Türkiye’de Karadeniz somonu (Salmo labrax Pallas, 1814) balıkçılığının dönüşüm seyri

Eyüp Çakmak; Osman Tolga Özel; Devrim Selim Mısır; Zehra Duygu Düzgüneş; Volkan Örnek

doi:10.12714/egejfas.42.1.10

TR EN

Türkiye’de Karadeniz somonu (Salmo labrax Pallas, 1814) balıkçılığının dönüşüm seyri

Öz

Karadeniz somonu, Karadeniz’e has endemik türlerden biridir. Doğal dağılım alanı Karadeniz ve Karadeniz ile Azak Denizi’ni besleyen birçok akarsudur. Göçmen olmayan formları Karadeniz’e dökülen küçük dereler ve nehir kollarında bulunurken anadrom formları ise Karadeniz’e dökülen büyük akarsular ve nehirlerde bulunmaktadır. Son yıllarda antropolojik etkiler neticesinde türün dağılım gösterdiği akarsularda özellikle anadrom formların nesli tükenme tehlikesiyle karşı karşıyadır. Doğal popülasyonun azalmasında etkili olan avcılığın av yasakları listesinde yer almasında önemli olan isimlendirilmesine yönelik karmaşa günümüzde de devam etmektedir. Ancak Karadeniz somonu, Salmo labrax, Black Sea salmon isimleri güncelliğini korumaktadır. Türkiye’de sinonim olarak Karadeniz somonu, deniz alabalığı, denizalası ve kırmızı benekli alabalık isimleri yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Türün, kültür şartlarında üretimine yönelik bilinen ilk çalışma, 1920’li yıllarda Abazya bölgesinde kurulan bir kuluçkahanede balıklandırma amacıyla başlatılmıştır. Türkiye’de 1988 yılında FAO desteğinde başlatılan çalışma ile deniz alabalıklarının stok durumu araştırılmış olup kültür üretimi için tesis yerlerinin ön etüt çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmaya müteakip 1998 yılından itibaren doğal ortamdan toplanan bireylerle damızlık stok oluşturulmuş, birçok kültür özelliği belirlenmiş, kültüre alınmış, balıklandırma amacıyla kullanılmış ve özel sektöre kazandırılmıştır. Günümüzde, Karadeniz’e komşu ülkeler arasında sadece Türkiye’de ticari yetiştiricilik üretimi devam etmektedir. Bu çalışma doğal dağılım alanındaki topluluklar tarafından sevilerek tüketilen Karadeniz somonunu daha iyi tanımak, tür için değişen ekosistemi anlamak ve ticari üretiminin yaygınlaşmasına katkı sağlamak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

The course of alteration of Black Sea salmon (Salmo labrax Pallas, 1814) fishery and culture

Abstract

The Black Sea salmon is one of the endemic species of the Black Sea. Its natural distribution area is the Black Sea and many rivers that feed the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. While its non-migratory forms are found in small streams and river branches that flow into the Black Sea, its anadromous forms are found in large streams and rivers that flow into the Black Sea. In recent years, as a result of anthropological effects, the anadromous forms in particular are facing the danger of extinction in the streams where the species is distributed. The confusion regarding its naming, which is important in the hunting ban list, which is effective in the decrease of the natural population, continues today. However, the names Black Sea salmon, Salmo labrax, Black Sea salmon are still current. In Turkey, the synonyms Black Sea salmon, sea trout, sea trout and red spotted trout are widely used. The first known study on the production of the species under culture conditions was initiated in the 1920s in a hatchery established in the Abkhazia region for the purpose of fish breeding. In Turkey, the stock status of sea trout was investigated with the study initiated with FAO support in 1988, and preliminary studies were conducted for facility locations for culture production. Following this study, breeding stock was created with individuals collected from the natural environment starting in 1998, many culture characteristics were determined, they were cultured, used for fish breeding purposes and introduced to the private sector. Today, commercial aquaculture production continues only in Turkey among the countries neighboring the Black Sea. This study was prepared to better understand the Black Sea salmon, which is consumed with pleasure by the communities in its natural distribution area, to understand the changing ecosystem for the species and to contribute to the spread of its commercial production.

