Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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Türkiye’nin kuzeydoğu Levant kıyısındaki İskenderun Körfezi’nde yüksek düzeyde mikroplastik kirliliği

Year 2017, Volume 34, Issue 4, 401 - 408, 15.12.2017

Sedat GÜNDOĞDU

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2017.34.4.06

Abstract

Mikroplastik kirliliği, küresel bir problem haline gelmiştir. Özellikle Akdeniz, çevresinde bulunan endüstrileşmiş ve yüksek nüfuslu yerleşimlerden kaynaklı, yoğun bir kirlilik baskısı altındadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin Kuzeydoğu Levant kıyısında bulunan İskenderun körfezindeki mikroplastik kirliliğinin düzeyi araştırılmıştır. 14 istasyonda yapılan çalışmada ortalama mikroplastik partikül miktarı, 1,067,120 partikül/km2 olarak tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek mikroplastik miktarı körfezin orta noktasına denk gelen M4 nolu istasyonda tespit edilmiştir (1820 partikül; 2,888,889 partikül/ km2). Sonuç olarak İskenderun körfezindeki mikroplastik kirliliği miktarı Akdeniz’in diğer bölgelerine göre oldukça fazla bulunmuştur.

Keywords

Mikroplastik, Deniz çöpleri, Levant denizi, İskenderun Körfezi

References

  • Andrady, A.L. (2011). Microplastics in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62,1596–1605. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030
  • Barnes, D.K., Galgani, F., Thompson, R.C. & Barlaz, M. (2009). Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, 364(1526), 1985-1998. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0205
  • Bouwmeester, H., Hollman, P.C. & Peters, R.J. (2015). Potential health impact ofenvironmentally released micro- and nanoplastics in the human food production chain:experiences from nanotoxicology. Environmental Science and Technology, 49, 8932–8947. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01090
  • Collignon, A., Hecq, J.H., Galgani, F., Collard, F. & Goffart, A. (2014). Annual variation in neustonic micro- and meso-plastic particles and zooplankton in the Bay of Calvi (Mediterranean-Corsica). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 79(1-2), 293-298. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.11.023
  • Collignon, A., Hecq, J.H., Glagani, F., Voisin, P., Collard, F. & Goffart, A. (2012). Neustonic microplastic and zooplankton in the North Western Mediterranean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(4), 861-864. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.01.011
  • Cozar, A., Sanz-Martin, M., Marti, E., Gonzalez-Gordillo, J.I., Ubeda, B., Galvez, J.A. & Duarte, C.M. (2015). Plastic accumulation in the Mediterranean Sea. PLoS One, 10(4), e0121762. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121762
  • de Lucia, G.A., Caliani, I., Marra, S., Camedda, A., Coppa, S., Alcaro, L. & Matiddi, M. (2014). Amount and distribution of neustonic micro-plastic off the western Sardinian coast (Central-Western Mediterranean Sea). Marine Environmental Research, 100, 10-16. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.03.017
  • Derraik, J. G. (2002). The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44(9), 842-852. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5
  • Desforges, J.-P.W., Galbraith, M., Dangerfield, N. & Ross, P.S. (2014). Widespread distribution of microplastics in subsurface seawater in the NE Pacific Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 79(1), 94-99. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.12.035
  • Doyle, M.J., Watson, W., Bowlin, N.M. & Sheavly, S B. (2011). Plastic particles in coastal pelagic ecosystems of the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Marine Environmental Research, 71(1), 41-52. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2010.10.001
  • Eriksen, M., Lebreton, L.C., Carson, H.S., Thiel, M., Moore, C.J., Borerro, J.C. & Reisser, J. (2014). Plastic Pollution in the World's Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea. PLoS One, 9(12), e111913. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111913
  • Faure, F., Saini, C., Potter, G., Galgani, F., de Alencastro, L.F. & Hagmann, P. (2015). An evaluation of surface micro- and mesoplastic pollution in pelagic ecosystems of the Western Mediterranean Sea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(16), 12190-12197. doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-4453-3
  • Fossi, M.C., Panti, C., Guerranti, C., Coppola, D., Giannetti, M., Marsili, L. & Minutoli, R. (2012). Are baleen whales exposed to the threat of microplastics? A case study of the Mediterranean fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(11), 2374-2379. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.08.013
