Effect of different hydraulic loading rates on growth of basil (Ocimum basilicum L. ‘Genovese’) in nutrient film technique aquaponics

Murat Yeşiltaş; Mehmet Ali Turan Koçer; Hüseyin Sevgili; Edis Koru

doi:10.12714/egejfas.40.3.01

EN TR

Effect of different hydraulic loading rates on growth of basil (Ocimum basilicum L. ‘Genovese’) in nutrient film technique aquaponics

Abstract

Aquaponics are promising and sustainable technologies consisting of fish-plant-bacteria consortia in the same system, thereby providing an environmentally friendly system by recycling water and nutrients. This study was planned to investigate the influence of varying hydraulic loading rates (HLR) on the growth of basil plant (Ocimum basilicum L. ‘Genovese’) in a low-cost of electricity nutrient film technique aquaponics (NFT) integrated with African catfish (Clarias gariepinus (Burchell)) under the Eastern Mediterranean climate conditions, Antalya, Türkiye. The hydraulic loading rates tested in plant-growing troughs 2, 4, 8, and 12 m3/m2/day. African catfish showed an excellent feed conversion ratio (0.695) over the experiment. There was no statistically significant difference in plant height, number of leaves, and stem diameter for basil plants, but a statistically significant difference was found in plant weight and leaf area. The best plant weight gain was observed in the 4 m3/m2/day group with 23.0±2.5 g mean weight. The optimum HLR for basil production was estimated as 4.41 m3/m2/day based on yield (kg/m2) and energy consumption (KWh/kg basil) in a basil-African catfish integrated NFT aquaponics. The optimum HLR can maximize production without further increase of energy expenditure. Higher HLRs of 4.41 increase energy cost per unit of basil production.

Keywords

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK ve TAGEM

Proje Numarası

119O180

Teşekkür

Akdeniz Su Ürünleri Araştırma Üretme ve Eğitim Enstitüsü Müdürü Sayın Serkan Erkan, Dr Özgür Aktaş, Faruk Pak ve Meryem Cansu Yeşiltaş'a en kalbi duygularımla teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

Kaynakça

Ahmed, E.A., Hassan, E.A., El Tobgy, K.M.K., & Ramadan, E.M. (2014). Evaluation of Rhizobacteria of some medicinal plants for plant growth promotion and biological control. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 59(2), 273-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2014.11.016
Akinwole, A.O., & Faturoti, E.O. (2007). Biological performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) cultured in recirculating system in Ibadan. Aquacultural Engineering, 36(1), 18 23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2006.05.001
APHA (1985). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 16th Edition, American Public Health Association, Washington DC. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.37-2792
Bakar, N.S.A., Nasir, N.M., Lananan, F., Hamid, S.H.A., Lam, S.S., & Jusoh, A. (2015). Optimization of C/N ratios for nutrient removal in aquaculture system culturing African catfish, (Clarias gariepinus) utilizing Bioflocs Technology. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 102, 100-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.04.001
Barickman, T.C., Olorunwa, O.J., Sehgal, A., Walne, C.H., Reddy, K.R., & Gao, W. (2021). Yield, physiological performance, and phytochemistry of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under temperature stress and elevated CO2 concentrations. Plants, 10(6), 1072. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061072
Baßmann, B., Brenner, M., & Palm, H.W. (2017). Stress and welfare of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822) in a coupled aquaponic system. Water, 9(7), 504. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9070504
Baßmann, B., Harbach, H., Weißbach, S., & Palm, H.W. (2018). Effect of plant density in coupled aquaponics on the welfare status of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 51, 183–199. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12574
Bovendeur, J., Eding, E. H., & Henken, A. M. (1987). Design and performance of a water recirculation system for high-density culture of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822). Aquaculture, 63(1-4), 329-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(87)90083-4

