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Growth from the sea: The impact of the blue economy on growth in Türkiye

Year 2025, Volume: 42 Issue: 3, 241 - 247

Esra Soyu Yıldırım

Abstract

This study aims to examine the effects of some key indicators of the blue economy on economic growth in Türkiye for the period 1990-2022. For this analysis, the ARDL approach is employed. In the study, gross domestic product (GDP) is used as the dependent variable, while aquaculture production (AP), total fisheries production (TFP), labor force (LF), and gross fixed capital formation (GFC) are used as independent variables. According to the findings, there is a long run cointegration relationship between the variables. Moreover, the positive effect of the AP variable is not statistically significant. On the other hand, the coefficients of TFP, LF and GFC variables are positive and show positive and significant effects on economic growth. These results suggest that certain components of the blue economy can contribute to Türkiye's economic growth.

Keywords

Blue economy economic growth total fisheries production ARDL Türkiye

References

  • Ahammed, S., Rana, M.M., Uddin, H., Majumder, S.C., & Shaha, S. (2024). Impact of blue economy factors on the sustainable economic growth of China. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 27, 12625-12652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04411-6
  • Akhtar, M., Xu, J., Kashif, U., Ali, K., Muhammad Naveed, H., & Haris, M. (2025). Bayesian neural network modelling for estimating ecological footprints and blue economy sustainability across G20 nations. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-04378-x
  • Alharthi, M., & Hanif, I. (2020). Impact of blue economy factors on economic growth in the SAARC countries. Maritime Business Review, 5(3), 253–269. https://doi.org/10.1108/MABR-01-2020-0006
  • Ashyrov, G., Paas, T., & Tverdostup, M. (2018). The input-output analysis of blue industries: Comparative study of Estonia and Finland. University of Tartu, Working Paper 2018, ISBN: 978-9985-4-1104-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3176955
  • Bădîrcea, R.M., Manta, A.G., Florea, N.M., Puiu, S., Manta, L.F., & Doran, M.D. (2021). Connecting blue economy and economic growth to climate change: Evidence from European Union countries. Energies, 14(15), 4600. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154600
  • Çoban, M.N., & Ölmez, Ü. (2017). The blue economy and the blue growth. Electronic Turkish Studies, 12(3), 155-166. (in Turkish with English abstract) https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.11122 Dickey, D.A. & Fuller, W.A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057-1072. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1912517
  • Dykas, P., Tokarski, T., & Wisła, R. (2023). The Solow model of economic growth: Application to contemporary macroeconomic issues. Taylor & Francis, London. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003323792
  • Eminçe Saygı, H. (2024). Growth prospects of the fisheries and aquaculture sector in Turkey in the context of the blue economy. Menba Journal of Fisheries Faculty, 10(3), 187 200. https://doi.org/10.58626/menba.1559413
  • European Commission (2018). The 2018 annual economic report on EU blue economy. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2771/305342
  • Eyüboğlu, S., & Akmermer, B. (2023). The relationship between economic growth and fisheries production in Türkiye. Aquaculture Studies, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.4194/AQUAST1017
  • Fratila, A. Gavril, I.A. Nita, S.C. & Hrebenciuc, A. (2021). The importance of maritime transport for economic growth in the European Union: A panel data analysis. Sustainability, 13(7961), 1 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147961
  • He, S., Alhamdi, F.M., Paramaiah, C., Hanif, S., & Nawaz, M.A. (2025). Role of blue economy and green economy in economic growth: Evidence from Pakistan. In Natural Resources Forum. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.70009
  • Hossain, M.A., Islam, M.N., Fatima, S., Kibria, M.G., Ullah, E., & Hossain, M.E. (2024). Pathway toward sustainable blue economy: Consideration of greenhouse gas emissions, trade, and economic growth in 25 nations bordering the Indian ocean. Journal of Cleaner Production, 437, 140708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140708
  • Jawaid, S.T. Siddiqui, M.H. Atiq, Z. Azhar, U. (2019). Fish exports and economic growth: The Pakistan's experience. Global Business Review, 20, 279-296, https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150918825422
  • Levine, R., & Renelt, D. (1992). A sensitivity analysis of cross-country growth regressions. American Economic Review, 82(4), 942–963. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2117352
  • Liza, J.I., Majumder, S.C., & Rahman, M.H. (2025). Scrutinizing the impact of blue economy factors on the economic growth in Bangladesh: An empirical study. Marine Policy, 173, 106542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106542