Keywords

Destekleyen Kurum

General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies

Teşekkür

We would like thank to Central Fisheries Research Institute

Kaynakça

Adkison, M.D., & Cunningham, C.J. (2015). The effects of salmon abundance and run timing on the performance of management by emergency order. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 72(10), 1518e1526. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0174
Akçiçek, E., & Canyurt, M.A. (1993). Anadolu’da balık ile ilgili inançlar ve halk hekimliği uygulamaları, doğu anadolu bölgesi I. Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu, 23-25 Haziran 1993, Bildiriler Kitabı, Erzurum, 1-12 s.
Akimov, I.A., & Radchenko, V. (2009). Red data book of Ukraine. Animals. Kyiv: Global Consulting.
Aksungur, M., Zengin, M., Tabak, İ., Aksungur, N., & Alkan, A. (2011). Migration characteristics of the Black Sea trout (Salmo trutta labrax, Pallas, 1814) in the Eastern Black Sea coasts and streams. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 11(4), 623-630.
Altinok, I., Özturk, R.C., Capkin, E., & Kalayci, G. (2020). Experimental crossbreeding reveals variation in growth among brown trout (Salmo trutta) strains and their reciprocal crossbreeds. Aquaculture 521, 734983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.734983
Anonim, (2024a). Peter Simon Pallas. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Simon_Pallas. Erişim tarihi 07.05.2024.
Anonim, (2024b). Кумжа (черноморский п/вид, проходная форма) Salmo trutta labrax. https://redbookrf.ru/kumzha-chernomorskiy-pvid-prohodnaya-forma-salmo-trutta-labrax Erişim tarihi 22.05.2024.
Anonim, (2024c). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Resmî Gazete Tarihi: 22.08.2020 Resmî Gazete Sayısı: 31221. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/Konular/Su-Urunleri/Su-Urunleri-Avciligi. (Erişim tarihi 30 Nisan 2024).