Boyd, C.E., & Tucker, C.S. (1998). Ecology of Aquaculture Ponds. In C.E. Boyd, C.S. Tucker (Eds.), Pond Aquaculture Water Quality Management (pp. 8-86). Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5407-3_2
Camargo, J.A., & Alonso, Á. (2006). Ecological and toxicological effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems: a global assessment. Environment International, 32(6), 831 849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2006.05.002
Caron, J., Riviere, L.M., Charpentier, S., Renault, P., & Michel, J.C. (2002). Using TDR to estimate hydraulic conductivity and air entry in growing media and sand. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 66, 373–383. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2002.3730
Chang, X., Alderson, P., & Wright, C. (2005). Effect of temperature integration on the growth and volatile oil content of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 80(5), 593-598. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2005.11511983
Clarkson, D.T., Hopper, M.J., & Jones, L.H.P. (1986). The effect of root temperature on the uptake of nitrogen and the relative size of the root system in Lolium perenne. I. Solutions containing both NH4 and NO3. Plant Cell and Environment, 9(7), 535 545. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-3040.ep11616282
Cohen, Y., & Ben-Naim, Y. (2016). Nocturnal fanning suppresses downy mildew epidemics in sweet basil. PLoS One, 11(5), e0155330. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155330
Dediu, L., Cristea, V., & Xiaoshuan, Z. (2012). Waste production and valorization in an integrated aquaponic system with bester and lettuce. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11, 2349 58. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.2829
El-Essawy, H., Nasr, P., & Sewilam, H. (2019). Aquaponics: a sustainable alternative to conventional agriculture in Egypt–a pilot scale investigation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(16), 15872-15883. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04970-0
Endut, A., Jusoh, A., Ali, N., Wan Nik, W.N.S., & Hassan, A. (2009) Effect of flow rate on water quality parameters and plant growth of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) in an aquaponic recirculating system. Desalination and Water Treatment, 5, 19-28. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2009.559
Endut, A., Jusoh, A., Ali, N., Nik, W.W., & Hassan, A. (2010). A study on the optimal hydraulic loading rate and plant ratios in recirculation aquaponic system. Bioresource Technology, 101, 1511 1517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.040
Endut, A., Jusoh, A., & Ali, N. (2014). Nitrogen budget and effluent nitrogen components in aquaponics recirculation system. Desalination and Water Treatment, 52, 744-752. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.826336
Enyidi, U.D., Pirhonen, J., Kettunen, J., & Vielma, J. (2017). Effect of feed protein: lipid ratio on growth parameters of African catfish Clarias gariepinus after fish meal substitution in the diet with Bambaranut (Voandzeia subterranea) meal and soybean (Glycine max) meal. Fishes, 2(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes2010001
Ferrarezi, R.S., & Bailey, D.S. (2019). Basil performance evaluation in aquaponics. HortTechnology, 29(1), 85 93. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH03797-17
Geldiay, R., & Balık, S. (2007). Freshwater Fishes in Turkey. Ege University Faculty of Fisheries, Ege University Publishing House, İzmir.
Gerland, P., Raftery, A.E., Ševčíková, H., Li, N., Gu, D., Spoorenberg, T., Alkema, L., Fosdick, B.K., Chunn, J., Lalic, N., Bay, G., Buettner, T., Heilig, G.K., & Wilmoth, J. (2014). World population stabilization unlikely this century. Science, 346(6206), 234-237. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1257469
Ghamarnia, H., Amirkhani, D., & Arji, I. (2014). Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) water use, crop coefficients and SIMDualKc model implementing in a semi-arid climate. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 4(6), 535-547. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJPSS/2015/14098
Hagopian, D.S., & Riley, J.G. (1998). A closer look at the bacteriology of nitrification. Aquacultural Engineering, 18(4), 223 244. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8609(98)00032-6 Harada, M., & Hiramatsu, K. (2010). Evaluation of the water-quality dynamics in a eutrophic agricultural pond by using a one-box ecosystem model considering several algal groups. Paddy and Water Environment, 8(4), 301-318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-010-0209-3
Hogendoorn, H., Jansen, J.A.J., Koops, W.J., Machiels, M.A.M., Van Ewijk, P.H., & Van Hees, J.P. (1983). Growth and production of the African catfish, Clarias lazera (C. & V.): II. Effects of body weight, temperature and feeding level in intensive tank culture. Aquaculture, 34(3-4), 265-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(83)90208-9