  • Mankiw, N.G., Romer, D., & Weil, D.N. (1992). A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 407–437. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118477
  • Martínez-Vázquez, R.M., Milán-García, J., & de Pablo Valenciano, J. (2021). Challenges of the blue economy: Evidence and research trends. Environmental Sciences Europe, 33(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00502-1
  • Narayan, P.K., & Narayan, S. (2005). Estimating income and price elasticities of imports for Fiji in a cointegration framework. Economic Modelling, 22(3), 423-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2004.06.004
  • Nham N.T.H., & Ha, L.T. (2023). The role of financial development in improving marine living resources towards sustainable blue economy. Journal of Sea Research, 195, 102417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2023.102417
  • Ninawe, A.S. (2017). Blue economy is the economic activities that directly or indirectly take place in the ocean and seas, use outputs, goods and services into ocean and land based activities. Examines in Marine Biology & Oceanography, 1-3.
  • Pata, U.K., Yurtkuran, S., & Kalça, A. (2016). Energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey: Ardl bounds test approach. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 38(2), 255-271. https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.281411
  • Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R.J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Rehman, A., Deyuan, Z., Hena, S., & Chandio, A.A. (2019). Do fisheries and aquaculture production have dominant roles within the economic growth of Pakistan? A long-run and short-run investigation. British Food Journal, 121(8), 1926-1935, https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-01-2019-0005
  • Sarker, S., Bhuyan, M.A.H., Rahman, M.M., Islam, M.A., Hossain, M.S., Basak, S.C., & Islam, M.M. (2018). From science to action: Exploring the potentials of blue economy for enhancing economic sustainability in Bangladesh. Ocean & Coastal Management, 157, 180-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.03.001
  • Sarwar, S. (2022). Impact of energy intensity, green economy and blue economy to achieve sustainable economic growth in GCC countries: Does Saudi Vision 2030 matters to GCC countries. Renewable Energy, 191, 30-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.03.122
  • Scholaert, F., Margaras, V., Pape, M., Wilson, A. & Kloecker, C. A. (2020). The blue economy: Overview and EU policy framework. European Parliament. https://coilink.org/20.500.12592/gjc0jg
  • Silver, J.J., Gray, N.J., Campbell, L.M., Fairbanks, L.W., & Gruby, R.L. (2015). Blue economy and competing discourses in international oceans governance. Journal of Environment & Development, 24, 135–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496515580797
  • Solow, R.M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65–94. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1884513
  • Stephenson, R.L., & Hobday, A.J. (2024). Blueprint for blue economy implementation. Marine Policy, 163, 106129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106129
  • Suluk, S. (2022). Colors of the economy: an evaluation of Turkey in the context of the sustainable blue economy. Dumlupınar University Journal of Social Sciences, 74, 132-150. (in Turkish with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.1123257
  • Tayyar, A.E. (2023). The evil twin of global warming – blue economy and intra-industry trade: Ardl analysis for Turkiye, Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 57, 21-36. (in Turkish with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1228128
  • Toplu Yılmaz, Ö. (2021). Evaluation of fisheries support in Turkey for sustainable blue economy. Academic Review of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 14(3), 906-923. (in Turkish with English abstract) http://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.788879
  • Usluer, H.B. (2024). Investigation of blue economy and its impact on global maritime transportation. Journal of Management and Economics Research, 22(3), 50-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11611/yead.1521413
  • Voyer, M., Quirk, G., McIlgorm, A., & Azmi, K. (2018). Shades of blue: what do competing interpretations of the blue economy mean for oceans governance?. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 20(5), 595-616. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2018.1473153
  • World Bank, (2017). The Potential of the Blue Economy: Increasing Long-term Benefits of the Sustainable Use of Marine Resources for Small Island Developing States and Coastal Least Developed Countries, World Bank Publications, https://www.studocu.com/row/document/universite-des-mascareignes/oceaneconomy/15434-blue-economy-jun-1/14483090 (accessed 07/4/2025).
  • WWF (2018). Principles for a Sustainable Blue Economy. 2018. Available online: https://wwfeu.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_marine_briefing_principles_blue_economy.pdf (accessed on 5 April 2025).