Anonim, (2024d). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi. Resmî Gazete Tarihi: 04.04.1971 Resmî Gazete Sayısı: 13799. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=1380&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5. (Erişim tarihi 30 Nisan 2024).
Anonim, (2024e). Tarım Bakanlığı Ürünleri Genel Müdürlüğü, 1380 Sayılı Su Ürünleri Kanunu ve Tüzüğü. https://www.nadirkitap.com/1380-sayili-su-urunleri-kanunu-ve-tuzugu-kitap13637079.html. (Erişim tarihi 30 Nisan 2024).
Arançlı, S. (2001). Sürdürülebilir avcılık için temel eğitim kitabı. Orman Bakanlığı Milli Parklar ve Av Yaban Hayatı Koruma Genel Müdürlüğü, Eğitim Yayınları No: 1, Anakara, 591-600 s.
Baglinière, J.L., & Maisse, G. (1999). Biology and Ecology of the Brown and Sea Trout. Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0775-0
Bănărescu, P. (1964). Fauna Republicii populare romîne, Volumul XIII. Pisces – Osteichthyes (pești ganoizi și osoşi). Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Române, București.
Barachi, G.P. (1962). The Black Sea Kumzha. Black Sea trout (Salmon trout). Translation by N. Terdzishvili and D. Solomon, Blacksea salmon project, 64 pp. Izd-vo AN GSSR, Tbilisi.
Belton, B., & Bush, S. (2014). Beyond net deficits: new priorities for an aquacultural geography, The Geographical Journal, 180(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12035
Berg, L.S. (1948). Freshwater fishes of the USSR and adjacent countries (Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1948), Part 1 [in Russian].
Berg, L.S. (1962). Freshwater fishes of the U.S.S.R. and adjacent countries. 1. Cilt, 4th edition, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 504p.
Bernatchez, L. (2001). The evolutionary history of brown trout Salmo trutta L. inferred from combined phylogeographic, nested clade and mismatch analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation. Evolution, 55, 351–79.
Bernatchez, L., & Osinov, A.G. (1995). Genetic diversity of trout (genus Salmo) from its most eastern native range based on mitochondrial DNA and nuclear gene variation. Molecular Ecology, 4, 285–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1995.tb00222.x
Bilio, M. (2007a) Controlled reproduction and domestication in aquaculture. The current state of the art. PartI. Aquaculture Europe, 32, 5–14.
Bilio, M. (2007b) Controlled reproduction and domestica-tion in aquaculture – the current state of the art, PartII. Aquaculture Europe, 32 (3), 5–23.
Bostock, J., McAndrew, B., & Richards, R. (2010) Aquaculture: Global status and trends. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: B-Biological Sciences 365, 2897 2912. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0170
Brundtland, G.H. (1990). Our common future. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
BSGM. (2023). Balıkçılık ve Su Ürünleri Genel Müdürlüğü. İstatistik, https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/BSGM/Belgeler/SuÜrünleriVeriveDökümanları/Bsgm-statistik. pdf (Erişim tarihi: 02.05.2024)
Bușniță, T., & Alexandrescu, I. (1963). Atlasul peștilor din apele R.P.R.. Editura Știintifică, Bucuresti, 78–79.
Cărăușu, S. (1952). Tratat de ichtiologie. Ed. Acad. R.P.R. 802 p.
Carrasco-Bahamonde, D., & Casellas, A. (2024). Evolving blue development discourses and policies: Salmon farming industry and regional making in Chile. Marine Policy, 163, 106111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106111
Chelkowski, Z., Chelkowski, B., & Cipuinski, M. (1994). Period of downstream migration of sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) smolt grown in Gowienica River. Acta Ichtıologica et Piscatoria, 24 (1), 145 152. https://doi.org/10.3750/AIP1994.24.1.11
Constantinescu, R., Mireșan, V., Coșier, V., Friș, G., & Cocan, D. (2015). Anatomical particularities of the dentition in some fish species from the Salmonidae family. AACL Bioflux, 8(2), 203-212.
Costello, C., Cao, L., Gelcich, S., Cisneros-Mata, M.A., Free, C.M., Froehlich, H.E., Golden, C.D., Ishimura, G., Maier, J., Macadam-Somer, I., Mangin, T., Melnychuk, M.C., Miyahara, M., de Moor, C.L., Naylor, R., Nøstbakken, L., Ojea, E., O’Reilly, E., Parma, A., …… & Lubchenco, J. (2020). The future of food from the sea. Nature, 588, 95–100. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2616-y
Çakmak, E., Ak, O., Aksungur, N., Firidin, Ş., Çavdar, Y., Aksungur, M., & Zengin, B. (2010). Yanbolu Deresine bırakılan Karadeniz alabalığının (Salmo trutta labrax Pallas, 1811) geri dönüşümü, büyümesi ve beslenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 1-13.
Çakmak, E., Aksungur, M, Kurtoğlu, İ.Z., Savaş, H., Aksungur, N., Firidin, Ş., & Başçınar, N. (2011) Karadeniz alabalığı (Salmo trutta labrax Pallas, 1811)’nın özel sektöre kazandırılması. TAGEM/HAYSÜD/2006/09/03/02 nolu Projenin Sonuç Raporu Trabzon. 147 s.
Çakmak, E., Firidin, Ş., Aksungur, N., Çavdar, Y., Kurtoğlu, İ. Z., Aksungur, M., & Batır, E. (2022a). Improving the reproductive yield of Black Sea salmon (Salmo labrax PALLAS, 1814) with a selective breeding program. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 37(3), 161-168. https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20221079847