Hu, Z., Lee, J.W., Chandran, K., Kim, S., Brotto, A.C., & Khanal, S.K. (2015). Effect of plant species on nitrogen recovery in aquaponics. Bioresource Technology, 188, 92-98 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.013
Ibrahim, N., & Naggar, G.E. (2010). Water quality, fish production and economics of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, and African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, monoculture and polycultures. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 41(4), 574 582. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2010.00397.x
Ip, Y.K., Zubaidah, R.M., Liew, P.C., Loong, A.M., Hiong, K.C., Wong, W.P., & Chew, S.F. (2004). African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus does not detoxify ammonia to urea or amino acids but actively excretes ammonia during exposure to environmental ammonia. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 77(2), 242-254. https://doi.org/10.1086/383499
Kasozi, N., Tandlich, R., Fick, M., Kaiser, H., & Wilhelmi, B. (2019). Iron supplementation and management in aquaponic systems: A review. Aquaculture Reports, 15, 100221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2019.100221
Kasozi, N., Abraham, B., Kaiser, H., & Wilhelmi, B. (2021). The complex microbiome in aquaponics: significance of the bacterial ecosystem. Annals of Microbiology, 71(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13213-020-01613-5
Kaurinovic, B., Popovic, M., Vlaisavljevic, S., & Trivic, S. (2011). Antioxidant capacity of Ocimum basilicum L. and Origanum vulgare L. extracts. Molecules, 16, 7401-7414. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16097401
Khater, E.S.G., Bahnasawy, A.H., Shams, A.E.H.S., Hassaan, M.S., & Hassan, Y.A. (2015). Utilization of effluent fish farms in tomato cultivation. Ecological Engineering, 83, 199 207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.06.010
Kledal, P.R. (2012). Aquaponic Urbania: Integrating high tech urban agriculture with sustainable urban design. International Conference on Multifunctional Agriculture and Environmental Support, Urban-Rural Relations, pp. 1-12.
Knaus, U., Pribbernow, M., Xu, L., Appelbaum, S., & Palm, H.W. (2020a). Basil (Ocimum basilicum) cultivation in decoupled aquaponics with three hydro-components (grow pipes, raft, gravel) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) production in Northern Germany. Sustainability, 12(20), 8745. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208745
Knaus, U., Wenzel, L.C., Appelbaum, S., & Palm, H.W. (2020b). Aquaponics (sl) Production of Spearmint (Mentha spicata) with African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Northern Germany. Sustainability, 12(20), 8717. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208717
Kotzen, B., & Appelbaum, S. (2010). An investigation of aquaponics using brackish water resources in the Negev Desert. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 22(4), 297 320. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2010.527571
Liang, J.Y., & Chien, Y.H. (2013). Effects of feeding frequency and photoperiod on water quality and crop production in a tilapia–water spinach raft aquaponics system. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 85, 693-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.03.029
Li, G., Tao, L., Li, X.L., Peng, L., Song, C.F., Dai, L.L., & Xie, L. (2018). Design and performance of a novel rice hydroponic biofilter in a pond-scale aquaponics recirculating system. Ecological Engineering, 125, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.10.001
Lin, K. H., Huang, M. Y., & Hsu, M. H. (2021). Morphological and physiological response in green and purple basil plants (Ocimum basilicum) under different proportions of red, green, and blue LED lightings. Scientia Horticulturae, 275, 109677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109677
Loomis, D.K., Ortner, P.B., Kelble, C.R., & Paterson, S.K. (2014). Developing integrated ecosystem indices. Journal of Ecology, 44, 57-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.02.032
Love, D.C., Fry, J.P., Li, X., Hill, E.S., Genello, L., Semmens, K., & Thompson, R.E. (2015). Commercial aquaponics production and profitability: Findings from an international survey. Aquaculture, 435, 67-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.09.023
Meyers, M. (2003). Basil: An Herb Society of America Guide. The Herb Society of America: Kirtland, OH, USA.
Modarelli, G.C., Vanacore, L., Rouphael, Y., Langellotti, A.L., Masi, P., De Pascale, S., & Cirillo, C. (2023). Hydroponic and aquaponic floating raft systems elicit differential growth and quality responses to consecutive cuts of basil crop. Plants, 12(6), 1355. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061355
Nguyen, P.M., Kwee, E.M., & Niemeyer, E.D. (2010). Potassium rate alters the antioxidant capacity and phenolic concentration of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves. Food Chemistry, 123(4), 1235-1241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.05.092
Nurzyńska-Wierdak, R., Borowski, B., & Dzida, K. (2011). Yield and chemical composition of basil herb depending on cultivar and foliar feeding with nitrogen. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 10(1), 207-219.