Denizden gelen büyüme: Türkiye’de mavi ekonominin büyüme üzerindeki etkisi

Year 2025, Volume: 42 Issue: 3, 241 - 247

Esra Soyu Yıldırım

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de 1990-2022 dönemi için mavi ekonomi kapsamında yer alan bazı temel göstergelerin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkilerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu inceleme için ARDL tekniği kullanılmıştır. Analizde bağımlı değişken olarak gayrisafi yurt içi hasıla (GSYH) kullanılırken, bağımsız değişkenler olarak su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği üretimi (AP), toplam balıkçılık üretimi (TFP), iş gücü (LF) ve sabit sermaye yatırımları (GFC) kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlara göre değişkenler arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisi olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca AP değişkeninin pozitif yönlü etkisi istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmamıştır. Buna karşılık, TFP, LF ve GFC değişkenlerinin katsayıları pozitif olup, ekonomik büyüme üzerinde pozitif ve anlamlı etkiler göstermektedir. Bu sonuçlar, mavi ekonominin belirli bileşenlerinin Türkiye'nin ekonomik büyümesine katkı sağlayabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

Mavi ekonomi ekonomik büyüme toplam balıkçılık üretimi ARDL Türkiye

References

  • Ahammed, S., Rana, M.M., Uddin, H., Majumder, S.C., & Shaha, S. (2024). Impact of blue economy factors on the sustainable economic growth of China. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 27, 12625-12652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04411-6
  • Akhtar, M., Xu, J., Kashif, U., Ali, K., Muhammad Naveed, H., & Haris, M. (2025). Bayesian neural network modelling for estimating ecological footprints and blue economy sustainability across G20 nations. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-04378-x
  • Alharthi, M., & Hanif, I. (2020). Impact of blue economy factors on economic growth in the SAARC countries. Maritime Business Review, 5(3), 253–269. https://doi.org/10.1108/MABR-01-2020-0006
  • Ashyrov, G., Paas, T., & Tverdostup, M. (2018). The input-output analysis of blue industries: Comparative study of Estonia and Finland. University of Tartu, Working Paper 2018, ISBN: 978-9985-4-1104-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3176955
  • Bădîrcea, R.M., Manta, A.G., Florea, N.M., Puiu, S., Manta, L.F., & Doran, M.D. (2021). Connecting blue economy and economic growth to climate change: Evidence from European Union countries. Energies, 14(15), 4600. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154600
  • Çoban, M.N., & Ölmez, Ü. (2017). The blue economy and the blue growth. Electronic Turkish Studies, 12(3), 155-166. (in Turkish with English abstract) https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.11122 Dickey, D.A. & Fuller, W.A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057-1072. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1912517
  • Dykas, P., Tokarski, T., & Wisła, R. (2023). The Solow model of economic growth: Application to contemporary macroeconomic issues. Taylor & Francis, London. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003323792
  • Eminçe Saygı, H. (2024). Growth prospects of the fisheries and aquaculture sector in Turkey in the context of the blue economy. Menba Journal of Fisheries Faculty, 10(3), 187 200. https://doi.org/10.58626/menba.1559413
  • European Commission (2018). The 2018 annual economic report on EU blue economy. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2771/305342
  • Eyüboğlu, S., & Akmermer, B. (2023). The relationship between economic growth and fisheries production in Türkiye. Aquaculture Studies, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.4194/AQUAST1017
  • Fratila, A. Gavril, I.A. Nita, S.C. & Hrebenciuc, A. (2021). The importance of maritime transport for economic growth in the European Union: A panel data analysis. Sustainability, 13(7961), 1 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147961
  • He, S., Alhamdi, F.M., Paramaiah, C., Hanif, S., & Nawaz, M.A. (2025). Role of blue economy and green economy in economic growth: Evidence from Pakistan. In Natural Resources Forum. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.70009
  • Hossain, M.A., Islam, M.N., Fatima, S., Kibria, M.G., Ullah, E., & Hossain, M.E. (2024). Pathway toward sustainable blue economy: Consideration of greenhouse gas emissions, trade, and economic growth in 25 nations bordering the Indian ocean. Journal of Cleaner Production, 437, 140708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140708
  • Jawaid, S.T. Siddiqui, M.H. Atiq, Z. Azhar, U. (2019). Fish exports and economic growth: The Pakistan's experience. Global Business Review, 20, 279-296, https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150918825422
  • Levine, R., & Renelt, D. (1992). A sensitivity analysis of cross-country growth regressions. American Economic Review, 82(4), 942–963. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2117352
  • Liza, J.I., Majumder, S.C., & Rahman, M.H. (2025). Scrutinizing the impact of blue economy factors on the economic growth in Bangladesh: An empirical study. Marine Policy, 173, 106542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106542
  • Mankiw, N.G., Romer, D., & Weil, D.N. (1992). A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 407–437. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118477
