Combined evaluation of physicochemical parameters and Daphnia magna toxicity tests of Gediz River surface water

Tuna Karaytuğ; Ferah Sayım

doi:10.12714/egejfas.42.4.08

TR EN

Gediz Nehri yüzey suyunun fizikokimyasal parametreleri ile Daphnia magna toksisite testlerinin birlikte değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Gediz Nehri'ndeki kirlilik, Daphnia magna toksisite testleri kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Su örnekleri, ilkbahar ve yaz mevsimlerinde beş farklı istasyondan toplandı. Fe, Mn, Cl⁻, NH₃-N, S²⁻, K, NO₃⁻-N ve PO₄³⁻ gibi temel kimyasal bileşenlerin konsantrasyonları spektrofotometrik yöntemlerle belirlendi. Akut ve kronik toksisite testleri OECD yönergelerine uygun olarak gerçekleştirildi. Akut toksisite, ilkbaharda birden fazla istasyonda ve yazın bir istasyonda gözlendi. Buna karşılık, kronik maruziyet sonuçları, Gediz Nehri’nde bilinen organik ve inorganik kirliliğe rağmen D. magna üzerinde anlamlı olumsuz etkiler göstermedi. İlginç bir şekilde, bazı örnekler test organizmalarında büyüme, gelişim ve üremenin uyarıldığını ortaya koydu; bu durum, suda düşük konsantrasyonlarda bulunan ve sedimentlerde daha fazla yoğunlaşan kirleticilerden kaynaklanan hormetik etkileri işaret etmektedir. Bu bulgular, yalnızca su kolonuna dayalı Daphnia toksisite testlerinin, Gediz Nehri'nde bulunan organik ve inorganik kirleticilerin birleşik etkilerini tam olarak yansıtamayabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Combined evaluation of physicochemical parameters and Daphnia magna toxicity tests of Gediz River surface water

Abstract

In this study, pollution in the Gediz River was assessed using Daphnia magna toxicity tests. Water samples were collected from five distinct stations during spring and summer. Concentrations of key chemical constituents, including Fe, Mn, Cl⁻, NH₃-N, S²⁻, K, NO₃⁻-N, and PO₄³⁻, were determined spectrophotometrically. Acute and chronic toxicity tests were conducted according to OECD guidelines. Acute toxicity was observed at multiple stations in spring and at one station in summer. Conversely, chronic exposure results revealed no significant adverse effects on D. magna, despite the known organic and inorganic pollution in the Gediz River. Interestingly, some samples demonstrated stimulation of growth, development, and reproduction in the test organisms, indicating hormetic effects caused by low pollutant concentrations in the water, which are more concentrated in sediments. These findings underscore that Daphnia-based water-column toxicity tests alone may not fully capture the combined impacts of organic and inorganic contaminants present in the Gediz River.

Keywords

Destekleyen Kurum

Scientific Research Projects Commission of Ege University (Project No: 2013Fen17) and TÜBİTAK-BİDEB (2210-C Domestic Master's Scholarship Program for Priority Areas)

Proje Numarası

2013fen 17

Etik Beyan

Ethical approval is not required for this study.

Teşekkür

The authors would like to express their gratitude to Prof. Dr. Meltem Conk Dalay and Dr. Zeliha Demirel for providing the initial algal culture. and to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Orkide Minareci for accompanying them during the first fieldwork and sharing her valuable experience.

Kaynakça

Ali, H., Khan, E., & Ilahi, I. (2019). Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals: environmental persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation. Journal of Chemistry, 1, 6730305. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6730305
Aydın, Ş., & Küçüksezgin, F. (2012). Distribution and chemical speciation of heavy metals in the surficial sediments of the Bakırcay and Gediz Rivers, Eastern Aegean. Environmental Earth Sciences, 65(3), 789–803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1124-7
Barata, C., Alañon, P., Gutiérrez-Alonso, S., Riva, M. C., Fernández, C., & Tarazona, J. V. (2008). A Daphnia magna feeding bioassay as a cost effective and ecologically relevant sublethal toxicity test for environmental risk assessment of toxic effluents. Science of the Total Environment, 405(1–3),78–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.028
Bednarska, A. (2022). Food quantity and quality shapes reproductive strategies of Daphnia. Ecology and Evolution, 12(8), e9163. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9163
Bischoff, H. W., & Bold, H. C. (1963). Some soil algae from enchanted rock and related algal species (Phycological Studies No. 6318). University of Texas Publications.
Boyacıoğlu, M., Parlak, H., Oral, R., & Çakal Arslan, Ö. (2008). Mutagenicity of sediment and water samples from Nif Brook (Western Turkey). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 17 (1), 9–15.
Chirumbolo, S., & Bjørklund, G. (2017). PERM hypothesis: the fundamental machinery able to elucidate the role of xenobiotics and hormesis in cell survival and homeostasis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(1), 165. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18010165
Cooman, K., Debels, M., Gajardo, M., Urrutia, R., & Barra, R. (2005). Use of Daphnia spp. for the ecotoxicological assessment of water quality in an