Çakmak, E., Özel, O.T., & Batır, S. (2022b). The biggest Black Sea salmon (Salmo labrax PALLAS, 1814) in Turkey. Mediterranean Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 5(1), 21-26.
Çelikkale, M.S. (1988). İçsu balıkları ve yetiştiriciliği. Cilt I, KTÜ, Sürmene Deniz Bilimleri Fakültesi. Genel Yayın no :124 Trabzon
Çiftçi, Y., Eroğlu, O., Firidin, Ş., Erteken, A., & Okumuş, İ. (2007). Türkiye kahverengi alabalık (Salmo trutta L.) populasyonlarının genetik yapısının belirlenmesi. TAGEM/HAYSÜD/2001/09/03/08 Su Ürünleri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü, Proje Sonuç Raporu Trabzon.
De Silva, S.S., Nguyen, T.T.T., Turchini, G.M., Amarasinghe, U.S., & Abery, N.W. (2009). Alien species in aquaculture and biodiversity: a paradox in food production. Ambio, 38(1), 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-38.1.24
Dorofeeva, E.A. (1965). Karyology and systematic status of Caspian and Black Sea salmons (Salmo trutta caspius Kessler, Salmo trutta labrax Pallas). Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 5, 38-45.
Dorofeeva, E.A. (1967). Comparative morphological principles of taxonomy of East European salmons. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 7, 3–17.
Duarte, C.M., Marba, N., & Holmer, M. (2007). Rapid domestication of marine species. Science, 316(5823), 382 383. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1138042
Elliot, J.M. (1994). Quantitative ecology and the brown trout. Oxford University Press, London, 286p. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198546788.001.0001
FAO. (2009). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2008. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
FAO. (2020). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. Sustainability in action. FAO, Roma. http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9229en.pdf.
Freyhof, J. (2024). Salmo labrax. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2024: e.T135658A135109488. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T135658A135109488.en. Accessed on 03 March 2025.
Froese, R., & Pauly, D. (2018). FishBase. Version (10/2018).
Frosman, L., Pirhonen, J., & Soivio, A. (1998). Effect of long-term stress on the smolting of two forms of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.), Aquaculture, 168(1-4), 49-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00338-X
Geldiay, R., & Balık, S. (1996). Türkiye tatlısu balıkları (Ders Kitabı), 2. Baskı, Ege Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakultesi Yayınları, No 46, İzmir, 532 p.
Golden, C.D., Koehn, J.Z., Shepon, A., Passarelli, S., Free, C.M., Viana, D.F., Matthey, H., Eurich, J.G., Gephart, G.A., Fluet-Chouinard, E., Nyboer, E.A., Lynch, A.J., Kjellevold, M., Bromage, S., Charlebois, P., Barange, M., Vannuccini, S., Cao, L., Kleisner, K.M., …... & Thilsted, S.H. (2021). Aquatic foods to nourish nations. Nature, 598(7880), 315-320. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03917-1
Goradze, R. (2009). Black sea salmon Salmo trutta labrax. Status, conservation, rehabilitation and management strategy. Zoocenosis, 100-102. https://www.zoology.dp.ua/z_09_57.html. Erişim tarihi: 02 Ekim 2010.
Harache, Y. (2002). Development and diversification issues in aquaculture. A historical and dynamic view of fish culture diversification. Cahiers Options Me´diterrane´ennes, 59, 15–23.
Holčík, J., & Stefanov, T. (2008). Taxonomic status of salmonids in the Bulgarian stretch of the Danube River and their bionomic strategy. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 24(5), 605 609. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2008.01082.x
Hürriyet Gazetesi. (2000). Ulusal Günlük Gazete, 23 Mayıs 2000, Sayı: 18752, İstanbul.
Ihuț, A., Cocan, D., Uiuiu, P., Lațiu, C., Friș, G., & Mireșan, V. (2017). Particularities of Dentition in Some Rare Salmonid Species: Danube Salmon (Hucho hucho) and the Black Sea Trout (Salmo trutta labrax). ProEnvironment, 10, 22–25.
Jax, K., Barton, D.N., Chan, K.M.A., de Groot, R., Doyle, U., Eser, U., Görg, C., Gómez-Baggethun, E., Griewald, Y., Haber, W., Haines-Young, R., Heink, U., Jahn, T., Joosten, H., Kerschbaumer, L., Korn, H., Luck, G.W., Matzdorf, B., Muraca, B., …… & Wichmann, S. (2013). Ecosystem services and ethics. Ecological Economics, 93, 260–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.06.008
Johnstone A.D.F., Walker, A.F., Urguhart, G.G., & Thorrpe, A.E. (1995). The movement of sea trout smolts, Salmo trutta L., in a Scottish west coast sea loch determined by acoustic tracking. Previous Scottish Fisheries Research Reports, Number 56.
Jonsson, B. (1982). Diadromous and resident trout Salmo trutta: Is their difference due to genetics?. Oikos, 38(3), 297 300. https://doi.org/10.2307/3544668
Jonsson, B., & Ruud-Hansen, J. (1985). Water temperature as the primary ınfluence on timing of seaward migrations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 42, 593-595. https://doi.org/10.1139/f85-076
Kline Jr, T. C., Goering, J. J., Mathisen, O.A., Poe, P.H., & Parker, P.L. (1990). Recycling of elements transported upstream by runs of Pacific salmon: I, δ15N and δ13C evidence in Sashin Creek, Southeastern Alaska. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 47 (1), 136-144. https://doi.org/10.1139/f90-014
