Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Althaea officinalis katkısının gökkuşağı alabalığında (Oncorhynchus mykiss) büyüme performansı ve antioksidan, stres ve bağışıklık ile ilgili gen ekspresyonu üzerindeki etkileri

Year 2025, Volume: 42 Issue: 3, 272 - 277

Boran Karataş , Doğukan Kaya

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, başlangıç ortalama canlı ağırlığı 2,48 ± 0,01 g olan gökkuşağı alabalıklarında (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Althaea officinalis ekstraktının büyüme performansı, antioksidan savunma, stres ve bağışıklıkla ilişkili gen ekspresyonu üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmek amacıyla 42 günlük bir besleme denemesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla, biri bazal kontrol diyeti (C) ve diğer ikisi farklı düzeylerde A. officinalis ekstraktı içeren (AO1: 1 g kg⁻¹, AO2: 2 g kg⁻¹) olmak üzere üç deneysel diyet formüle edilmiştir. Büyüme parametreleri, A. officinalis takviyesi yapılan gruplarda kontrol grubuna kıyasla anlamlı düzeyde artış göstermiştir (P < 0,05). Antioksidan enzimlerden süperoksit dismutaz (SOD) ve katalaz (CAT) genlerinin ekspresyon düzeyleri, takviye edilen gruplarda anlamlı şekilde yükselmiştir (P < 0,05). Ayrıca, stres ve bağışıklıkla ilişkili genler olan interlökin-1β (IL-1β), tümör nekroz faktör-alfa (TNF-α), interlökin-8 (IL-8) ve ısı şok proteini 70 (HSP-70) genlerinin ekspresyon düzeyleri de A. officinalis ekstraktı ilavesiyle anlamlı şekilde etkilenmiştir (P < 0,05). Genel olarak, bu bulgular A. officinalis ekstraktı içeren diyetlerin gökkuşağı alabalıklarında antioksidan kapasiteyi artırabileceğini, stres ve bağışıklıkla ilişkili gen ekspresyonunu düzenleyebileceğini ve sağlıklı büyümeyi destekleyebileceğini deneysel olarak ortaya koymaktadır. Bu yararlı etkiler, antioksidan ve immünomodülatör özellikleriyle bilinen A. officinalis'te bulunan flavonoidler ve fenolik bileşiklerin varlığına bağlanabilir.