Oladimeji, S.A., Okomoda, V.T., Olufeagba, S.O., Solomon. S.G., Abol‐Munafi, A.B., Alabi, K.I., & Hassan, A. (2020). Aquaponics production of catfish and pumpkin: comparison with conventional production systems. Food Science & Nutrition, 8(5), 2307 2315. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1512
Palm, H.W., Bissa, K., & Knaus, U. (2014). Significant factors affecting the economic sustainability of closed aquaponic systems; part II: fish and plant growth. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation, 7, 162–175.
Palm, H.W., Knaus, U., Wasenitz, B., Bischoff, A.A., & Strauch, S.M. (2018). Proportional up scaling of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822) commercial recirculating aquaculture systems disproportionally affects nutrient dynamics. Aquaculture, 491, 155 168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.03.021
Pantanella, E. (2018). Aquaponics production, practices and opportunities. In F.I. Hai, C. Visvanathan, R. Boopathy (Eds.), Sustainable Aquaculture (pp. 191–248), Valenzano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73257-2_7
Pasch, J., Appelbaum, S., Palm, H.W., & Knaus, U. (2021). Growth of basil (Ocimum basilicum) in aeroponics, DRF, and raft systems with effluents of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in decoupled aquaponics (ss). AgriEngineering, 3(3), 559 574. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering3030036
Puccinelli, M., Landi, M., Maggini, R., Pardossi, A., & Incrocci, L. (2021). Iodine biofortification of sweet basil and lettuce grown in two hydroponic systems. Scientia Horticulturae, 276, 109783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109783
Putri, T.A., & Rahardja, B.S. (2021). Effect of differences in cocopeat, hydroton, and husk charcoal as an eggplant planting medium (Solanum melongena) on the absorption of ammonia (NH3), nitrite (NO2) and nitrate (NO3) dumbo catfish (Clarias sp.) water cultivation in aquaponic system. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 718, No. 1, p. 012049). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/718/1/012049
Quagrainie, K.K., Flores, R.M.V., Kim, H.J., & Mc Clain, V. (2018). Economic analysis of aquaponics and hydroponics production in the US Midwest. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 30(1), 1 14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2017.1414009
Rakocy, J., Shultz, R.C., Bailey, D.S., & Thoman, E.S. (2003). Aquaponic production of tilapia and basil: comparing a batch and staggered cropping system. In South Pacific Soilless Culture Conference-SPSCC 648 (pp. 63-69). https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.648.8
Rakocy, J. E., Bailey, D. S., Shultz, R. C., & Thoman, E. S. (2004, September). Update on tilapia and vegetable production in the UVI aquaponic system. In New dimensions on farmed Tilapia: proceedings of the sixth international symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, held September (pp. 12-16).
Rodgers, D., Won, E., Timmons, M. B., & Mattson, N. (2022). Complementary nutrients in decoupled aquaponics enhance basil performance. Horticulturae, 8(2), 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8020111
Roosta, H.R. (2014). Comparison of the vegetative growth, eco-physiological characteristics and mineral nutrient content of basil plants in different irrigation ratios of hydroponic: aquaponic solutions. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 37(11), 1782 1803. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2014.890220
Savidov, N.A., Hutchings, E., & Rakocy, J.E. (2005). Fish and plant production in a recirculating aquaponic system: a new approach to sustainable agriculture in Canada. In International Conference and Exhibition on Soilless Culture: ICESC 2005, 742 pp. 209 221. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.742.28
Shete, A.P., Verma, A.K., Chadha, N.K., Prakash, C., Peter, R.M., Ahmad, I., & Nuwansi, K.K.T. (2016). Optimization of hydraulic loading rate in aquaponic system with Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Mint (Mentha arvensis). Aquacultural Engineering, 72, 53 57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2016.04.004
Solis-Toapanta, E., Fisher, P., & Gómez, C. (2020). Growth rate and nutrient uptake of basil in small-scale hydroponics. HortScience, 55(4), 507-514. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI14727-19
Sommerville, C., Cohen, M., Pantanella, E., Stankus, A., & Lovatelli, A. (2014). Small-scale aquaponic food production: integrated fish and plant farming. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper, pp. 589.
Spiertz, J.H.J. (2009). Nitrogen, sustainable agriculture and food security: a review. In Sustainable agriculture. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 635-651. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2666-8_39
