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820) populations inhabiting wetlands around Lake Eğirdir (Turkey) were investigated. Population size was estimated by removal methods, age classes were estimated for the first time in leeches (Hirudinea) using “Modal Progression Analysis” of body length frequencies using Bhattacharya's method. The population size and biomass of medicinal leeches around Lake Eğirdir were estimated to be 1,562,696 ± 805,613 leeches and 467.26 ± 172.91 kg, respectively. Three age classes were identified; the age group of 0+ was dominant with 78.6%. While 89.9% of the individuals weighed less than 1 g, whereas the broodstock was estimated to represent only 7%. Body weight, body length and condition factor were found to be 0.52 ± 1.19 g, 4.5 ± 2.4 cm and 0.620 ± 0.123, respectively. This study reveals that the population size of H. verbana in the wetlands around Lake Eğirdir is relatively well preserved and there is no significant threat to the sustainability of the exploitation of the medicinal leech populations. It is concluded that the stability of the lake's water budget, the variety and abundance of the host in the undamaged wetlands, the socioeconomic structure of the leech collectors, the sales policies, and the effective activities of conservation and control units might affect conservation status of the medicinal leech populations inhabiting wetlands around Lake Eğirdir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Removal methods Bhattacharya’s method body length frequency sustainable management conservation
Destekleyen Kurum
Süleyman Demirel University, Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit
Proje Numarası
SDU-BAP 3341-D2-12
Teşekkür
This study was supported by Süleyman Demirel University, Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (SDU-BAP 3341-D2-12). The authors are grateful to Eğirdir Fisheries Research Institute for laboratory support. We also thank Dr. Ramazan KÜÇÜKKARA and Ufuk AKÇİMEN for help in the laboratory.
Kaynakça
- Anonymous (1997). Determination of Hirudinea fauna, mainly medicinal leech in Turkey (Project report) (in Turkish). Ankara: Ministry of Environment General Directorate of Environmental Protection.
- Ceylan, M. & Erbatur, İ. (2012). A study on nutrition of medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820): Cannibalism?. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 29(4), 167-170. DOI: 10.12714/egejfas.2012.29.4.03
- Ceylan, M., Çetinkaya, O., Küçükkara, R. & Akçimen, U. (2015). Reproduction efficiency of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 15, 411−418. DOI: 10.4194/1303-2712-v15_2_27
- Ceylan, M. (2016). Determination of ecology, population size and catch efficiency of medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820) populations in wetlands around Lake Eğirdir (PhD thesis) (in Turkish with English abstract). University of Süleyman Demirel, Turkey.
- Ceylan, M. & Çetinkaya, O. (2017). Investigation on the collection and economy of medicinal leeches from wetlands around lake Eğirdir, Turkey (in Turkish with English abstract). Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 41(2), 96-101. DOI: 10.5152/tpd.2017.5150
- Ceylan, M., Küçükkara, R. & Akçimen, U. (2019). Effects of broodstock density on reproduction efficiency and survival of southern medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820. Aquaculture, 498, 279−284. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.08.016
- Ceylan, M., Çetinkaya, O. & Kvist, S. (2021a). Function of the waterfowl nests as reproduction and living areas for leeches (Annelida: Hirudinea). Animal Reproduction Science, 232, 106816. DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106816
- Ceylan, M., Küçükkara, R., Erbatur, İ., Karataş, E., Tunç, M. & Sağlam, N. (2021b). Growth, survival and reproduction of the Turkish medicinal leech, Hirudo sulukii. Invertebrate Reproduction & Development, 6581(1), 57-68. DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2021.1885506
- CITES (2021). Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and flora: Appendices I, II and III. Retrieved from https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php (16.07.2021).