Keywords

Tıbbi bitki bağışıklık gen ifadesi büyüme antioksidan

References

  • Adel, M., Dawood, M.A., Shafiei, S., Sakhaie, F., & Shekarabi, S.P.H. (2020). Dietary Polygonum minus extract ameliorated the growth performance, humoral immune parameters, immune-related gene expression and resistance against Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 519, 734738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734738
  • Awad, E., Mitchell, W.J., & Austin, B. (2011). Effect of dietary supplements on cytokine gene expression in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Journal of Fish Diseases, 34(8). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01271.x
  • Awad, E., & Awaad, A. (2017). Role of medicinal plants on growth performance and immune status in fish. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 67, 40-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.034
  • Aydın, A., Kaya, D., Karataş, B., & Guroy, D. (2025). Dietary inclusion of curry plant (Helichrysum italicum) extract in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture: Growth performance and gene expression related to digestion, antioxidant, and immune responses. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 56(3), e70022. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.70022
  • Bahabadi, M.N., Banaee, M., Taghiyan, M., & Haghi, B.N. (2014). Effects of dietary administration of yarrow extract on growth performance and blood biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 2(5), 275-285.
  • Banaee, M., Fallahpour, F., Soleimany, V., & Haghi, B. N. (2016). Preclinical toxicity and safety evaluation of Althaea officinalis L. extract as naturopathic medicine in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): Hematological and biochemical study. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 28(2), 92-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2016.1172285
  • Banaee, M., Soleimany, V., & Haghi, B. N. (2017). Therapeutic effects of marshmallow (Althaea officinalis L.) extract on plasma biochemical parameters of common carp infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. In Veterinary Research Forum, 8(2), 145-153.
  • Barad, R.R., Verma, D.K., Yusufzai, S.I., Shrivastava, V., & Ram, A. R. (2024). Herbal feed additives: natural boost for aquatic health and growth. In sustainable feed ingredients and additives for aquaculture farming: perspectives from Africa and Asia (pp. 405-431). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4279-0_18
  • Bilen, S., Ali, G.A.M., Amhamed, I.D., & Almabrok, A. A. (2021). Modulatory effects of laurel-leaf cistus (Cistus laurifolius) ethanolic extract on innate immune responses and disease resistance in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 116, 98-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2021.07.001
  • Bonaterra, G.A., Bronischewski, K., Hunold, P., Schwarzbach, H., Heinrich, E.U., Fink, C., Aziz-Kalbhenn, H., Müller, J., & Kinscherf, R. (2020). Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of Phytohustil® and root extract of Althaea officinalis L. on macrophages in vitro. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, 290. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00290
  • Boyd, C.E., McNevin, A.A., & Davis, R.P. (2022). The contribution of fisheries and aquaculture to the global protein supply. Food Security, 14(3), 805-827. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01246-9
  • Cecchini, S., Paciolla, M., Biffali, E., Borra, M., Ursini, M.V, & Lioi, M.B. (2013). Ontogenetic profile of innate immune related genes and their tissue-specific expression in brown trout, Salmo trutta (Linnaeus, 1758). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 35(3), 988 992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2013.05.026
  • Dev, A.K., Thakur, R., & Yadav, S. (2024). Deciphering the importance of herbal immunostimulants in aquaculture, using citation network analysis: A futuristic sustainable approach. Comparative Immunology Reports, 6, 200129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirep.2023.200129
  • Elmastas, M., Ozturk, L., Gokce, I., Erenler, R., & Aboul‐Enein, H. Y. (2004). Determination of antioxidant activity of marshmallow flower (Althaea officinalis L.). Analytical Letters, 37(9), 1859 1869. https://doi.org/10.1081/AL-120039431
  • Elumalai, P., Kurian, A., Lakshmi, S., Faggio, C., Esteban, M. A., & Ringø, E. (2020). Herbal immunomodulators in aquaculture. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 29(1), 33 57. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2020.1779651
  • FAO. (2022). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2022. Towards Blue Transformation, FAO Rome.
  • Fontagné-Dicharry, S., Lataillade, E., Surget, A., Larroquet, L., Cluzeaud, M., & Kaushik, S. (2014). Antioxidant defense system is altered by dietary oxidized lipid in first-feeding rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 424, 220 227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.01.009
  • Gholamhosseini, A., Hosseinzadeh, S., Soltanian, S., Banaee, M., Sureda, A., Rakhshaninejad, M., Heidari, A.A., & Anbazpour, H. (2021). Effect of dietary supplements of Artemisia dracunculus extract on the haemato‐immunological and biochemical response, and growth performance of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture Research, 52(5), 2097-2109. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15062
  • Gudej, J. (1991). Flavonoids, phenolic acids and coumarins from the roots of Althaea officinalis. Planta Medica, 57(03), 284-285. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960092
  • Hosseini Shekarabi, S.P., Mostafavi, Z.S., Mehrgan, M.S., & Islami, H.R. (2021). Dietary supplementation with dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) flower extract provides immunostimulation and resistance against Streptococcus iniae infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 118, 180-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2021.09.004
  • Hoseinifar, S.H., Yousefi, S., Van Doan, H., Ashouri, G., Gioacchini, G., Maradonna, F., & Carnevali, O. (2020). Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in fish: the implications of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotics. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 29(2), 198-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2020.1795616
  • Hu, Y., Zhang, X., Shan, L. P., Liu, L., & Chen, J. (2024). The antiviral activity of currently used medicinal plants in aquaculture and structure–activity relationship of their active ingredients. Reviews in Aquaculture, 16(1), 154-173. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12825
  • Karataş, B. (2024). Dietary Cyanus depressus (M. Bieb.) Soják plant extract enhances growth performance, modulates intestinal microbiota, and alters gene expression associated with digestion, antioxidant, stress, and immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture International, 32(6), 7929-7951. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-024-01548-7