Strauch, S.M., Bahr, J., Baßmann, B., Bischoff, A.A., Oster, M., Wasenitz, B., & Palm, H.W. (2019). Effects of ortho-phosphate on growth performance, welfare and product quality of juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Fishes, 4(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4010003
Su, M.H., Azwar, E., Yang, Y., Sonne, C., Yek, P.N.Y., Liew, R.K., Cheng, C.K., Show, P.L., & Lam, S.S. (2020). Simultaneous removal of toxic ammonia and lettuce cultivation in aquaponic system using microwave pyrolysis biochar. Journal of hazardous materials, 396, 122610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122610
Tetreault, J., Fogle, R.L., Ramos, A., & Timmons, M.B. (2023). A predictive model of nutrient recovery from ras drum-screen effluent for reuse in aquaponics. Horticulturae, 9(3), 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9030403
Timmons, M.B., Ebeling, J.M., Wheaton, F.W., Summerfelt, S.T., & Vinci, B.J. (2002). Recirculating Aquaculture Systems, 2nd Edition. Northeast Reg. Aquaculture Center Publ., No, 01 002. https://doi.org/10.21061/ijra.v12i1.1355
Tyson, R.V., Simonne, E.H., White, J.M., & Lamb, E.M. (2004). Reconciling water quality parameters impacting nitrification in aquaponics: the pH levels. In Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society (Vol. 117, pp. 79-83).
Tyson, R.V., Treadwell, D.D., & Simonne, E.H. (2011). Opportunities and challenges to sustainability in aquaponic systems. HortTechnology, 21(1), 6-13. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.21.1.6
Van der Waal, B.C.W. (1998). Survival strategies of sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus in describing in desiccating pans in the northern Kruger National Park. Koedoe 41, 131 138. https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v41i2.258
Villarroel, M., Alvariño, J.R., & Duran, J.M. (2011). Aquaponics: integrating fish feeding rates and ion waste production for strawberry hydroponics. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 2, 537 545. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/20110902-181-10
Wallace-Springer, N., Wells, D.E., Pickens, J.M., Ayipio, E., & Kemble, J. (2022). Effects of hydraulic retention time of aquaculture effluent on nutrient film technique lettuce productivity. Agronomy, 12(10), 2570. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102570
Wittenberg, J.B., Bergersen, F.J., Appleby, C.A., & Turner, G.L. (1974). Facilitated oxygen diffusion the role of leghemoglobin in nitrogen fixation by bacteroids isolated from soybean root nodules. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 249(13), 4057 4066. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021 9258(19)42483-6
Wunderlich, S.M., & Martinez, N.M. (2018). Conserving natural resources through food loss reduction: Production and consumption stages of the food supply chain. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 6(4), 331-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2018.06.002
Xie, K. & Rosentrater, K. (2015). Life cycle assessment (LCA) and Techno-economic analysis (TEA) of tilapia-basil aquaponics. In 2015 ASABE Annual International Meeting (p. 1). American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. https://doi.org/10.13031/aim.20152188617
Yang, T. (2019). Production and nutrition recovery of crops in a recirculating aquaponics systems. Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University Graduate School.
Yang, T., & Kim, H.J. (2020a). Effects of hydraulic loading rate on spatial and temporal water quality characteristics and crop growth and yield in aquaponic systems. Horticulturae, 6(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae6010009
Yang, T., & Kim, H.J. (2020b). Characterizing nutrient composition and concentration in tomato , basil , and lettuce based aquaponic and hydroponic systems. Water, 12(5), 1259. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051259
Yang, T., & Kim, H.J. (2020c). Comparisons of nitrogen and phosphorus mass balance for tomato-, basil-, and lettuce-based aquaponic and hydroponic systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 274, 122619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122619
Yavuzcan Yildiz, H., Robaina, L., Pirhonen, J., Mente, E., Domínguez, D., & Parisi, G. (2017). Fish welfare in aquaponic systems: its relation to water quality with an emphasis on feed and faeces-a review. Water, 9(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9010013
Yep, B., & Zheng, Y., (2019). Aquaponic trends and challenges-A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 228, 1586 1599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.290
Yeşiltaş, M., Koçer, M.A.T., Sevgili, H., & Koru, E. (2021). Effect of different inorganic substrates on growth performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture – Food and Technology, 9(4), 714 722. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i4.714-722.4024
Zou, Y., Hu, Z., Zhang, J., Xie, H., Liang, S., Wang, J., & Yan, R. (2016). Attempts to improve nitrogen utilization efficiency of aquaponics through nitrifies addition and filler gradation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 6671-6679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5898-0

