High level of micro-plastic pollution in the Iskenderun Bay NE Levantine coast of Turkey

Sedat Gündoğdu

doi:10.12714/egejfas.2017.34.4.06

Research Article

Türkiye’nin kuzeydoğu Levant kıyısındaki İskenderun Körfezi’nde yüksek düzeyde mikroplastik kirliliği

Year 2017, Volume: 34 Issue: 4, 401 - 408, 15.12.2017

Sedat Gündoğdu

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2017.34.4.06

Cited By: 21

Abstract

Mikroplastik kirliliği, küresel bir problem haline gelmiştir.
Özellikle Akdeniz, çevresinde bulunan endüstrileşmiş ve yüksek nüfuslu
yerleşimlerden kaynaklı, yoğun bir kirlilik baskısı altındadır. Bu çalışmada,
Türkiye’nin Kuzeydoğu Levant kıyısında bulunan İskenderun körfezindeki
mikroplastik kirliliğinin düzeyi araştırılmıştır. 14 istasyonda yapılan
çalışmada ortalama mikroplastik partikül miktarı, 1,067,120 partikül/km²
olarak tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek mikroplastik miktarı körfezin orta
noktasına denk gelen M4 nolu istasyonda tespit edilmiştir (1820 partikül;
2,888,889 partikül/ km²). Sonuç olarak İskenderun körfezindeki
mikroplastik kirliliği miktarı Akdeniz’in diğer bölgelerine göre oldukça fazla
bulunmuştur.