  • Karataş, B. (2025). Impact of dietary gallic acid on growth indices and the expression of antioxidant, stress, and immunity-related genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Ege Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 42(1), 15-20. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.42.1.02
  • Kaya, D., Karataş, B., & Guroy, D. (2025). Dietary pot marigold (Calendula officinalis) extract improved the growth performance, expression of digestive enzymes, antioxidant enzymes and immune-related genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture International, 33(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-024-01688-w
  • Li, S., Li, S.K., Gan, R.Y., Song, F.L., Kuang, L., & Li, H.B. (2013). Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents of infusions from 223 medicinal plants. Industrial Crops and Products, 51, 289 298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.09.017
  • Livak, K. J., & Schmittgen, T. D. (2001). Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2− ΔΔCT method. Methods, 25(4), 402-408. https://doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262
  • Madhulika, Meinam, M., Deepti, M., Ngasotter, S., Gupta, S. S., & Varghese, T. (2025). Functional feed additives in aquaculture to improve food security. In food security, nutrition and sustainability through aquaculture technologies (pp. 375-396). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-75830-0_21
  • Martínez-Álvarez, R.M., Morales, A.E., & Sanz, A. (2005). Antioxidant defenses in fish: biotic and abiotic factors. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 15, 75-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-005-7846-4
  • Mehana, E.E., Rahmani, A.H., & Aly, S.M. (2015). Immunostimulants and fish culture: an overview. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 5(6), 477-489. https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2015/9558
  • Mittler, R. (2002). Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends in Plant Science, 7(9), 405-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1360-1385(02)02312-9
  • Monib, P.N.A.W. (2024). The role of plants in traditional and modern medicine. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 13(2), 643-647. https://doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2024.v13.i2d.14905
  • Mostafavi, Z. S., Shekarabi, S. P. H., Mehrgan, M. S., & Islami, H. R. (2022). Amelioration of growth performance, physio-metabolic responses, and antioxidant defense system in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, using dietary dandelion, Taraxacum officinale, flower extract. Aquaculture, 546, 737296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737296
  • Ng, J. J. Y., Yusoff, N. A. H., Elias, N. A., Norhan, N. A. S., Harun, N. A., Abdullah, F., Ishak, A. N., & Hassan, M. (2024). Phytotherapy use for disease control in aquaculture: a review of the last 5 years. Aquaculture International, 32(3), 2687-2712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01292-4
  • Nootash, S., Sheikhzadeh, N., Baradaran, B., Oushani, A.K., Moghadam, M.R.M., Nofouzi, K., Monfaredan, A., Aghebati, L., Zare, F., & Shabanzadeh, S. (2013). Green tea (Camellia sinensis) administration induces expression of immune relevant genes and biochemical parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 35(6), 1916-1923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2013.09.030
  • Rashidian, G., Kajbaf, K., Prokić, M. D., & Faggio, C. (2020). Extract of common mallow (Malvae sylvestris) enhances growth, immunity, and resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings against Yersinia ruckeri infection. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 96, 254-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.018
  • Reverter, M., Tapissier‐Bontemps, N., Sasal, P., & Saulnier, D. (2017). Use of medicinal plants in aquaculture. In diagnosis and control of diseases of fish & shellfish, 223-261. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119152125.ch9
  • Romano, N. (2021). Probiotics, prebiotics, biofloc systems, and other biocontrol regimens in fish and shellfish aquaculture. In Aquaculture Pharmacology, (pp. 219 242). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821339-1.00003-9
  • Sakai, M., Hikima, J.I., & Kono, T. (2021). Fish cytokines: current research and applications. Fisheries Science, 87(1), 1 9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-020-01476-4
  • Sharma, A.N., Dewangan, H.K., & Upadhyay, P. K. (2024). Comprehensive review on herbal medicine: emphasis on current therapy and role of phytoconstituents for cancer treatment. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 21(3), e202301468. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202301468
  • Sheikhzadeh, N., Nootash, S., Khani Oushani, A., Mousavi, S., & Tahapour, K. (2019). Expression analysis of IFN-γ, MX1, MX2, MX3 and HSP70 genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) administrated with green tea (Camellia sinensis). Iranian Veterinary Journal, 15(3), 32-40. https://doi.org/10.22055/IVJ.2018.105608.1983
  • Shekarabi, S. P. H., Javarsiani, L., Mehrgan, M. S., Dawood, M. A., & Adel, M. (2022). Growth performance, blood biochemistry profile, and immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed dietary Persian shallot (Allium stipitatum) powder. Aquaculture, 548, 737627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737627
  • Sönmez, A.Y., Bi̇len, S., Taştan, Y., Kenanoğlu, O.N., & Terzi, E. (2022). Effects of dietary Astragalus caudiculosus (Boiss & Huet, 1856) supplementation on growth, hematology, antioxidant enzyme activities, and immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 122, 366-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.031
  • Türker, H., (2012). New advances and contributions to fish biology. IntechOpen, London, United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.5772/45635
  • Van Hai, N. (2015). The use of medicinal plants as immunostimulants in aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture, 446, 88-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.03.014
  • Vijayaram, S., Elboughdiri, N., Razafindralambo, H., Yun-Zhang, S., Nedaei, S., & Ghafarifarsani, H. (2024). Application of herbal dietary supplements in aquaculture–a review. Annals of Animal Science, 24(3), 657-673. https://doi.org/20.2478/aoas-2023-0076
  • Yilmaz, E., Motlagh, H.A., & Yilmaz, S. (2025). Impact of valerian (Valeriana officinalis) extract supplementation on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) growth performance, ımmune responses, and gene expression. Aquaculture Research, (1) 7950238. https://doi.org/10.1155/are/7950238
  • Zhang, L., Zhang, P., Xia, C., Cheng, Y., Guo, X., & Li, Y. (2020). Effects of malic acid and citric acid on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, haematology and immune response of Carassius auratus gibelio. Aquaculture Research, 51(7), 2766-2776. https://doi.org/10.1111 /are.14616
  • Wang, Q., Pan, Y., Huang, J., Li, Y., Wu, S., Zhao, L., Sun, T., Kang, Y., & Liu, Z. (2024). Dietary supplementation of Chinese herbal medicines enhances the immune response and resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11, 1341920. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1341920