  • GESAMP (2001a). A sea of troubles. (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP JointGroup of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection) andAdvisory Committee on Protection of the Sea. Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 70, 35 pp.
  • GESAMP (2001b). Protecting the oceans from land-based activities - Land-based sources andactivities affecting the quality and uses of the marine, coastal and associated freshwaterenvironment. (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group ofExperts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection) and AdvisoryCommittee on Protection of the Sea. Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 71, 162 pp.
  • Gündoğdu, S. & Çevik, C. (2017). Micro-and mesoplastics in Northeast Levantine coast of Turkey: The preliminary results from surface samples. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 118, 341-347. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.002
  • Güven, O., Gökdağ, K., Jovanović, B. & Kıdeyş, A.E. (2017). Microplastic litter composition of the Turkish territorial waters of the Mediterranean Sea, and its occurrence in the gastrointestinal tract of fish. Environmental Pollution, 223, 286-294. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.025
  • Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Gutow, L., Thompson, R.C. & Thiel, M. (2012). Microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environmental Science and Technology, 46(6), 3060-3075. doi: 10.1021/es2031505
  • Jambeck, J.R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T.R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A. & Law, K.L. (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 347(6223), 768-771. doi: 10.1126/science.1260352
  • Kornilios, S., Drakopoulos, P.G. & Dounas, C. (1998). Pelagic tar, dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons and plastic distribution in the Cretan sea, Greece. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36(12), 989-993. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326x(98)00102-7
  • Lebreton, L.C.M., Greer, S.D. & Borrero, J.C. (2012). Numerical modelling of floating debris in the world's oceans. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(3), 653-661. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.10.027
  • Masura, J., Baker, J., Foster, G. & Arthur, C. (2015). Laboratory methods for the analysis of microplastics in the marine environment: recommendations for quantifying synthetic particles in waters and sediments. Silver Spring, Maryland, USA: NOAA Technical Memorandum.
  • Moore, C.J., Moore, S.L., Leecaster, M.K. & Weisberg, S.B. (2001). A comparison of plastic and plankton in the North Pacific central gyre. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42(12), 1297-1300. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00114-X
  • Moret-Ferguson, S., Law, K.L., Proskurowski, G., Murphy, E.K., Peacock, E.E. & Reddy, C. M. (2010). The size, mass, and composition of plastic debris in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(10), 1873-1878. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.07.020
  • Osborn, A.M. & Stojkovic, S. (2014). Marine microbes in the Plastic Age. Microbiology Australia, 35(4), 207-210.
  • Özsoy, E. & Sözer, A. (2006). Forecasting circulation in the Cilician Basin of the Levantine Sea. Ocean Science Discussions, 3(5), 1481-1514.
  • Ruiz-Orejon, L.F., Sarda, R. & Ramis-Pujol, J. (2016). Floating plastic debris in the Central and Western Mediterranean Sea. Marine Environmental Research, 120, 136-144. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.08.001
  • Suaria, G., Avio, C.G., Mineo, A., Lattin, G.L., Magaldi, M.G., Belmonte, G. & Aliani, S. (2016). The Mediterranean Plastic Soup: synthetic polymers in Mediterranean surface waters. Scientific Reports, 6, 37551. doi: 10.1038/srep37551
  • Thompson, R.C. (2016). Sources, Distribution, and Fate of Microscopic Plastics in Marine Environments. In H. Takada & H. K. Karapanagioti (Eds.), Hazardous Chemicals Associated with Plastics in the Marine Environment. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/698_2016_10
  • UNEP. (2005). Marine Litter: An Analytical Overview. Nairobi: United Nations EnvironmentProgram.
  • Uysal, Z., Latif, M.A., Özsoy, E., Tuğrul, S., Kubilay, N., Beşiktepe, Ş.T. & Beşiktepe, Ş. (2008). Kilikya Baseni Kıyısal Ekosisteminde Dolaşım, Taşınım ve Ötrofikasyon Araştırmaları. Final Report 104Y277. Ankara: TÜBİTAK (in Turkish).
  • van der Hal, N., Ariel, A. & Angel, D. L. (2017). Exceptionally high abundances of microplastics in the oligotrophic Israeli Mediterranean coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.052

High level of micro-plastic pollution in the Iskenderun Bay NE Levantine coast of Turkey