Keywords

Mikroplastik, Deniz çöpleri, Levant denizi, İskenderun Körfezi

References

Andrady, A.L. (2011). Microplastics in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62,1596–1605. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030
Barnes, D.K., Galgani, F., Thompson, R.C. & Barlaz, M. (2009). Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, 364(1526), 1985-1998. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0205
Bouwmeester, H., Hollman, P.C. & Peters, R.J. (2015). Potential health impact ofenvironmentally released micro- and nanoplastics in the human food production chain:experiences from nanotoxicology. Environmental Science and Technology, 49, 8932–8947. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01090
Collignon, A., Hecq, J.H., Galgani, F., Collard, F. & Goffart, A. (2014). Annual variation in neustonic micro- and meso-plastic particles and zooplankton in the Bay of Calvi (Mediterranean-Corsica). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 79(1-2), 293-298. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.11.023
Collignon, A., Hecq, J.H., Glagani, F., Voisin, P., Collard, F. & Goffart, A. (2012). Neustonic microplastic and zooplankton in the North Western Mediterranean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(4), 861-864. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.01.011
Cozar, A., Sanz-Martin, M., Marti, E., Gonzalez-Gordillo, J.I., Ubeda, B., Galvez, J.A. & Duarte, C.M. (2015). Plastic accumulation in the Mediterranean Sea. PLoS One, 10(4), e0121762. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121762
de Lucia, G.A., Caliani, I., Marra, S., Camedda, A., Coppa, S., Alcaro, L. & Matiddi, M. (2014). Amount and distribution of neustonic micro-plastic off the western Sardinian coast (Central-Western Mediterranean Sea). Marine Environmental Research, 100, 10-16. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.03.017
Derraik, J. G. (2002). The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44(9), 842-852. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5
Desforges, J.-P.W., Galbraith, M., Dangerfield, N. & Ross, P.S. (2014). Widespread distribution of microplastics in subsurface seawater in the NE Pacific Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 79(1), 94-99. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.12.035
Doyle, M.J., Watson, W., Bowlin, N.M. & Sheavly, S B. (2011). Plastic particles in coastal pelagic ecosystems of the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Marine Environmental Research, 71(1), 41-52. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2010.10.001
Eriksen, M., Lebreton, L.C., Carson, H.S., Thiel, M., Moore, C.J., Borerro, J.C. & Reisser, J. (2014). Plastic Pollution in the World's Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea. PLoS One, 9(12), e111913. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111913
Faure, F., Saini, C., Potter, G., Galgani, F., de Alencastro, L.F. & Hagmann, P. (2015). An evaluation of surface micro- and mesoplastic pollution in pelagic ecosystems of the Western Mediterranean Sea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(16), 12190-12197. doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-4453-3
Fossi, M.C., Panti, C., Guerranti, C., Coppola, D., Giannetti, M., Marsili, L. & Minutoli, R. (2012). Are baleen whales exposed to the threat of microplastics? A case study of the Mediterranean fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(11), 2374-2379. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.08.013
GESAMP (2001a). A sea of troubles. (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP JointGroup of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection) andAdvisory Committee on Protection of the Sea. Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 70, 35 pp.
GESAMP (2001b). Protecting the oceans from land-based activities - Land-based sources andactivities affecting the quality and uses of the marine, coastal and associated freshwaterenvironment. (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group ofExperts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection) and AdvisoryCommittee on Protection of the Sea. Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 71, 162 pp.
Gündoğdu, S. & Çevik, C. (2017). Micro-and mesoplastics in Northeast Levantine coast of Turkey: The preliminary results from surface samples. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 118, 341-347. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.002
Güven, O., Gökdağ, K., Jovanović, B. & Kıdeyş, A.E. (2017). Microplastic litter composition of the Turkish territorial waters of the Mediterranean Sea, and its occurrence in the gastrointestinal tract of fish. Environmental Pollution, 223, 286-294. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.025
Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Gutow, L., Thompson, R.C. & Thiel, M. (2012). Microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environmental Science and Technology, 46(6), 3060-3075. doi: 10.1021/es2031505
Jambeck, J.R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T.R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A. & Law, K.L. (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 347(6223), 768-771. doi: 10.1126/science.1260352
Kornilios, S., Drakopoulos, P.G. & Dounas, C. (1998). Pelagic tar, dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons and plastic distribution in the Cretan sea, Greece. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36(12), 989-993. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326x(98)00102-7
Lebreton, L.C.M., Greer, S.D. & Borrero, J.C. (2012). Numerical modelling of floating debris in the world's oceans. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(3), 653-661. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.10.027
Masura, J., Baker, J., Foster, G. & Arthur, C. (2015). Laboratory methods for the analysis of microplastics in the marine environment: recommendations for quantifying synthetic particles in waters and sediments. Silver Spring, Maryland, USA: NOAA Technical Memorandum.
Moore, C.J., Moore, S.L., Leecaster, M.K. & Weisberg, S.B. (2001). A comparison of plastic and plankton in the North Pacific central gyre. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42(12), 1297-1300. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00114-X
Moret-Ferguson, S., Law, K.L., Proskurowski, G., Murphy, E.K., Peacock, E.E. & Reddy, C. M. (2010). The size, mass, and composition of plastic debris in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(10), 1873-1878. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.07.020
Osborn, A.M. & Stojkovic, S. (2014). Marine microbes in the Plastic Age. Microbiology Australia, 35(4), 207-210.
Özsoy, E. & Sözer, A. (2006). Forecasting circulation in the Cilician Basin of the Levantine Sea. Ocean Science Discussions, 3(5), 1481-1514.
Ruiz-Orejon, L.F., Sarda, R. & Ramis-Pujol, J. (2016). Floating plastic debris in the Central and Western Mediterranean Sea. Marine Environmental Research, 120, 136-144. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.08.001
Suaria, G., Avio, C.G., Mineo, A., Lattin, G.L., Magaldi, M.G., Belmonte, G. & Aliani, S. (2016). The Mediterranean Plastic Soup: synthetic polymers in Mediterranean surface waters. Scientific Reports, 6, 37551. doi: 10.1038/srep37551
Thompson, R.C. (2016). Sources, Distribution, and Fate of Microscopic Plastics in Marine Environments. In H. Takada & H. K. Karapanagioti (Eds.), Hazardous Chemicals Associated with Plastics in the Marine Environment. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/698_2016_10
UNEP. (2005). Marine Litter: An Analytical Overview. Nairobi: United Nations EnvironmentProgram.
Uysal, Z., Latif, M.A., Özsoy, E., Tuğrul, S., Kubilay, N., Beşiktepe, Ş.T. & Beşiktepe, Ş. (2008). Kilikya Baseni Kıyısal Ekosisteminde Dolaşım, Taşınım ve Ötrofikasyon Araştırmaları. Final Report 104Y277. Ankara: TÜBİTAK (in Turkish).
van der Hal, N., Ariel, A. & Angel, D. L. (2017). Exceptionally high abundances of microplastics in the oligotrophic Israeli Mediterranean coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.052