- Collier, K. J., Probert, P. K. & Jeffries, M. (2016). Conservation of aquatic invertebrates: concerns, challenges and conundrums. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 26(5), 817−837. DOI: 10.1002/aqc.2710
- Demirsoy, A., Kasparek, M., Akbulut, A., Durmuş, Y., Akbulut (Emir), N. & Çalışkan, M. (2001). Phenology of the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis L., in north-western Turkey. Hydrobiologia, 462, 19−24. DOI: 10.1023/A:1013153804463
- Dickinson, M. H. & Lent, C. M. (1984). Feeding behavior of the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis L. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 154, 449−455. DOI: 10.1007/BF00610160
- Elliott, J. M. & Tullett, P. A. (1984). The status of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis in Europe and especially in the British Isles. Biological Conservation, 29(1), 15−26. DOI: 10.1016/0006-3207(84)90011-9
- Elliott, J. M. & Tullett, P. A. (1986). The effects of temperature, atmospheric pressure and season on the swimming activity of the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis (Hirudinea; Hirudinidae), in a Lake District Tarn. Freshwater Biology, 16(3), 405−415. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.1986.tb00981.x
- Elliott, J. M. (2008). Population size, weight distribution and food in a persistent population of the rare medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis. Freshwater Biology, 53(8), 1502−1512. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.01978.x
- Elliott, J. M. & Kutschera, U. (2011). Medicinal leeches: historical use, ecology, genetics and conservation. Freshwater Reviews, 4(1), 21−41. DOI: 10.1608/FRJ-4.1.417
- Elliott, J. M. & Dobson, M. (2015). Freshwater leeches of Britain and Ireland: keys to the Hirudinea and a review of their ecology. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication.
- Gayanilo, F. C., Sparre, P. & Pauly, D. (2005). The FAO-ICLARM stock assessment tools II, User’s guide. FAO Computerized Information Series Fisheries.
- Kasparek, M. (1998). Leeches for export - A threatened species as a pharmaceutical raw material. Focus gate, 1/98, 22−25.
- Kutschera, U. (2006). The infamous blood suckers from Lacus Verbanus. Lauterbornia, 56, 1−4.
- Kutschera, U. & Roth, M. (2006). Cocoon deposition and cluster formation in populations of the leech Hirudo verbana (Hirudinea: Hirudinidae). Lauterbornia, 56, 5−8.
- Kutschera, U. & Elliott, J. (2014). The European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis L.: morphology and occurrence of an endangered species. Zoosystematics and Evolution, 90(2), 271−280. DOI: 10.3897/zse.90.8715
- Leslie, P. H. & Davis, D. H. S. (1939). An attempt to determine the absolute number of rats on a given area. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 8(1), 94−113. DOI: 10.2307/1255
- Neubert, E. & Nesemann, H. (1999). Annelida, Clitellata: Branchiobdellida, Acanthobdellea, Hirudinea. Süβwasserfauna von Mitteleuropa 6/2 Spektrum Akademischer Verlag.
- Official Gazette (2014). Regulation on allocation medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana) export quota of 2014. Retrieved from http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140110-17.htm (16.07.2021).
- Official Gazette (2020a). Regulation on allocation medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana) export quota of 2021. Retrieved from https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2020/11/20201128-12.htm (16.07.2021).
- Official Gazette (2020b). Notification No. 5/1 regulating commercial fisheries. Retrieved from https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2020/08/20200822-8.pdf (16.07.2021).
- Özdamar, K. (2011). Statistical data analysis with package program-1 (in Turkish). Eskişehir: Kaan Publishing House.
- Petrauskienė, L., Utevska, O. & Utevsky, S. (2009). Can different species of medicinal leeches (Hirudo spp.) interbreed?. Invertebrate Biology, 128(4), 324−331. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7410.2009.00180.x
- Ricker W. E. (1975). Computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations. Ottawa: The Blackburn Press.
- Sağlam, N., Dorucu M., Ozdemir Y., Seker E. & Sarieyyupoglu, M. (2008). Distribution and economic importance of medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) in Eastern Anatolia/Turkey. Lauterbornia, 65, 105−118.
- Sağlam, N. (2011). Protection and sustainability, exportation of some species of medicinal leeches (Hirudo medicinalis L., 1758 and Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820) (in Turkish with English abstract). Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 5(1), 1−15.
