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Detection and public health risk assessment of microplastics in disposable (PET) bottled water produced and sold locally in the Aegean Region

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 4, 275 - 283, 15.12.2022

Aykut Yozukmaz

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.39.4.02

Öz


Intensive use of plastic has led to the accumulation of plastics in all ecosystems and inevitable environmental pollution. Plastic wastes have undergone structural degradation with the effect of environmental factors and have been disintegrated into nano and microparticles; thus, might accumulate in living organisms and reach unpredictable levels in the food chain. In recent years, the impacts of these particles called "microplastics" (MP’s) have become one of the most important issues in the scientific world. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible presence of MP’s in drinking water, that represents the most important nutrition element for human beings. For this purpose, samples of 6 different brands of disposable (PET) bottles produced and sold locally were examined. A total of 36 samples in bottles with 2 different volumes were analyzed in accordance with international standards and the results were evaluated. As a result of the study, the presence of MP’s was detected in all samples analyzed. A total of 207 MP’s were found in 36 samples. As a result of the analysis, a mean of 7.35 ± 9.66 MP L-1 particles was detected. It was determined that the most dominant type in terms of shape was fiber (91%), the most dominant type in terms of color was blue (57%) and the most dominant type in terms of size was 0.1-1 mm (71%). When Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) rates were calculated for public health risk assessment, it was determined that the most affected group is the 3-6 age group (EDI (avg) = 0.42). The importance of making recycling more widespread, raising awareness of consumers and making the necessary legal regulations on the issue was emphasized in order to reduce the problem at its source.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Plastic microplastic environmental pollution public health

Teşekkür

The author thanks Dr. Nisan Yozukmaz for contributing to the editing of the manuscript and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Daniela Giannetto for her support in statistical analyses.