High level of micro-plastic pollution in the Iskenderun Bay NE Levantine coast of Turkey

Year 2017, Volume: 34 Issue: 4, 401 - 408, 15.12.2017

Sedat Gündoğdu

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2017.34.4.06

Cited By: 21

Abstract

Microplastic
pollution is a global problem. The Mediterranean Sea, especially, has high
pressure of pollution as it is enclosed by highly populated and industrialized
countries. In this study, we have determined the level of microplastic
pollution in the Iskenderun Bay, located in the Northeastern Levantine coast of
Turkey. The average level of microplastic has been determined to be 1,067,120
particles/km² at fourteen stations. The highest level has been
determined at the M4 station in the middle of the bay (with 1820 items;
2,888,889 particles/km²), and the lowest level has been found at the
M11 station (62 items; 98,412 particles/km²). As a result of this
study, it was determined that the microplastic pollution level in the
Iskenderun Bay is higher than the other regions of the Mediterranean Sea.

Keywords

Microplastic, Marine litter, Levantine Sea, Iskenderun Bay

References

Andrady, A.L. (2011). Microplastics in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62,1596–1605. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030
Barnes, D.K., Galgani, F., Thompson, R.C. & Barlaz, M. (2009). Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, 364(1526), 1985-1998. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0205
Bouwmeester, H., Hollman, P.C. & Peters, R.J. (2015). Potential health impact ofenvironmentally released micro- and nanoplastics in the human food production chain:experiences from nanotoxicology. Environmental Science and Technology, 49, 8932–8947. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01090
Collignon, A., Hecq, J.H., Galgani, F., Collard, F. & Goffart, A. (2014). Annual variation in neustonic micro- and meso-plastic particles and zooplankton in the Bay of Calvi (Mediterranean-Corsica). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 79(1-2), 293-298. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.11.023
Collignon, A., Hecq, J.H., Glagani, F., Voisin, P., Collard, F. & Goffart, A. (2012). Neustonic microplastic and zooplankton in the North Western Mediterranean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(4), 861-864. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.01.011
Cozar, A., Sanz-Martin, M., Marti, E., Gonzalez-Gordillo, J.I., Ubeda, B., Galvez, J.A. & Duarte, C.M. (2015). Plastic accumulation in the Mediterranean Sea. PLoS One, 10(4), e0121762. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121762
de Lucia, G.A., Caliani, I., Marra, S., Camedda, A., Coppa, S., Alcaro, L. & Matiddi, M. (2014). Amount and distribution of neustonic micro-plastic off the western Sardinian coast (Central-Western Mediterranean Sea). Marine Environmental Research, 100, 10-16. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.03.017
Derraik, J. G. (2002). The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44(9), 842-852. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5
Desforges, J.-P.W., Galbraith, M., Dangerfield, N. & Ross, P.S. (2014). Widespread distribution of microplastics in subsurface seawater in the NE Pacific Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 79(1), 94-99. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.12.035
Doyle, M.J., Watson, W., Bowlin, N.M. & Sheavly, S B. (2011). Plastic particles in coastal pelagic ecosystems of the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Marine Environmental Research, 71(1), 41-52. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2010.10.001
Eriksen, M., Lebreton, L.C., Carson, H.S., Thiel, M., Moore, C.J., Borerro, J.C. & Reisser, J. (2014). Plastic Pollution in the World's Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea. PLoS One, 9(12), e111913. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111913
Faure, F., Saini, C., Potter, G., Galgani, F., de Alencastro, L.F. & Hagmann, P. (2015). An evaluation of surface micro- and mesoplastic pollution in pelagic ecosystems of the Western Mediterranean Sea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(16), 12190-12197. doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-4453-3
Fossi, M.C., Panti, C., Guerranti, C., Coppola, D., Giannetti, M., Marsili, L. & Minutoli, R. (2012). Are baleen whales exposed to the threat of microplastics? A case study of the Mediterranean fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(11), 2374-2379. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.08.013
GESAMP (2001a). A sea of troubles. (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP JointGroup of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection) andAdvisory Committee on Protection of the Sea. Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 70, 35 pp.