- Sağlam, N., Saunders, R., Lang, S. A. & Shain, D. H. (2016). A new species of Hirudo (Annelida: Hirudinidae): historical biogeography of Eurasian medicinal leeches. BMC Zoology, 1, 5. DOI: 10.1186/s40850-016-0002-x
- Sağlam, N., Özbay, Ö., Demir, T., Balcı, M., Pala, A. & Kılıç, A. (2018). Effect of water quality on monthly density variation of the endangered southern medicinal leech Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820 (Hirudinea: Arhynchobdellida: Hirudinidae). Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 70(3), 433−441.
- Sawyer, R. T. (1986). Leech Biology and Behavior, Vol: I, II, III. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Shaffer, M. L. (1981). Minimum population sizes for species conservation. BioScience, 31(2), 131−134. DOI: 10.2307/1308256
- Trontelj, P. & Utevsky, S. Y. (2005). Celebrity with a neglected taxonomy: molecular systematics of the medicinal leech (genus Hirudo). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 34(3), 616−624. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.012
- Trontelj, P. & Utevsky, S. Y. (2012). Phylogeny and phylogeography of medicinal leeches (genus Hirudo): fast dispersal and shallow genetic structure. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 63(2), 475−485. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.01.022
- Uğural, B. & Serezli, R. (2020). Effects of various environments on number of cocoon and offspring in breeding of southern medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37(3), 207-211. DOI: 10.12714/egejfas.37.3.01
- Wilkin, P. J. (1989). The medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis (L.) (Hirudinea: Gnathobdellae), at Dungeness, Kent. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 101(1), 45−57. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb00135.x
- Wilkin, P. J. & Scofield, A. M. (1991). The structure of a natural population of the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis, at Dungeness, Kent. Freshwater Biology, 25(3), 539−546. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.1991.tb01397.x
- Zippin, C. (1956). An evaluation of the removal method of estimating animal populations. Biometrics, 12(2), 163−189. DOI: 10.2307/3001759
Eğirdir Gölü (Türkiye) çevresindeki sulak alanlarda yaşayan Akdeniz tıbbi sülüğü, Hirudo verbana popülasyonlarının büyüklüğü ve yapısı
Öz
Bu çalışma ile Eğirdir Gölü çevresindeki sulak alanlarında yaşayan Akdeniz tıbbi sülüğü (Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820) popülasyonlarının büyüklüğü ve yapısının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Popülasyon büyüklüğü ürün azaltmaya dayalı metotlarla, yaş sınıfları ise sülüklerde (Hirudinea) ilk kez vücut boyu sınıfı frekansları kullanılarak Bhattacharya’nın “Modal Progression Analysis” metodu ile belirlenmiştir. Popülasyon büyüklüğü sırasıyla 1.562.696 ± 805.613 adet ve 467,26 ± 172,91 kg olarak belirlenmiştir. Üç farklı yaş sınıfı tespit edilmiş; 0+ yaş grubunun %78,6 ile baskın grup olduğu belirlenmiştir. 1 g’dan küçük bireylerin popülasyonun %89,9’unu temsil ettiği, buna karşın anaç sülüklerin oranının %7 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Vücut ağırlığı, vücut boyu ve kondisyon faktörü sırasıyla 0,52 ± 1,19 g, 4,5 ± 2,4 cm ve 0,620 ± 0,123 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma Eğirdir Gölü çevresindeki sulak alanlarda yaşayan H. verbana popülasyonlarının büyük oranda korunduğunu ve popülasyonların sürdürülebilir yönetimi bakımından tehdit bulunmadığını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Eğirdir Gölü çevresi sulak alanlarında yaşayan tıbbi sülük popülasyonlarının korunmasında gölün istikrarlı su bütçesinin, tahrip edilmemiş habitatlardaki konakçı çeşitliliği, sülük toplayıcılarının sosyoekonomik yapısı, sülük satış politikası ve koruma-kontrol birimlerinin faaliyetlerinin etkili olduğu düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ürün azaltma metodu Bhattacharya metodu vücut boyu frekansı sürdürülebilir yönetim koruma
Proje Numarası
SDU-BAP 3341-D2-12
Kaynakça
- Anonymous (1997). Determination of Hirudinea fauna, mainly medicinal leech in Turkey (Project report) (in Turkish). Ankara: Ministry of Environment General Directorate of Environmental Protection.