Kaynakça

  • Baltic, C.C. (2017). Guide to microplastic identification. Marine and Environmental Research Institute: Blue Hill, ME, USA.
  • Bouwmeester, H., Hollman, P.C., & Peters, R.J. (2015). Potential health impact of environmentally released micro-and nanoplastics in the human food production chain: experiences from nanotoxicology. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(15), 8932-8947. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01090
  • Carpenter, E.J., & Smith Jr, K.L. (1972). Plastics on the Sargasso Sea surface. Science, 175(4027), 1240-1241. DOI: 10.1126/science.175.4027.1240
  • Catarino, A.I., Thompson, R., Sanderson, W., & Henry, T.B. (2017). Development and optimization of a standard method for extraction of microplastics in mussels by enzyme digestion of soft tissues. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 36(4), 947-951. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3608
  • Conti, G.O., Ferrante, M., Banni, M., Favara, C., Nicolosi, I., Cristaldi, A., Fiore, M., & Zuccarello, P. (2020). Micro-and nano-plastics in edible fruit and vegetables. The first diet risks assessment for the general population. Environmental Research, 187, 109677. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109677
  • Cox, K.D., Covernton, G.A., Davies, H.L., Dower, J.F., Juanes, F., & Dudas, S.E. (2019). Human consumption of microplastics. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(12), 7068-7074. DOI:10.1021/acs.est.9b01517
  • Crawford, C.B., & Quinn, B. (2016). Plastic production, waste and legislation. In: Microplastic Pollutants. Elsevier, pp. 39–56. DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809406-8.00003-7
  • Dris, R., Gasperi, J., Saad, M., Mirande-Bret, C., Tassin, B. (2016). Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout: a source of microplastics in the environment? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 104 (1–2), 290–293. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.006
  • GESAMP, S. (2015). Sources, fate and effects of MP in the marine environment. GESAMP (Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection) Reports and Studies, 90, 98. Retrieved from: https://www.imo.org
  • Ghoochani, M., Rastkari, N., Heibati, B., Ghozikali, M.G., Jeddi, M.Z., Fawell, J., Nazmara, S., & Mahvi, A.H. (2017). Risk assessment of haloacetic acids in the water supply of Tehran, Iran. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 17(4), 958-965. DOI: 10.2166/ws.2016.189
  • Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Gutow, L., Thompson, R.C., & Thiel, M. (2012). Microplastics in the Marine Environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 3060–3075. DOI: 10.1021/es2031505
  • Kankanige, D., & Babel, S. (2020). Smaller-sized micro-plastics (MPs) contamination in single-use PET-bottled water in Thailand. Science of the Total Environment, 717, 137232. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137232
  • Kirstein, I.V., Hensel, F., Gomiero, A., Iordachescu, L., Vianello, A., Wittgren, H.B., & Vollertsen, J. (2021). Drinking plastics? – Quantification and qualification of microplastics in drinking water distribution systems by µFTIR and Py-GCMS. Water Research, 188, 116519. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116519
  • Kosuth, M., Mason, S.A., & Wattenberg, E.V. (2018). Anthropogenic contamination of tap water, beer, and sea salt. PloS One, 13(4), e0194970. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194970
  • La Daana, K.K., Officer, R., Lyashevska, O., Thompson, R.C., & O'Connor, I. (2017). Microplastic abundance, distribution and composition along a latitudinal gradient in the Atlantic Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 115(1-2), 307-314. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.025
  • Li, J., Green, C., Reynolds, A., Shi, H., & Rotchell, J.M. (2018). Microplastics in mussels sampled from coastal waters and supermarkets in the United Kingdom. Environmental Pollution, 241, 35-44. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.038
  • Loder, M.G.J., & Gerdts, G. (2015). Methodology used for the detection and identification of microplasticsda critical appraisal, In M. Bergmann, L. Gutow, M. Klages (Eds.), Marine Anthropogenic Litter (pp. 201-227), Springer.
  • Lots, F.A., Behrens, P., Vijver, M.G., Horton, A.A., & Bosker, T. (2017). A large-scale investigation of microplastic contamination: abundance and characteristics of microplastics in European beach sediment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 123(1-2), 219-226. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.057
  • Lusher, A.L., Burke, A., O’Connor, I., & Officer, R. (2014). Microplastic pollution in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean: validated and opportunistic sampling. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 88(1-2), 325-333. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.08.023
  • Mason, S.A., Welch, V.G., & Neratko, J. (2018). Synthetic polymer contamination in bottled water. Frontiers in chemistry, 407. DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00407
  • Nuelle, M.T., Dekiff, J.H., Remy, D., & Fries, E. (2014). A new analytical approach for monitoring microplastics in marine sediments. Environmental pollution, 184, 161-169. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.07.027
  • Oßmann, B.E., Sarau, G., Holtmannspotter, H., Pischetsrieder, M., Christiansen, S.H., & Dicke, W. (2018). Small-sized microplastics and pigmented particles in bottled mineral water. Water Research, 141, 307–316. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.027
  • Ragusa, A., Svelato, A., Santacroce, C., Catalano, P., Notarstefano, V., Carnevali, O., Papa, F., Rongioletti, M.C.A., Baiocco, F., Draghi, S., D’Amore, E., Rinaldo, D., Matta, M., & Giorgini, E. (2021). Plasticenta: First evidence of microplastics in human placenta. Environment International, 146, 106274. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274
  • Rist, S., & Hartmann, N.B. (2018). Aquatic ecotoxicity of microplastics and nanoplastics: lessons learned from engineered nanomaterials. In Freshwater microplastics (pp. 25-49). Springer, Cham.
  • Schwabl, P., Köppel, S., Königshofer, P., Bucsics, T., Trauner, M., Reiberger, T., & Liebmann, B. (2019). Detection of various microplastics in human stool: a prospective case series. Annals of Internal Medicine, 171(7), 453-457. DOI: 10.7326/M19-0618
  • Schymanski, D., Goldbeck, C., Humpf, H.U., & Fürst, P. (2018). Analysis of microplastics in water by micro-Raman spectroscopy: release of plastic particles from different packaging into mineral water. Water Research, 129, 154-162. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.11.011
  • Smith, M., Love, D. C., Rochman, C.M., & Neff, R.A. (2018). Microplastics in seafood and the implications for human health. Current Environmental Health Reports, 5(3), 375-386. DOI: 10.1007/s40572-018-0206-z
  • Song, Y., K., Hong, S.H., Jang, M., Han, G.M., Rani, M., Lee, J., & Shim, W.J. (2015). A comparison of microscopic and spectroscopic identification methods for analysis of microplastics in environmental samples, Marine pollution bulletin, 93, 202-209.
  • SUDER (2022, April 11). About the sector- General structure and numarical quantity ((in Turkish only abstract English). https://suder.org.tr/ambalajli-su/istatistik/
  • Thompson, R.C., Olsen, Y., Mitchell, R.P., Davis, A., Rowland, S.J., John, A.W., McGonigle, D., & Russell, A.E. (2004). Lost at sea: where is all the plastic?. Science, 304(5672), 838-838.
  • Torre, M., Digka, N., Anastasopoulou, A., Tsangaris, C., & Mytilineou, C. (2016). Anthropogenic microfibres pollution in marine biota. A new and simple methodology to minimize airborne contamination. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 113(1-2), 55-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.07.050
  • Winkler, A., Santo, N., Ortenzi, M. A., Bolzoni, E., Bacchetta, R., & Tremolada, P. (2019). Does mechanical stress cause microplastic release from plastic water bottles?. Water Research, 166, 115082. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115082
  • Woodall, L.C., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Canals, M., Paterson, G.L.J., Coppock, R., Sleight, V., Calafat, A., Rogers, A.D., Narayanaswamy, B.E., &Thompson, R.C. (2014). The deep sea is a major sink for microplastic debris. Royal Society Open Science. 1 (4), 140317. DOI: 10.1098/rsos.140317
  • Yabanlı, M., Yozukmaz, A., Şener, İ., & Ölmez, Ö.T. (2019). Microplastic pollution at the intersection of the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas: A study of the Datça Peninsula (Turkey). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 145, 47-55. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.003
  • Yousefi, M., Ghoochani, M., & Mahvi, A.H. (2018). Health risk assessment to fluoride in drinking water of rural residents living in the Poldasht city, Northwest of Iran. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 148, 426-430. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.057
  • Yurtsever, M. (2015). An overview of Microplastics (in Turkish only abstract English). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 17(50), 68-83.
  • Zhou, X.J., Wang, J., Li, H.Y., Zhang, H.M., & Zhang, D.L. (2021). Microplastic pollution of bottled water in China. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 40, 101884. DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101884
  • Zuccarello, P., Ferrante, M., Cristaldi, A., Copat, C., Grasso, A., Sangregorio, D., Fiore, M. & Conti, G.O. (2019). Exposure to microplastics (< 10 μm) associated to plastic bottles mineral water consumption: The first quantitative study. Water Research, 157, 365-371. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.03.091