GESAMP (2001b). Protecting the oceans from land-based activities - Land-based sources andactivities affecting the quality and uses of the marine, coastal and associated freshwaterenvironment. (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group ofExperts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection) and AdvisoryCommittee on Protection of the Sea. Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 71, 162 pp.
Gündoğdu, S. & Çevik, C. (2017). Micro-and mesoplastics in Northeast Levantine coast of Turkey: The preliminary results from surface samples. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 118, 341-347. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.002
Güven, O., Gökdağ, K., Jovanović, B. & Kıdeyş, A.E. (2017). Microplastic litter composition of the Turkish territorial waters of the Mediterranean Sea, and its occurrence in the gastrointestinal tract of fish. Environmental Pollution, 223, 286-294. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.025
Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Gutow, L., Thompson, R.C. & Thiel, M. (2012). Microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environmental Science and Technology, 46(6), 3060-3075. doi: 10.1021/es2031505
Jambeck, J.R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T.R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A. & Law, K.L. (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 347(6223), 768-771. doi: 10.1126/science.1260352
Kornilios, S., Drakopoulos, P.G. & Dounas, C. (1998). Pelagic tar, dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons and plastic distribution in the Cretan sea, Greece. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36(12), 989-993. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326x(98)00102-7
Lebreton, L.C.M., Greer, S.D. & Borrero, J.C. (2012). Numerical modelling of floating debris in the world's oceans. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(3), 653-661. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.10.027
Masura, J., Baker, J., Foster, G. & Arthur, C. (2015). Laboratory methods for the analysis of microplastics in the marine environment: recommendations for quantifying synthetic particles in waters and sediments. Silver Spring, Maryland, USA: NOAA Technical Memorandum.
Moore, C.J., Moore, S.L., Leecaster, M.K. & Weisberg, S.B. (2001). A comparison of plastic and plankton in the North Pacific central gyre. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42(12), 1297-1300. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00114-X
Moret-Ferguson, S., Law, K.L., Proskurowski, G., Murphy, E.K., Peacock, E.E. & Reddy, C. M. (2010). The size, mass, and composition of plastic debris in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(10), 1873-1878. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.07.020
Osborn, A.M. & Stojkovic, S. (2014). Marine microbes in the Plastic Age. Microbiology Australia, 35(4), 207-210.
Özsoy, E. & Sözer, A. (2006). Forecasting circulation in the Cilician Basin of the Levantine Sea. Ocean Science Discussions, 3(5), 1481-1514.
Ruiz-Orejon, L.F., Sarda, R. & Ramis-Pujol, J. (2016). Floating plastic debris in the Central and Western Mediterranean Sea. Marine Environmental Research, 120, 136-144. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.08.001
Suaria, G., Avio, C.G., Mineo, A., Lattin, G.L., Magaldi, M.G., Belmonte, G. & Aliani, S. (2016). The Mediterranean Plastic Soup: synthetic polymers in Mediterranean surface waters. Scientific Reports, 6, 37551. doi: 10.1038/srep37551
Thompson, R.C. (2016). Sources, Distribution, and Fate of Microscopic Plastics in Marine Environments. In H. Takada & H. K. Karapanagioti (Eds.), Hazardous Chemicals Associated with Plastics in the Marine Environment. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/698_2016_10
UNEP. (2005). Marine Litter: An Analytical Overview. Nairobi: United Nations EnvironmentProgram.
Uysal, Z., Latif, M.A., Özsoy, E., Tuğrul, S., Kubilay, N., Beşiktepe, Ş.T. & Beşiktepe, Ş. (2008). Kilikya Baseni Kıyısal Ekosisteminde Dolaşım, Taşınım ve Ötrofikasyon Araştırmaları. Final Report 104Y277. Ankara: TÜBİTAK (in Turkish).
van der Hal, N., Ariel, A. & Angel, D. L. (2017). Exceptionally high abundances of microplastics in the oligotrophic Israeli Mediterranean coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.052

There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section	Articles
Authors	Sedat Gündoğdu
Publication Date	December 15, 2017
Submission Date	July 18, 2017
Published in Issue	Year 2017Volume: 34 Issue: 4

Cite

APA	Gündoğdu, S. (2017). High level of micro-plastic pollution in the Iskenderun Bay NE Levantine coast of Turkey. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 34(4), 401-408. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2017.34.4.06