Effects of Althaea officinalis supplementation on growth performance and antioxidant, stress, and immune-related gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Year 2025, Volume: 42 Issue: 3, 272 - 277

Boran Karataş , Doğukan Kaya

Abstract

In this study, a 42-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of Althaea officinalis extract on growth performance, antioxidant defense, stress-associated, and immune-related gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with an initial average body weight of 2.48 ± 0.01 g. Three experimental diets were formulated: a basal control diet (C) and two diets supplemented with different levels of A. officinalis extract (AO1, 1 g kg-1 and AO2, 2 g kg-1). Growth indices showed significant improvements in both A. officinalis supplemented groups compared to the C group (P < 0.05). Gene expression levels of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly elevated in the supplemented groups (P < 0.05). Additionally, the expression of stress, and immune-related genes, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70), was also significantly influenced by dietary inclusion of A. officinalis extract (P < 0.05). Overall, these findings provide experimental evidence that dietary inclusion of A. officinalis extract enhances antioxidant capacity, modulates stress and immune-related gene expression, and promotes healthy growth in rainbow trout. These beneficial effects may be attributed to the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in A. officinalis, which are known for their antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties.

Keywords

Medicinal plant immunity gene expression growth antioxidant

Ethical Statement

The experiment was approved by the Local Ethics Committee for Aquatic Vertebrates at Van Yüzüncü Yıl University (Protocol No: 2025/08) and was conducted in accordance with standard ethical guidelines.

Supporting Institution

This study did not receive any financial support, grant, or assistance from any public, commercial, or nonprofit funding organization.