Ege Bölgesinde üretilen ve yerel olarak satılan tek kullanımlık (PET) şişelerdeki sularda mikroplastik tespiti ve halk sağlığı risk değerlendirmesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 4, 275 - 283, 15.12.2022

Aykut Yozukmaz

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.39.4.02

Öz

Plastiğin yoğun kullanımı nedeniyle tüm ekosistemlerde plastik atıkların birikmesi kaçınılmaz bir çevre kirliliğine yol açmıştır. Plastik atıklar çevresel faktörlerin etkisiyle yapısal bozulmaya uğrayarak nano ve mikro partiküllere ayrışmakta; böylece canlı organizmalarda birikebilmekte ve besin zincirinde öngörülemeyen seviyelere ulaşabilmektedir. Son yıllarda "mikroplastik" olarak adlandırılan bu parçacıkların etkileri bilim dünyasının en önemli konularından biri haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, insanlar için en önemli besin öğesi olan içme suyundaki olası mikroplastik varlığının tespit edilmesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, yerel olarak üretilen ve satılan 6 farklı markanın tek kullanımlık (PET) şişelerindeki numuneler incelenmiştir. İki farklı hacme sahip şişelerde toplam 36 adet numune uluslararası standartlara uygun olarak analiz edilmiş ve sonuçlar değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda analiz edilen tüm numunelerde mikroplastik varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda, 36 örnekte toplam 207 mikroplastik bulunmuştur. Ortalama olarak ise 7,5 ± 9,66 MP L-1 tespit edilmiştir. Şekil açısından en baskın türün fibril (%91), renk açısından en baskın türün mavi (%57) ve boyut açısından en baskın türün 0,1-1 mm (%71) olduğu belirlenmiştir. Halk sağlığı risk değerlendirmesi için hesaplanan günlük alım (EDI) oranları göre en fazla etkilenen grubun 3-6 yaş arası grup olduğu (EDI(avg) = 0,42) tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, sorunu kaynağında azaltmak için geri dönüşümün yaygınlaştırılması, tüketicilerin bilinçlendirilmesi ve konuyla ilgili gerekli yasal düzenlemelerin yapılmasının önemi vurgulanmıştır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Plastik mikroplastik çevre kirliliği halk sağlığı