- Ceylan, M. & Erbatur, İ. (2012). A study on nutrition of medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820): Cannibalism?. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 29(4), 167-170. DOI: 10.12714/egejfas.2012.29.4.03
- Ceylan, M., Çetinkaya, O., Küçükkara, R. & Akçimen, U. (2015). Reproduction efficiency of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 15, 411−418. DOI: 10.4194/1303-2712-v15_2_27
- Ceylan, M. (2016). Determination of ecology, population size and catch efficiency of medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820) populations in wetlands around Lake Eğirdir (PhD thesis) (in Turkish with English abstract). University of Süleyman Demirel, Turkey.
- Ceylan, M. & Çetinkaya, O. (2017). Investigation on the collection and economy of medicinal leeches from wetlands around lake Eğirdir, Turkey (in Turkish with English abstract). Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 41(2), 96-101. DOI: 10.5152/tpd.2017.5150
- Ceylan, M., Küçükkara, R. & Akçimen, U. (2019). Effects of broodstock density on reproduction efficiency and survival of southern medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820. Aquaculture, 498, 279−284. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.08.016
- Ceylan, M., Çetinkaya, O. & Kvist, S. (2021a). Function of the waterfowl nests as reproduction and living areas for leeches (Annelida: Hirudinea). Animal Reproduction Science, 232, 106816. DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106816
- Ceylan, M., Küçükkara, R., Erbatur, İ., Karataş, E., Tunç, M. & Sağlam, N. (2021b). Growth, survival and reproduction of the Turkish medicinal leech, Hirudo sulukii. Invertebrate Reproduction & Development, 6581(1), 57-68. DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2021.1885506
- CITES (2021). Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and flora: Appendices I, II and III. Retrieved from https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php (16.07.2021).
- Collier, K. J., Probert, P. K. & Jeffries, M. (2016). Conservation of aquatic invertebrates: concerns, challenges and conundrums. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 26(5), 817−837. DOI: 10.1002/aqc.2710
- Demirsoy, A., Kasparek, M., Akbulut, A., Durmuş, Y., Akbulut (Emir), N. & Çalışkan, M. (2001). Phenology of the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis L., in north-western Turkey. Hydrobiologia, 462, 19−24. DOI: 10.1023/A:1013153804463
- Dickinson, M. H. & Lent, C. M. (1984). Feeding behavior of the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis L. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 154, 449−455. DOI: 10.1007/BF00610160
- Elliott, J. M. & Tullett, P. A. (1984). The status of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis in Europe and especially in the British Isles. Biological Conservation, 29(1), 15−26. DOI: 10.1016/0006-3207(84)90011-9
- Elliott, J. M. & Tullett, P. A. (1986). The effects of temperature, atmospheric pressure and season on the swimming activity of the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis (Hirudinea; Hirudinidae), in a Lake District Tarn. Freshwater Biology, 16(3), 405−415. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.1986.tb00981.x
- Elliott, J. M. (2008). Population size, weight distribution and food in a persistent population of the rare medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis. Freshwater Biology, 53(8), 1502−1512. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.01978.x
- Elliott, J. M. & Kutschera, U. (2011). Medicinal leeches: historical use, ecology, genetics and conservation. Freshwater Reviews, 4(1), 21−41. DOI: 10.1608/FRJ-4.1.417
- Elliott, J. M. & Dobson, M. (2015). Freshwater leeches of Britain and Ireland: keys to the Hirudinea and a review of their ecology. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication.
- Gayanilo, F. C., Sparre, P. & Pauly, D. (2005). The FAO-ICLARM stock assessment tools II, User’s guide. FAO Computerized Information Series Fisheries.
- Kasparek, M. (1998). Leeches for export - A threatened species as a pharmaceutical raw material. Focus gate, 1/98, 22−25.
- Kutschera, U. (2006). The infamous blood suckers from Lacus Verbanus. Lauterbornia, 56, 1−4.
- Kutschera, U. & Roth, M. (2006). Cocoon deposition and cluster formation in populations of the leech Hirudo verbana (Hirudinea: Hirudinidae). Lauterbornia, 56, 5−8.