References

  • Adel, M., Dawood, M.A., Shafiei, S., Sakhaie, F., & Shekarabi, S.P.H. (2020). Dietary Polygonum minus extract ameliorated the growth performance, humoral immune parameters, immune-related gene expression and resistance against Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 519, 734738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734738
  • Awad, E., Mitchell, W.J., & Austin, B. (2011). Effect of dietary supplements on cytokine gene expression in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Journal of Fish Diseases, 34(8). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01271.x
  • Awad, E., & Awaad, A. (2017). Role of medicinal plants on growth performance and immune status in fish. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 67, 40-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.034
  • Aydın, A., Kaya, D., Karataş, B., & Guroy, D. (2025). Dietary inclusion of curry plant (Helichrysum italicum) extract in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture: Growth performance and gene expression related to digestion, antioxidant, and immune responses. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 56(3), e70022. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.70022
  • Bahabadi, M.N., Banaee, M., Taghiyan, M., & Haghi, B.N. (2014). Effects of dietary administration of yarrow extract on growth performance and blood biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 2(5), 275-285.
  • Banaee, M., Fallahpour, F., Soleimany, V., & Haghi, B. N. (2016). Preclinical toxicity and safety evaluation of Althaea officinalis L. extract as naturopathic medicine in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): Hematological and biochemical study. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 28(2), 92-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2016.1172285
  • Banaee, M., Soleimany, V., & Haghi, B. N. (2017). Therapeutic effects of marshmallow (Althaea officinalis L.) extract on plasma biochemical parameters of common carp infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. In Veterinary Research Forum, 8(2), 145-153.
  • Barad, R.R., Verma, D.K., Yusufzai, S.I., Shrivastava, V., & Ram, A. R. (2024). Herbal feed additives: natural boost for aquatic health and growth. In sustainable feed ingredients and additives for aquaculture farming: perspectives from Africa and Asia (pp. 405-431). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4279-0_18
  • Bilen, S., Ali, G.A.M., Amhamed, I.D., & Almabrok, A. A. (2021). Modulatory effects of laurel-leaf cistus (Cistus laurifolius) ethanolic extract on innate immune responses and disease resistance in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 116, 98-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2021.07.001
  • Bonaterra, G.A., Bronischewski, K., Hunold, P., Schwarzbach, H., Heinrich, E.U., Fink, C., Aziz-Kalbhenn, H., Müller, J., & Kinscherf, R. (2020). Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of Phytohustil® and root extract of Althaea officinalis L. on macrophages in vitro. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, 290. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00290
  • Boyd, C.E., McNevin, A.A., & Davis, R.P. (2022). The contribution of fisheries and aquaculture to the global protein supply. Food Security, 14(3), 805-827. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01246-9
  • Cecchini, S., Paciolla, M., Biffali, E., Borra, M., Ursini, M.V, & Lioi, M.B. (2013). Ontogenetic profile of innate immune related genes and their tissue-specific expression in brown trout, Salmo trutta (Linnaeus, 1758). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 35(3), 988 992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2013.05.026
  • Dev, A.K., Thakur, R., & Yadav, S. (2024). Deciphering the importance of herbal immunostimulants in aquaculture, using citation network analysis: A futuristic sustainable approach. Comparative Immunology Reports, 6, 200129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirep.2023.200129
  • Elmastas, M., Ozturk, L., Gokce, I., Erenler, R., & Aboul‐Enein, H. Y. (2004). Determination of antioxidant activity of marshmallow flower (Althaea officinalis L.). Analytical Letters, 37(9), 1859 1869. https://doi.org/10.1081/AL-120039431
  • Elumalai, P., Kurian, A., Lakshmi, S., Faggio, C., Esteban, M. A., & Ringø, E. (2020). Herbal immunomodulators in aquaculture. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 29(1), 33 57. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2020.1779651
  • FAO. (2022). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2022. Towards Blue Transformation, FAO Rome.
  • Fontagné-Dicharry, S., Lataillade, E., Surget, A., Larroquet, L., Cluzeaud, M., & Kaushik, S. (2014). Antioxidant defense system is altered by dietary oxidized lipid in first-feeding rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 424, 220 227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.01.009