Korkmaz, M. (2023). Balık türlerinin model organizma olarak kullanımı. Turkiye Klinikleri Medical Biology-Special Topics, 1(1), 97-103.
Korkut A., Gamsız, K., & Yurga, L. (2023). Türkiye'de alabalık yetiştiriciliğinin tarihsel süreci. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 19(2), 195-208. https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.1224488
Kottelat, M., & Freyhof, J. (2007). Handbook of european freswater species. Publications Kottelat, Swizerland.
Kulyan, S. A. (1999). The Black Sea salmon will not disappear. Rybovodstvo Rybolovstvo, No. 1, 17–18.
Kuru, M. (1975). Dicle-Fırat, Kura-Aras, Van Gölü ve Karadeniz havzalarında yaşayan balıkların (Pisces) sistematik ve zoocoğrafik yönden incelenmesi. Doçentlik Tezi. Hacettepe Üniviversitesi. Ankara
Latiu, C., Cocan, D., Uiuiu, P. A., Ihut, A., Nicula, S.A., Constantinescu, R., & Mıreșan, V. (2020). The Black Sea trout, Salmo labrax Pallas, 1814 (Pisces: Salmonidae) in Romanian waters. Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 77(2), 9 19. https://doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-asb:2020.0017
Mısır, D.S., Altuntaş, C., Çankaya, A., Özyurt, C.E., Dağtekin, M., Başçınar, N.S., Balçık Mısır, G., Üstündağ, E., Erbay, M., Genç, Y., Kasapoğlu, N., Özkaya, E., Özaydın, E., & Şahin, C. (2020). Karadeniz balıkçılığında uzatma ağları ve etkilerinin araştırılması. [Investigation of gillnets and effects in Black Sea fisheries.] TAGEM /HAYSUD/2015/A11/P-09/02, Central Fisheries Research Institute, Trabzon, 109 p.
Morato, T., Watson, R., Pitcher, T.J., Pauly, D. (2006). Fishing down the deep. Fish and Fisheries 7(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2006.00205.x
Mundy, P.R., & Evenson, D.F. (2011). Environmental controls of phenology of high-latitude Chinook salmon populations of the Yukon River, North America, with application to fishery management. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68(6), 1155-1164. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr080
Myers, R.A., & Worm, B. (2003) Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities. Nature, 423, 280–283. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01610
Næve, I., Korsvoll, S.A., Santi, N., Medina, M., & Aunsmo, A. (2022). The power of genetics: Past and future contribution of balanced genetic selection to sustainable growth and productivity of the Norwegian Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) industry. Aquaculture, 553, 738061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738061
Naylor, R.L., Hardy, R.W., Buschmann, A.H., Bush, S.R., Cao, L., Klinger, D.H., Little, D.C., Lubchenco, J., Shumway, S.E., & Max Troell, M. (2021). A 20-year retrospective review of global aquaculture, Nature, 591 (7851), 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03308-6
Nikandrov, V.Y., & Shindavina, N.I. (2007). Characteristics of the hatchery-reared Black Sea salmon Salmo trutta labrax. Journal of Ichthyology, 47(2), 184-193. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945207020063
Okumuş, İ., Kurtoglu I.Z., & Atasaral, Ş. (2007). General overview of Turkish Sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) populations. In G. Harris, N. Milner (Eds.), Sea Trout: Biology, Conservation and Management. Chapter 9, 115-128. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., London. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996027.ch9
Osinov, A.G., & Bernatchez, L. (1996). ‘Atlantic’ and ‘Danubian’ phylogenetic groupings of brown trout Salmo trutta complex: Genetic divergence, evolution, and conservation. Journal of Ichthyology, 36, 723–46.
Oțel, V. (2007). Atlasul peștilor din rezervația biosferei Delta Dunării. Editura Centrul de informare tehnologică Delta Dunării, Tulcea.
Ölmez, M., Korkmaz, Ş., & Atay, D. (1998). Age and growth of the brown trout (Salmo trutta magrostigma Dumeril, 1858) population in the Hatilla Brook, the Çoruh River, Eastern Turkey, First International Symposium and Ecology, 469-474.
Page, L.M., & Burr, B.M. (1991). A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America North of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston
Pauly, D., Alder, J., Bennett, E., Christensen, V., Tyedmers, P., & Watson, R. (2003). The future for fisheries. Science, 302(5649), 1359–1361. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1088667
Popescu-Gorj, A., & Dimitriu, M. (1956). Somonul ării Negre (Salmo trutta labrax Pall.) Migrator în Dunăre și Bălțile luncii inundabile. Buletinul Institutului de Cercetări Piscicole, Anul XV, 4, 31–37.
Raymond, C.M., Bryan, B.A., MacDonald, D.H., Cast, A., Strathearn, S., Grandgirard, A., & Kalivas, T. (2009). Mapping community values for natural capital and ecosystem services. Ecological Economics, 68(5), 1301–1315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.12.006
Ruff, E., McCreary, T., & Lester, S. (2022). Existing foundations, emerging discourses, and unexplored potential for a maricultural geography, Geoforum, 131, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2022.02.006