Year 2017, Volume 34, Issue 4, 401 - 408, 15.12.2017

Sedat GÜNDOĞDU

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2017.34.4.06

Abstract

Microplastic pollution is a global problem. The Mediterranean Sea, especially, has high pressure of pollution as it is enclosed by highly populated and industrialized countries. In this study, we have determined the level of microplastic pollution in the Iskenderun Bay, located in the Northeastern Levantine coast of Turkey. The average level of microplastic has been determined to be 1,067,120 particles/km2 at fourteen stations. The highest level has been determined at the M4 station in the middle of the bay (with 1820 items; 2,888,889 particles/km2), and the lowest level has been found at the M11 station (62 items; 98,412 particles/km2). As a result of this study, it was determined that the microplastic pollution level in the Iskenderun Bay is higher than the other regions of the Mediterranean Sea. 

Keywords

Microplastic, Marine litter, Levantine Sea, Iskenderun Bay

References

  • Andrady, A.L. (2011). Microplastics in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62,1596–1605. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030
  • Barnes, D.K., Galgani, F., Thompson, R.C. & Barlaz, M. (2009). Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, 364(1526), 1985-1998. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0205
  • Bouwmeester, H., Hollman, P.C. & Peters, R.J. (2015). Potential health impact ofenvironmentally released micro- and nanoplastics in the human food production chain:experiences from nanotoxicology. Environmental Science and Technology, 49, 8932–8947. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01090
  • Collignon, A., Hecq, J.H., Galgani, F., Collard, F. & Goffart, A. (2014). Annual variation in neustonic micro- and meso-plastic particles and zooplankton in the Bay of Calvi (Mediterranean-Corsica). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 79(1-2), 293-298. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.11.023
  • Collignon, A., Hecq, J.H., Glagani, F., Voisin, P., Collard, F. & Goffart, A. (2012). Neustonic microplastic and zooplankton in the North Western Mediterranean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(4), 861-864. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.01.011
  • Cozar, A., Sanz-Martin, M., Marti, E., Gonzalez-Gordillo, J.I., Ubeda, B., Galvez, J.A. & Duarte, C.M. (2015). Plastic accumulation in the Mediterranean Sea. PLoS One, 10(4), e0121762. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121762
  • de Lucia, G.A., Caliani, I., Marra, S., Camedda, A., Coppa, S., Alcaro, L. & Matiddi, M. (2014). Amount and distribution of neustonic micro-plastic off the western Sardinian coast (Central-Western Mediterranean Sea). Marine Environmental Research, 100, 10-16. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.03.017
  • Derraik, J. G. (2002). The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44(9), 842-852. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5
  • Desforges, J.-P.W., Galbraith, M., Dangerfield, N. & Ross, P.S. (2014). Widespread distribution of microplastics in subsurface seawater in the NE Pacific Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 79(1), 94-99. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.12.035
  • Doyle, M.J., Watson, W., Bowlin, N.M. & Sheavly, S B. (2011). Plastic particles in coastal pelagic ecosystems of the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Marine Environmental Research, 71(1), 41-52. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2010.10.001
  • Eriksen, M., Lebreton, L.C., Carson, H.S., Thiel, M., Moore, C.J., Borerro, J.C. & Reisser, J. (2014). Plastic Pollution in the World's Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea. PLoS One, 9(12), e111913. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111913
  • Faure, F., Saini, C., Potter, G., Galgani, F., de Alencastro, L.F. & Hagmann, P. (2015). An evaluation of surface micro- and mesoplastic pollution in pelagic ecosystems of the Western Mediterranean Sea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(16), 12190-12197. doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-4453-3
  • Fossi, M.C., Panti, C., Guerranti, C., Coppola, D., Giannetti, M., Marsili, L. & Minutoli, R. (2012). Are baleen whales exposed to the threat of microplastics? A case study of the Mediterranean fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(11), 2374-2379. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.08.013
  • GESAMP (2001a). A sea of troubles. (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP JointGroup of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection) andAdvisory Committee on Protection of the Sea. Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 70, 35 pp.