  • Gholamhosseini, A., Hosseinzadeh, S., Soltanian, S., Banaee, M., Sureda, A., Rakhshaninejad, M., Heidari, A.A., & Anbazpour, H. (2021). Effect of dietary supplements of Artemisia dracunculus extract on the haemato‐immunological and biochemical response, and growth performance of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture Research, 52(5), 2097-2109. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15062
  • Gudej, J. (1991). Flavonoids, phenolic acids and coumarins from the roots of Althaea officinalis. Planta Medica, 57(03), 284-285. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960092
  • Hosseini Shekarabi, S.P., Mostafavi, Z.S., Mehrgan, M.S., & Islami, H.R. (2021). Dietary supplementation with dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) flower extract provides immunostimulation and resistance against Streptococcus iniae infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 118, 180-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2021.09.004
  • Hoseinifar, S.H., Yousefi, S., Van Doan, H., Ashouri, G., Gioacchini, G., Maradonna, F., & Carnevali, O. (2020). Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in fish: the implications of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotics. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 29(2), 198-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2020.1795616
  • Hu, Y., Zhang, X., Shan, L. P., Liu, L., & Chen, J. (2024). The antiviral activity of currently used medicinal plants in aquaculture and structure–activity relationship of their active ingredients. Reviews in Aquaculture, 16(1), 154-173. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12825
  • Karataş, B. (2024). Dietary Cyanus depressus (M. Bieb.) Soják plant extract enhances growth performance, modulates intestinal microbiota, and alters gene expression associated with digestion, antioxidant, stress, and immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture International, 32(6), 7929-7951. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-024-01548-7
  • Karataş, B. (2025). Impact of dietary gallic acid on growth indices and the expression of antioxidant, stress, and immunity-related genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Ege Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 42(1), 15-20. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.42.1.02
  • Kaya, D., Karataş, B., & Guroy, D. (2025). Dietary pot marigold (Calendula officinalis) extract improved the growth performance, expression of digestive enzymes, antioxidant enzymes and immune-related genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture International, 33(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-024-01688-w
  • Li, S., Li, S.K., Gan, R.Y., Song, F.L., Kuang, L., & Li, H.B. (2013). Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents of infusions from 223 medicinal plants. Industrial Crops and Products, 51, 289 298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.09.017
  • Livak, K. J., & Schmittgen, T. D. (2001). Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2− ΔΔCT method. Methods, 25(4), 402-408. https://doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262
  • Madhulika, Meinam, M., Deepti, M., Ngasotter, S., Gupta, S. S., & Varghese, T. (2025). Functional feed additives in aquaculture to improve food security. In food security, nutrition and sustainability through aquaculture technologies (pp. 375-396). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-75830-0_21
  • Martínez-Álvarez, R.M., Morales, A.E., & Sanz, A. (2005). Antioxidant defenses in fish: biotic and abiotic factors. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 15, 75-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-005-7846-4
  • Mehana, E.E., Rahmani, A.H., & Aly, S.M. (2015). Immunostimulants and fish culture: an overview. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 5(6), 477-489. https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2015/9558
  • Mittler, R. (2002). Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends in Plant Science, 7(9), 405-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1360-1385(02)02312-9
  • Monib, P.N.A.W. (2024). The role of plants in traditional and modern medicine. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 13(2), 643-647. https://doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2024.v13.i2d.14905
  • Mostafavi, Z. S., Shekarabi, S. P. H., Mehrgan, M. S., & Islami, H. R. (2022). Amelioration of growth performance, physio-metabolic responses, and antioxidant defense system in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, using dietary dandelion, Taraxacum officinale, flower extract. Aquaculture, 546, 737296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737296
  • Ng, J. J. Y., Yusoff, N. A. H., Elias, N. A., Norhan, N. A. S., Harun, N. A., Abdullah, F., Ishak, A. N., & Hassan, M. (2024). Phytotherapy use for disease control in aquaculture: a review of the last 5 years. Aquaculture International, 32(3), 2687-2712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01292-4