agricultural watershed in south-central Chile. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 48(2), 191 200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-004-0218-6
Ertaş, A., Yaşartürk, M., Boz, T., & Kızılkaya, İ. T. (2021). Evaluation of the water quality of Karabal Stream (Gediz River, Turkey) and comparative performance of the used indices. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 17(3), 334–349. https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.819579
Feiler, U., Krebs, F., & Heininger, P. (2006). Aquatic plant assay used in the assessment of water quality in German rivers. Hydrobiologia, 570(1), 67–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-0163-7
Garreta-Lara, E., Campos, B., Barata, C., Lacorte, S., & Tauler, R. (2018). Combined effects of salinity, temperature, and hypoxia on Daphnia magna metabolism. Science of the Total Environment, 610, 602-612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.190
Gonçalves, A. M. M., Castro, B. B., Pardal, M. A., & Gonçalves, F. (2007). Salinity effects on survival and life history of two freshwater cladocerans (Daphnia magna and Daphnia longispina). Annales de Limnologie – International Journal of Limnology, 43(1), 13 20. https://doi.org/10.1051/limn/2007022
Gündoğdu, V., & Kocataş, A. (2006). An approach towards the formation of Gediz River basin management plan. Ege University Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 23(3-4), 371–378.
Hafızoğlu, E., & Tekin, F. (2004). Investigation of heavy metal pollution in the Gediz River (Manisa). Soma Vocational School Journal of Technical Sciences, 2(2), 41–51.
Hart, R. C., & Bychek, E. A. (2011). Body size in freshwater planktonic crustaceans: an overview of extrinsic determinants and modifying influences of biotic interactions. Hydrobiologia, 668(1), 61–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-010-0400-y
Hashmi, M. Z., Shen, H., Zhu, S., Yu, C., & Shen, C. (2014). Growth, bioluminescence and shoal behavior hormetic responses to inorganic and/or organic chemicals: a review. Environment International, 64, 28–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.018
Hassan, K. T., Ferdoushi, Z., Rana, M. M., & Alam, M. S. (2024). Assessing the seasonal variability of water quality and heavy metals concentration in sediment, water, and fish muscles of Korotoa River in Bangladesh, Aquaculture Research, 2024(1), 5343363. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5343363
Hertzberg, R. C., & MacDonell, M. M. (2002). Synergy and other ineffective mixture risk definitions. Science of the Total Environment, 288(1-2), 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01113-5
Hussain, H., Mahmood, S., Khalid, A., Shahzad, K., & Anjum, M. Z. (2023). Seasonal variation in non-point source heavy metal pollution in Satpara Lake and its toxicity in trout fish. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(7), 901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11498-x
Ip, Y. K., Chew, S. F., & Randall, D. J. (2001). Ammonia toxicity, tolerance, and excretion. In P. A. Wright & P. M. Anderson (Eds.), Fish physiology: Nitrogen excretion (Vol. 20, pp. 109–148). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1546-5098(01)20005-3
Katalay, S., Boyacıoğlu, M., Arslan, Ö. Ç., Parlak, H., & Karaaslan, M. A. (2012). Phytotoxicity of water and sediment from Nif Brook (Izmir, Turkey) on green algae Desmodesmus (=Scenedesmus) subspicatus. E, 21(83), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.5053/ekoloji.2012.833
Kaza, M., Mankiewicz-Boczek, J., Izydorczyk, K., & Sawicki, J. (2007). Toxicity assessment of water samples from rivers in Central Poland using a battery of microbiotests —a pilot study. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 16(1), 81–89.
Kirsanov, D., Legin, E., Zagrebin, A., Ignatieva, N., Rybakin, V., & Legin, A. (2014). Mimicking Daphnia magna bioassay performance by an electronic tongue for urban water quality control. Analytica Chimica Acta, 824, 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2014.03.021
Koivisto, S. (1995). Is Daphnia magna an ecologically representative zooplankton species in toxicity tests? Environmental Pollution, 90(2), 263–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(95)00029-Q
Küçüksezgin, F., Uluturhan, E., & Batki, H. (2008). Distribution of heavy metals in water, particulate matter, and sediments of the Gediz River (Eastern Aegean). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 141, 213–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9889-6
Lyu, K., Cao, H., Chen, R., Wang, Q., & Yang, Z. (2013). Combined effects of hypoxia and ammonia to Daphnia similis estimated with life-history traits. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20, 5379–5387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1555-7
Ma, Y., Liu, Y., Sun, J., Min, P., Liu, W., Li, L., Yi, P., Guo, R., & Chen, J. (2024). Ecological risks of high-ammonia environment with inhibited growth of Daphnia magna: disturbed energy metabolism and oxidative stress. Science of the Total Environment, 948, 174959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174959