Segherloo, I.H., Freyhof, J., Berrebi, P., Ferchaud, A.L., Geiger, M., Laroche, J., & Bernatchez, L. (2021). A genomic perspective on an old question: Salmo trouts or Salmo trutta (Teleostei: Salmonidae)?. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 162, 107204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107204
Shevtsova, E.E. (1969). Candidate’s Dissertation in Biology (VNIRO, Moscow, 1969).
Short , R.E., Gelcich, S., Little, D.C., Micheli , F., Allison, E.H., Basurto, X., Belton, B., Brugere, C., Bush, S.R., Cao, L., Crona, B., Cohen, P.J., Defeo, O., Edwards, P., Ferguson, C.E., Franz, N., Golden, C.D., Halpern, B.S., Hazen, L., …… & Zhan, W. (2021). Harnessing the diversity of small-scale actors is key to the future of aquatic food systems. Nature Food, 2(9), 733-741. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00363-0
Slastenenko, E. (1956). Karadeniz havzası balıkları (Çv. Hanifi Altan) Et Balık Kurumu Yayınları, İstanbul, 711 p.
Sloman, K.A., Bouyoucos, I.A., Brooks, E.J., & Sneddon, L.U. (2019). Ethical considerations in fish research. Journal of Fish Biology, 94(4), 556-577. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13946
Solomon, D.J. (2000). The biology and status of the Black Sea Salmon Salmo trutta labrax, EU Tacis Black Sea Environmental Programme. Black Sea Salmon Project. Draft report. 24 p.
Subasinghe, R., Soto, D., & Jia, J. (2009). Global aquaculture and its role in sustainable development. Reviews in Aquaculture, 1(1), 2–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2008.01002.x
Susnik, S., Knizhin, I., Snoj, A., & Weiss, S. (2006). Genetic and Morphological Characterization of a Lake Ohrid Endemic, Salmo (Acantholingua) ohridanus with a Comparison to Sympatric Salmo trutta, Journal of Fish Biology, 68(A), 2–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2006.00902.x
Susnik, S., Snoj, A., & Wilson, I.F. (2007). Historical demog raphy of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in the Adriatic drainage including the putative S. letnica endemic to Lake Ohrid, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 44(1), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.021
Svetovidov, A.N. (1984). Salmonidae. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.–L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen, and E. Tortonese (Eds.) Fishes of the North-Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, Unesco, Paris, Vol.1. pp. 373-385.
Swartz, W., Sumaila, R., Watson, R., & Pauly, D. (2010). Sourcing seafood for the three major markets: The EU, Japan and the USA. Marine Policy, 34(6), 1366–1373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2010.06.011
Tabak, İ., Aksungur, M., Zengin, M., Yılmaz, C., Aksungur, N., Alkan, A., Zengin, B., & Mısır, D.S. (2001). Karadeniz alabalığı (Salmo trutta labrax Pallas, 1811)nın biyo-ekolojik özelliklerinin tespiti ve kültüre alınabilirliğinin araştırılması, Project report, Trabzon, 238 p.
Teh, L.C.L., & Sumaila, U.R. (2013). Contribution of marine fisheries to worldwide employment: Global marine fisheries employment. Fish Fish. 14, 77–88.
Teletchea, F., Fontaine, P. (2014). Levels of domestication in fish: implications for the sustainable future of aquaculture. Fish and fisheries, 15(2), 181-195. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12006
Tidwell, J.H., & Allan, G.L. (2001). Fish as food: aquaculture’s contribution. EMBO Reports, 2, 58–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/embo-reports/kve236
TOB. (2024). Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı. (02 Mayıs 2024). https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/BSGM/Belgeler/Icerikler/SuÜrünleri/BalıkAvcılığıDernekleri
Togan, I., Fidan, A.Z., Yain, E., Ergüven, & Emre, Y. (1995). Genetic structure of two Turkish brown trout populations. Journal of Fish Biology, 47 (A), 164-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1995.tb06052.x
Tokaç, A., Ünal, V., Tosunoğlu, Z., Akyol, O., Özbilgin, H., & Gökçe, G. (2010). Ege Denizi Balıkçılığı. IMEAK Deniz Ticaret Odası İzmir Şubesi Yayınları, İzmir, 390 s.
TÜİK. (2023). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları, Sayı: 49685, Erişim tarihi: 06 Şubat 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=49685
TÜİK. (2024). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Su ürünleri üretimi. Sayı: 49678, Erişim tarihi: 02 Ekim 2024, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Su-Urunleri-2023-53702
Vasilieva, E.D. (2003). Main alterations in ichthyofauna of the largest rivers of the Northern Coast of the Black Sea in the last 50 years: A review. Folia Zoologica 52(4), 337–358.
Voyer, M., Barclay, K., McIlgorm, A., & Mazur, N. (2017). Using a well-being approach to develop a framework for an integrated socio-economic evaluation of professional fishing. Fish and Fisheries, 18(6), 1134–1149. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12229
Watson, R., & Pauly, D. (2001). Systematic distortions in world fisheries catch trends. Nature, 414, 534–536. https://doi.org/10.1038/35107050
Worm, B., Hilborn, R., & Baum, J.K. (2009). Rebuilding global fisheries. Science 325(5940), 578–585. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1173146
WORMS. (2017). World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 10 February from http://www.marinespecies.org