Kaynakça

  • Baltic, C.C. (2017). Guide to microplastic identification. Marine and Environmental Research Institute: Blue Hill, ME, USA.
  • Bouwmeester, H., Hollman, P.C., & Peters, R.J. (2015). Potential health impact of environmentally released micro-and nanoplastics in the human food production chain: experiences from nanotoxicology. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(15), 8932-8947. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01090
  • Carpenter, E.J., & Smith Jr, K.L. (1972). Plastics on the Sargasso Sea surface. Science, 175(4027), 1240-1241. DOI: 10.1126/science.175.4027.1240
  • Catarino, A.I., Thompson, R., Sanderson, W., & Henry, T.B. (2017). Development and optimization of a standard method for extraction of microplastics in mussels by enzyme digestion of soft tissues. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 36(4), 947-951. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3608
  • Conti, G.O., Ferrante, M., Banni, M., Favara, C., Nicolosi, I., Cristaldi, A., Fiore, M., & Zuccarello, P. (2020). Micro-and nano-plastics in edible fruit and vegetables. The first diet risks assessment for the general population. Environmental Research, 187, 109677. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109677
  • Cox, K.D., Covernton, G.A., Davies, H.L., Dower, J.F., Juanes, F., & Dudas, S.E. (2019). Human consumption of microplastics. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(12), 7068-7074. DOI:10.1021/acs.est.9b01517
  • Crawford, C.B., & Quinn, B. (2016). Plastic production, waste and legislation. In: Microplastic Pollutants. Elsevier, pp. 39–56. DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809406-8.00003-7
  • Dris, R., Gasperi, J., Saad, M., Mirande-Bret, C., Tassin, B. (2016). Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout: a source of microplastics in the environment? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 104 (1–2), 290–293. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.006
  • GESAMP, S. (2015). Sources, fate and effects of MP in the marine environment. GESAMP (Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection) Reports and Studies, 90, 98. Retrieved from: https://www.imo.org
  • Ghoochani, M., Rastkari, N., Heibati, B., Ghozikali, M.G., Jeddi, M.Z., Fawell, J., Nazmara, S., & Mahvi, A.H. (2017). Risk assessment of haloacetic acids in the water supply of Tehran, Iran. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 17(4), 958-965. DOI: 10.2166/ws.2016.189
  • Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Gutow, L., Thompson, R.C., & Thiel, M. (2012). Microplastics in the Marine Environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 3060–3075. DOI: 10.1021/es2031505
  • Kankanige, D., & Babel, S. (2020). Smaller-sized micro-plastics (MPs) contamination in single-use PET-bottled water in Thailand. Science of the Total Environment, 717, 137232. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137232
  • Kirstein, I.V., Hensel, F., Gomiero, A., Iordachescu, L., Vianello, A., Wittgren, H.B., & Vollertsen, J. (2021). Drinking plastics? – Quantification and qualification of microplastics in drinking water distribution systems by µFTIR and Py-GCMS. Water Research, 188, 116519. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116519
  • Kosuth, M., Mason, S.A., & Wattenberg, E.V. (2018). Anthropogenic contamination of tap water, beer, and sea salt. PloS One, 13(4), e0194970. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194970
  • La Daana, K.K., Officer, R., Lyashevska, O., Thompson, R.C., & O'Connor, I. (2017). Microplastic abundance, distribution and composition along a latitudinal gradient in the Atlantic Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 115(1-2), 307-314. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.025
  • Li, J., Green, C., Reynolds, A., Shi, H., & Rotchell, J.M. (2018). Microplastics in mussels sampled from coastal waters and supermarkets in the United Kingdom. Environmental Pollution, 241, 35-44. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.038
  • Loder, M.G.J., & Gerdts, G. (2015). Methodology used for the detection and identification of microplasticsda critical appraisal, In M. Bergmann, L. Gutow, M. Klages (Eds.), Marine Anthropogenic Litter (pp. 201-227), Springer.
  • Lots, F.A., Behrens, P., Vijver, M.G., Horton, A.A., & Bosker, T. (2017). A large-scale investigation of microplastic contamination: abundance and characteristics of microplastics in European beach sediment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 123(1-2), 219-226. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.057
  • Lusher, A.L., Burke, A., O’Connor, I., & Officer, R. (2014). Microplastic pollution in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean: validated and opportunistic sampling. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 88(1-2), 325-333. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.08.023
  • Mason, S.A., Welch, V.G., & Neratko, J. (2018). Synthetic polymer contamination in bottled water. Frontiers in chemistry, 407. DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00407