  • Nootash, S., Sheikhzadeh, N., Baradaran, B., Oushani, A.K., Moghadam, M.R.M., Nofouzi, K., Monfaredan, A., Aghebati, L., Zare, F., & Shabanzadeh, S. (2013). Green tea (Camellia sinensis) administration induces expression of immune relevant genes and biochemical parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 35(6), 1916-1923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2013.09.030
  • Rashidian, G., Kajbaf, K., Prokić, M. D., & Faggio, C. (2020). Extract of common mallow (Malvae sylvestris) enhances growth, immunity, and resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings against Yersinia ruckeri infection. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 96, 254-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.018
  • Reverter, M., Tapissier‐Bontemps, N., Sasal, P., & Saulnier, D. (2017). Use of medicinal plants in aquaculture. In diagnosis and control of diseases of fish & shellfish, 223-261. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119152125.ch9
  • Romano, N. (2021). Probiotics, prebiotics, biofloc systems, and other biocontrol regimens in fish and shellfish aquaculture. In Aquaculture Pharmacology, (pp. 219 242). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821339-1.00003-9
  • Sakai, M., Hikima, J.I., & Kono, T. (2021). Fish cytokines: current research and applications. Fisheries Science, 87(1), 1 9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-020-01476-4
  • Sharma, A.N., Dewangan, H.K., & Upadhyay, P. K. (2024). Comprehensive review on herbal medicine: emphasis on current therapy and role of phytoconstituents for cancer treatment. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 21(3), e202301468. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202301468
  • Sheikhzadeh, N., Nootash, S., Khani Oushani, A., Mousavi, S., & Tahapour, K. (2019). Expression analysis of IFN-γ, MX1, MX2, MX3 and HSP70 genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) administrated with green tea (Camellia sinensis). Iranian Veterinary Journal, 15(3), 32-40. https://doi.org/10.22055/IVJ.2018.105608.1983
  • Shekarabi, S. P. H., Javarsiani, L., Mehrgan, M. S., Dawood, M. A., & Adel, M. (2022). Growth performance, blood biochemistry profile, and immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed dietary Persian shallot (Allium stipitatum) powder. Aquaculture, 548, 737627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737627
  • Sönmez, A.Y., Bi̇len, S., Taştan, Y., Kenanoğlu, O.N., & Terzi, E. (2022). Effects of dietary Astragalus caudiculosus (Boiss & Huet, 1856) supplementation on growth, hematology, antioxidant enzyme activities, and immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 122, 366-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.031
  • Türker, H., (2012). New advances and contributions to fish biology. IntechOpen, London, United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.5772/45635
  • Van Hai, N. (2015). The use of medicinal plants as immunostimulants in aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture, 446, 88-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.03.014
  • Vijayaram, S., Elboughdiri, N., Razafindralambo, H., Yun-Zhang, S., Nedaei, S., & Ghafarifarsani, H. (2024). Application of herbal dietary supplements in aquaculture–a review. Annals of Animal Science, 24(3), 657-673. https://doi.org/20.2478/aoas-2023-0076
  • Yilmaz, E., Motlagh, H.A., & Yilmaz, S. (2025). Impact of valerian (Valeriana officinalis) extract supplementation on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) growth performance, ımmune responses, and gene expression. Aquaculture Research, (1) 7950238. https://doi.org/10.1155/are/7950238
  • Zhang, L., Zhang, P., Xia, C., Cheng, Y., Guo, X., & Li, Y. (2020). Effects of malic acid and citric acid on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, haematology and immune response of Carassius auratus gibelio. Aquaculture Research, 51(7), 2766-2776. https://doi.org/10.1111 /are.14616
  • Wang, Q., Pan, Y., Huang, J., Li, Y., Wu, S., Zhao, L., Sun, T., Kang, Y., & Liu, Z. (2024). Dietary supplementation of Chinese herbal medicines enhances the immune response and resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11, 1341920. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1341920
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Pisciculture
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Boran Karataş 0000-0003-4353-1293

Doğukan Kaya 0000-0002-8832-5496

Early Pub Date September 1, 2025
Publication Date September 5, 2025
Submission Date July 17, 2025
Acceptance Date August 1, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 42 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Karataş, B., & Kaya, D. (2025). Effects of Althaea officinalis supplementation on growth performance and antioxidant, stress, and immune-related gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 42(3), 272-277.