- Kutschera, U. & Elliott, J. (2014). The European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis L.: morphology and occurrence of an endangered species. Zoosystematics and Evolution, 90(2), 271−280. DOI: 10.3897/zse.90.8715
- Leslie, P. H. & Davis, D. H. S. (1939). An attempt to determine the absolute number of rats on a given area. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 8(1), 94−113. DOI: 10.2307/1255
- Neubert, E. & Nesemann, H. (1999). Annelida, Clitellata: Branchiobdellida, Acanthobdellea, Hirudinea. Süβwasserfauna von Mitteleuropa 6/2 Spektrum Akademischer Verlag.
- Official Gazette (2014). Regulation on allocation medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana) export quota of 2014. Retrieved from http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140110-17.htm (16.07.2021).
- Official Gazette (2020a). Regulation on allocation medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana) export quota of 2021. Retrieved from https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2020/11/20201128-12.htm (16.07.2021).
- Official Gazette (2020b). Notification No. 5/1 regulating commercial fisheries. Retrieved from https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2020/08/20200822-8.pdf (16.07.2021).
- Özdamar, K. (2011). Statistical data analysis with package program-1 (in Turkish). Eskişehir: Kaan Publishing House.
- Petrauskienė, L., Utevska, O. & Utevsky, S. (2009). Can different species of medicinal leeches (Hirudo spp.) interbreed?. Invertebrate Biology, 128(4), 324−331. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7410.2009.00180.x
- Ricker W. E. (1975). Computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations. Ottawa: The Blackburn Press.
- Sağlam, N., Dorucu M., Ozdemir Y., Seker E. & Sarieyyupoglu, M. (2008). Distribution and economic importance of medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) in Eastern Anatolia/Turkey. Lauterbornia, 65, 105−118.
- Sağlam, N. (2011). Protection and sustainability, exportation of some species of medicinal leeches (Hirudo medicinalis L., 1758 and Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820) (in Turkish with English abstract). Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 5(1), 1−15.
- Sağlam, N., Saunders, R., Lang, S. A. & Shain, D. H. (2016). A new species of Hirudo (Annelida: Hirudinidae): historical biogeography of Eurasian medicinal leeches. BMC Zoology, 1, 5. DOI: 10.1186/s40850-016-0002-x
- Sağlam, N., Özbay, Ö., Demir, T., Balcı, M., Pala, A. & Kılıç, A. (2018). Effect of water quality on monthly density variation of the endangered southern medicinal leech Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820 (Hirudinea: Arhynchobdellida: Hirudinidae). Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 70(3), 433−441.
- Sawyer, R. T. (1986). Leech Biology and Behavior, Vol: I, II, III. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Shaffer, M. L. (1981). Minimum population sizes for species conservation. BioScience, 31(2), 131−134. DOI: 10.2307/1308256
- Trontelj, P. & Utevsky, S. Y. (2005). Celebrity with a neglected taxonomy: molecular systematics of the medicinal leech (genus Hirudo). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 34(3), 616−624. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.012
- Trontelj, P. & Utevsky, S. Y. (2012). Phylogeny and phylogeography of medicinal leeches (genus Hirudo): fast dispersal and shallow genetic structure. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 63(2), 475−485. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.01.022
- Uğural, B. & Serezli, R. (2020). Effects of various environments on number of cocoon and offspring in breeding of southern medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37(3), 207-211. DOI: 10.12714/egejfas.37.3.01
- Wilkin, P. J. (1989). The medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis (L.) (Hirudinea: Gnathobdellae), at Dungeness, Kent. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 101(1), 45−57. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb00135.x
- Wilkin, P. J. & Scofield, A. M. (1991). The structure of a natural population of the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis, at Dungeness, Kent. Freshwater Biology, 25(3), 539−546. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.1991.tb01397.x
- Zippin, C. (1956). An evaluation of the removal method of estimating animal populations. Biometrics, 12(2), 163−189. DOI: 10.2307/3001759
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Yapısal Biyoloji , Hayvan Bilimi, Balıkçılık Yönetimi |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | SDU-BAP 3341-D2-12 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 15 Aralık 2021 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 31 Mart 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2021Cilt: 38 Sayı: 4 |