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Balık Yetiştiriciliği

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Murat Yeşiltaş ^*
0000-0002-5903-1632
Türkiye

Mehmet Ali Turan Koçer
0000-0003-1797-6926
Türkiye

Hüseyin Sevgili
0000-0001-8274-7391
Türkiye

Edis Koru
0000-0003-2862-247X
Türkiye

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

3 Eylül 2023

Yayımlanma Tarihi

15 Eylül 2023

Gönderilme Tarihi

19 Ocak 2023

Kabul Tarihi

21 Haziran 2023

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2023 Cilt: 40 Sayı: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.40.3.01

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA33UX47SX

Kaynak Göster

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Yeşiltaş, M., Koçer, M. A. T., Sevgili, H., & Koru, E. (2023). Effect of different hydraulic loading rates on growth of basil (Ocimum basilicum L. ‘Genovese’) in nutrient film technique aquaponics. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 40(3), 155-165. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.40.3.01

Cited By

Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) Aquaponics Enhances the Productivity of Fish and Crops: Trials on Nile Tilapia, African Catfish, Lettuce, Spinach and Basil

Aquaculture, Fish and Fisheries

https://doi.org/10.1002/aff2.70089

Effect of different hydraulic loading rates on growth of basil (Ocimum basilicum L. ‘Genovese’) in nutrient film technique aquaponics

Effect of different hydraulic loading rates on growth of basil (Ocimum basilicum L. ‘Genovese’) in nutrient film technique aquaponics

Abstract

Keywords

Farklı hidrolik yükleme oranlarının nütrient film tekniği akuaponiklerde fesleğen bitkisi (Ocimum basilicum L. ‘Genovese’) üretimine etkisi

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

Proje Numarası

Teşekkür

Kaynakça

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Konular

Bölüm

Yazarlar

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

Gönderilme Tarihi

Kabul Tarihi

Yayımlandığı Sayı

DOI

IZ

Kaynak Göster

Cited By

Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) Aquaponics Enhances the Productivity of Fish and Crops: Trials on Nile Tilapia, African Catfish, Lettuce, Spinach and Basil