  • Nuelle, M.T., Dekiff, J.H., Remy, D., & Fries, E. (2014). A new analytical approach for monitoring microplastics in marine sediments. Environmental pollution, 184, 161-169. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.07.027
  • Oßmann, B.E., Sarau, G., Holtmannspotter, H., Pischetsrieder, M., Christiansen, S.H., & Dicke, W. (2018). Small-sized microplastics and pigmented particles in bottled mineral water. Water Research, 141, 307–316. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.027
  • Ragusa, A., Svelato, A., Santacroce, C., Catalano, P., Notarstefano, V., Carnevali, O., Papa, F., Rongioletti, M.C.A., Baiocco, F., Draghi, S., D’Amore, E., Rinaldo, D., Matta, M., & Giorgini, E. (2021). Plasticenta: First evidence of microplastics in human placenta. Environment International, 146, 106274. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274
  • Rist, S., & Hartmann, N.B. (2018). Aquatic ecotoxicity of microplastics and nanoplastics: lessons learned from engineered nanomaterials. In Freshwater microplastics (pp. 25-49). Springer, Cham.
  • Schwabl, P., Köppel, S., Königshofer, P., Bucsics, T., Trauner, M., Reiberger, T., & Liebmann, B. (2019). Detection of various microplastics in human stool: a prospective case series. Annals of Internal Medicine, 171(7), 453-457. DOI: 10.7326/M19-0618
  • Schymanski, D., Goldbeck, C., Humpf, H.U., & Fürst, P. (2018). Analysis of microplastics in water by micro-Raman spectroscopy: release of plastic particles from different packaging into mineral water. Water Research, 129, 154-162. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.11.011
  • Smith, M., Love, D. C., Rochman, C.M., & Neff, R.A. (2018). Microplastics in seafood and the implications for human health. Current Environmental Health Reports, 5(3), 375-386. DOI: 10.1007/s40572-018-0206-z
  • Song, Y., K., Hong, S.H., Jang, M., Han, G.M., Rani, M., Lee, J., & Shim, W.J. (2015). A comparison of microscopic and spectroscopic identification methods for analysis of microplastics in environmental samples, Marine pollution bulletin, 93, 202-209.
  • SUDER (2022, April 11). About the sector- General structure and numarical quantity ((in Turkish only abstract English). https://suder.org.tr/ambalajli-su/istatistik/
  • Thompson, R.C., Olsen, Y., Mitchell, R.P., Davis, A., Rowland, S.J., John, A.W., McGonigle, D., & Russell, A.E. (2004). Lost at sea: where is all the plastic?. Science, 304(5672), 838-838.
  • Torre, M., Digka, N., Anastasopoulou, A., Tsangaris, C., & Mytilineou, C. (2016). Anthropogenic microfibres pollution in marine biota. A new and simple methodology to minimize airborne contamination. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 113(1-2), 55-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.07.050
  • Winkler, A., Santo, N., Ortenzi, M. A., Bolzoni, E., Bacchetta, R., & Tremolada, P. (2019). Does mechanical stress cause microplastic release from plastic water bottles?. Water Research, 166, 115082. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115082
  • Woodall, L.C., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Canals, M., Paterson, G.L.J., Coppock, R., Sleight, V., Calafat, A., Rogers, A.D., Narayanaswamy, B.E., &Thompson, R.C. (2014). The deep sea is a major sink for microplastic debris. Royal Society Open Science. 1 (4), 140317. DOI: 10.1098/rsos.140317
  • Yabanlı, M., Yozukmaz, A., Şener, İ., & Ölmez, Ö.T. (2019). Microplastic pollution at the intersection of the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas: A study of the Datça Peninsula (Turkey). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 145, 47-55. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.003
  • Yousefi, M., Ghoochani, M., & Mahvi, A.H. (2018). Health risk assessment to fluoride in drinking water of rural residents living in the Poldasht city, Northwest of Iran. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 148, 426-430. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.057
  • Yurtsever, M. (2015). An overview of Microplastics (in Turkish only abstract English). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 17(50), 68-83.
  • Zhou, X.J., Wang, J., Li, H.Y., Zhang, H.M., & Zhang, D.L. (2021). Microplastic pollution of bottled water in China. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 40, 101884. DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101884
  • Zuccarello, P., Ferrante, M., Cristaldi, A., Copat, C., Grasso, A., Sangregorio, D., Fiore, M. & Conti, G.O. (2019). Exposure to microplastics (< 10 μm) associated to plastic bottles mineral water consumption: The first quantitative study. Water Research, 157, 365-371. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.03.091
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Çevre Bilimleri
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Aykut Yozukmaz 0000-0003-2575-3044

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Mayıs 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022Cilt: 39 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Yozukmaz, A. (2022). Detection and public health risk assessment of microplastics in disposable (PET) bottled water produced and sold locally in the Aegean Region. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 39(4), 275-283. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.39.4.02