Marques, C. R., Gonçalves, A. M. M., Pereira, R., & Gonçalves, F. (2012). Ecotoxicological effects of Mikado and Viper on algae and daphnids. Environmental Toxicology, 27(12), 685 699. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20687
Miner, B. E., De Meester, L., Pfrender, M. E., Lampert, W., & Hairston Jr, N. G. (2012). Linking genes to communities and ecosystems: Daphnia as an ecogenomic model. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 279(1735), 1873–82. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2404
Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. (2014). Gediz Basin water quality monitoring report: spring period. Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/ced/editordosya/2014%20Final%20Rapor2.pdf
Miranda, L. S., Wijesiri, B., Ayoko, G. A., Egodawatta, P., & Goonetilleke, A. (2021). Water-sediment interactions and mobility of heavy metals in aquatic environments. Water Research, 202, 117386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117386
Nisbet, R. M., McCauley, E., Gurney, W. S., Murdoch, W. W., & Wood, S. N. (2004). Formulating and testing a partially specified dynamic energy budget model. Ecology, 85, 3132–3139. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-0429
OECD. (1998). Daphnia magna reproduction test (Test No. 211). OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2012/10/test no 211 daphnia magna reproduction test_g1g24069/9789264185203-en.pdf
OECD. (2004). Daphnia sp. acute immobilisation test (Test No. 202). OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2004/11/test no 202 daphnia sp acute immobilisation test_g1gh28f3/9789264069947-en.pdf
Öner, Ö., & Çelik, A. (2011). Investigation of some pollution parameters in water and sediment samples from the Lower Gediz Basin of the Gediz River. Ekoloji, 20(78), 48–52. https://doi.org/10.5053/ekoloji.2011.788
Parlak, H., Arslan, Ö. Ç., Boyacıoğlu, M., & Karaaslan, M. A. (2010). Acute and chronic toxicity of contaminated fresh water and sediment of Nif Brook on Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820). Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 27(4), 135–141.
Paul, R. J., Colmorgen, M., Pirow, R., Chen, Y. H., & Tsai, M. C. (1998). Systemic and metabolic responses in Daphnia magna to anoxia. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 120(3), 519 530. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095‑6433(98)10062-4
Rogalski, M. A., & Ferah, U. (2023). Lake water chemistry and population of origin interact to shape fecundity and growth in Daphnia ambigua. Ecology and Evolution. 13(6), e10176. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.10176
Şentürk, T., & Yıldız, Ş. (2015). Determination of some physicochemical parameters and inorganic nutrient content of Gediz River (Manisa). Turkish Journal of Biochemistry, 40(3), 210 216. https://doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2015-0003
Serpa, D., Keizer, J. J., Cassidy, J., Cuco, A., Silva, V., Gonçalves, F., Cerqueira, M., & Abrantes, N. (2014). Assessment of river water quality using an integrated physicochemical, biological, and ecotoxicological approach. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 16,1434–1444. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3em00488k
Serra, T., Soler, M., Pous, N., & Colomer, J. (2019). Daphnia magna filtration, swimming and mortality under ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate. Science of the Total Environment, 656, 331 337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.382
Wojtal-Frankiewicz, A. (2012). The effects of global warming on Daphnia spp. population dynamics: a review. Aquatic Ecology, 46, 37-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-011-9380-x
Yu, B., Lyu, K., Li, J., Yang, Z., & Sun, Y. (2022). Combined toxic effects of nitrite and ammonia on life history traits of Daphnia pulex. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 1019483. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1019483

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Deniz ve Nehir Ağzı Ekolojisi , Hidrobiyoloji , Tatlı Su Ekolojisi , Ekoloji (Diğer) , Sucul Kültür ve Balıkçılık (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Tuna Karaytuğ ^*
0000-0002-1723-209X
Türkiye

Ferah Sayım
0000-0002-1496-8878
Türkiye

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

1 Aralık 2025

Yayımlanma Tarihi

10 Aralık 2025

Gönderilme Tarihi

20 Haziran 2025

Kabul Tarihi

30 Ekim 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2025 Cilt: 42 Sayı: 4

DOI

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.42.4.08

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA85RP72LF

Kaynak Göster

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Karaytuğ, T., & Sayım, F. (2025). Combined evaluation of physicochemical parameters and Daphnia magna toxicity tests of Gediz River surface water. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 42(4), 338-348. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.42.4.08