  • Martínez-Vázquez, R.M., Milán-García, J., & de Pablo Valenciano, J. (2021). Challenges of the blue economy: Evidence and research trends. Environmental Sciences Europe, 33(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00502-1
  • Narayan, P.K., & Narayan, S. (2005). Estimating income and price elasticities of imports for Fiji in a cointegration framework. Economic Modelling, 22(3), 423-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2004.06.004
  • Nham N.T.H., & Ha, L.T. (2023). The role of financial development in improving marine living resources towards sustainable blue economy. Journal of Sea Research, 195, 102417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2023.102417
  • Ninawe, A.S. (2017). Blue economy is the economic activities that directly or indirectly take place in the ocean and seas, use outputs, goods and services into ocean and land based activities. Examines in Marine Biology & Oceanography, 1-3.
  • Pata, U.K., Yurtkuran, S., & Kalça, A. (2016). Energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey: Ardl bounds test approach. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 38(2), 255-271. https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.281411
  • Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R.J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Rehman, A., Deyuan, Z., Hena, S., & Chandio, A.A. (2019). Do fisheries and aquaculture production have dominant roles within the economic growth of Pakistan? A long-run and short-run investigation. British Food Journal, 121(8), 1926-1935, https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-01-2019-0005
  • Sarker, S., Bhuyan, M.A.H., Rahman, M.M., Islam, M.A., Hossain, M.S., Basak, S.C., & Islam, M.M. (2018). From science to action: Exploring the potentials of blue economy for enhancing economic sustainability in Bangladesh. Ocean & Coastal Management, 157, 180-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.03.001
  • Sarwar, S. (2022). Impact of energy intensity, green economy and blue economy to achieve sustainable economic growth in GCC countries: Does Saudi Vision 2030 matters to GCC countries. Renewable Energy, 191, 30-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.03.122
  • Scholaert, F., Margaras, V., Pape, M., Wilson, A. & Kloecker, C. A. (2020). The blue economy: Overview and EU policy framework. European Parliament. https://coilink.org/20.500.12592/gjc0jg
  • Silver, J.J., Gray, N.J., Campbell, L.M., Fairbanks, L.W., & Gruby, R.L. (2015). Blue economy and competing discourses in international oceans governance. Journal of Environment & Development, 24, 135–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496515580797
  • Solow, R.M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65–94. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1884513
  • Stephenson, R.L., & Hobday, A.J. (2024). Blueprint for blue economy implementation. Marine Policy, 163, 106129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106129
  • Suluk, S. (2022). Colors of the economy: an evaluation of Turkey in the context of the sustainable blue economy. Dumlupınar University Journal of Social Sciences, 74, 132-150. (in Turkish with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.1123257
  • Tayyar, A.E. (2023). The evil twin of global warming – blue economy and intra-industry trade: Ardl analysis for Turkiye, Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 57, 21-36. (in Turkish with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1228128
  • Toplu Yılmaz, Ö. (2021). Evaluation of fisheries support in Turkey for sustainable blue economy. Academic Review of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 14(3), 906-923. (in Turkish with English abstract) http://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.788879
  • Usluer, H.B. (2024). Investigation of blue economy and its impact on global maritime transportation. Journal of Management and Economics Research, 22(3), 50-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11611/yead.1521413
  • Voyer, M., Quirk, G., McIlgorm, A., & Azmi, K. (2018). Shades of blue: what do competing interpretations of the blue economy mean for oceans governance?. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 20(5), 595-616. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2018.1473153
  • World Bank, (2017). The Potential of the Blue Economy: Increasing Long-term Benefits of the Sustainable Use of Marine Resources for Small Island Developing States and Coastal Least Developed Countries, World Bank Publications, https://www.studocu.com/row/document/universite-des-mascareignes/oceaneconomy/15434-blue-economy-jun-1/14483090 (accessed 07/4/2025).
  • WWF (2018). Principles for a Sustainable Blue Economy. 2018. Available online: https://wwfeu.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_marine_briefing_principles_blue_economy.pdf (accessed on 5 April 2025).
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Ecology (Other), Environmental Management (Other), Pisciculture
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Esra Soyu Yıldırım 0000-0003-1614-0967

Early Pub Date September 1, 2025
Publication Date September 8, 2025
Submission Date May 13, 2025
Acceptance Date July 17, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 42 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Soyu Yıldırım, E. (2025). Growth from the sea: The impact of the blue economy on growth in Türkiye. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 42(3), 241-247.