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Türkçe

Konular

Balık Yetiştiriciliği , Sucul Kültür ve Balıkçılık (Diğer)

Bölüm

Derleme

Yazarlar

Eyüp Çakmak ^*
0000-0003-3075-9862
Türkiye

Osman Tolga Özel
0000-0002-5414-6975
Türkiye

Devrim Selim Mısır
0000-0002-8421-9696
Türkiye

Zehra Duygu Düzgüneş
0000-0001-6243-4101
Türkiye

Volkan Örnek
0009-0009-8382-9239
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

8 Mart 2025

Gönderilme Tarihi

26 Ağustos 2024

Kabul Tarihi

12 Şubat 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2025 Cilt: 42 Sayı: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.42.1.10

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA62KS44HX

Kaynak Göster

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Çakmak, E., Özel, O. T., Mısır, D. S., Düzgüneş, Z. D., & Örnek, V. (2025). Türkiye’de Karadeniz somonu (Salmo labrax Pallas, 1814) balıkçılığının dönüşüm seyri. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 42(1), 70-84. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.42.1.10

Cited By

Selecting Product Species for Aquaculture Companies: A Spherical Fuzzy Delphi–CRADIS Framework

Management Science Advances

https://doi.org/10.31181/msa31202639

Evaluation of the correlation between microbiological quality and sensory attributes in ready-to-eat salmon products on the market

Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.42.4.10