  • GESAMP (2001b). Protecting the oceans from land-based activities - Land-based sources andactivities affecting the quality and uses of the marine, coastal and associated freshwaterenvironment. (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group ofExperts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection) and AdvisoryCommittee on Protection of the Sea. Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 71, 162 pp.
  • Gündoğdu, S. & Çevik, C. (2017). Micro-and mesoplastics in Northeast Levantine coast of Turkey: The preliminary results from surface samples. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 118, 341-347. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.002
  • Güven, O., Gökdağ, K., Jovanović, B. & Kıdeyş, A.E. (2017). Microplastic litter composition of the Turkish territorial waters of the Mediterranean Sea, and its occurrence in the gastrointestinal tract of fish. Environmental Pollution, 223, 286-294. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.025
  • Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Gutow, L., Thompson, R.C. & Thiel, M. (2012). Microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environmental Science and Technology, 46(6), 3060-3075. doi: 10.1021/es2031505
  • Jambeck, J.R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T.R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A. & Law, K.L. (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 347(6223), 768-771. doi: 10.1126/science.1260352
  • Kornilios, S., Drakopoulos, P.G. & Dounas, C. (1998). Pelagic tar, dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons and plastic distribution in the Cretan sea, Greece. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36(12), 989-993. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326x(98)00102-7
  • Lebreton, L.C.M., Greer, S.D. & Borrero, J.C. (2012). Numerical modelling of floating debris in the world's oceans. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(3), 653-661. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.10.027
  • Masura, J., Baker, J., Foster, G. & Arthur, C. (2015). Laboratory methods for the analysis of microplastics in the marine environment: recommendations for quantifying synthetic particles in waters and sediments. Silver Spring, Maryland, USA: NOAA Technical Memorandum.
  • Moore, C.J., Moore, S.L., Leecaster, M.K. & Weisberg, S.B. (2001). A comparison of plastic and plankton in the North Pacific central gyre. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42(12), 1297-1300. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00114-X
  • Moret-Ferguson, S., Law, K.L., Proskurowski, G., Murphy, E.K., Peacock, E.E. & Reddy, C. M. (2010). The size, mass, and composition of plastic debris in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(10), 1873-1878. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.07.020
  • Osborn, A.M. & Stojkovic, S. (2014). Marine microbes in the Plastic Age. Microbiology Australia, 35(4), 207-210.
  • Özsoy, E. & Sözer, A. (2006). Forecasting circulation in the Cilician Basin of the Levantine Sea. Ocean Science Discussions, 3(5), 1481-1514.
  • Ruiz-Orejon, L.F., Sarda, R. & Ramis-Pujol, J. (2016). Floating plastic debris in the Central and Western Mediterranean Sea. Marine Environmental Research, 120, 136-144. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.08.001
  • Suaria, G., Avio, C.G., Mineo, A., Lattin, G.L., Magaldi, M.G., Belmonte, G. & Aliani, S. (2016). The Mediterranean Plastic Soup: synthetic polymers in Mediterranean surface waters. Scientific Reports, 6, 37551. doi: 10.1038/srep37551
  • Thompson, R.C. (2016). Sources, Distribution, and Fate of Microscopic Plastics in Marine Environments. In H. Takada & H. K. Karapanagioti (Eds.), Hazardous Chemicals Associated with Plastics in the Marine Environment. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/698_2016_10
  • UNEP. (2005). Marine Litter: An Analytical Overview. Nairobi: United Nations EnvironmentProgram.
  • Uysal, Z., Latif, M.A., Özsoy, E., Tuğrul, S., Kubilay, N., Beşiktepe, Ş.T. & Beşiktepe, Ş. (2008). Kilikya Baseni Kıyısal Ekosisteminde Dolaşım, Taşınım ve Ötrofikasyon Araştırmaları. Final Report 104Y277. Ankara: TÜBİTAK (in Turkish).
  • van der Hal, N., Ariel, A. & Angel, D. L. (2017). Exceptionally high abundances of microplastics in the oligotrophic Israeli Mediterranean coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.052

Details

Subjects Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sedat GÜNDOĞDU> (Primary Author)
ÇUKUROVA ÜNİVERSİTESİ
orcid.org/0000-0002-4415-2837
Türkiye

Publication Date December 15, 2017
Submission Date July 18, 2017
Acceptance Date October 26, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017, Volume 34, Issue 4

Cite

APA Gündoğdu, S. (2017). High level of micro-plastic pollution in the Iskenderun Bay NE Levantine coast of Turkey . Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 34 (4) , 401-408 . DOI: 10.12714/egejfas.2017.34.4.06