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Artificial seagrass experiments in the Northeast Mediterranean

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 3, 355 - 364, 15.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.38.3.12

Öz



Seagrasses provide important nursery grounds, shelter and natural habitats for juvenile fish. In this study, we evaluated if artificially created seagrass areas can play the same role as the natural seagrass (NS) habitats. The study was carried out in three different stations on the coast of Yumurtalık, Adana, selected according to the seagrass areas. Artificial seagrass (AS) was made of polypropylene ribbon and fixed on the ground in the designated areas with a depth of 0.5 m on average. Sampling was carried out with a beach seine net once a week at stations between 28 April 2016 and 11 August 2016. Sampled fish were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Based on our results, the fish abundance and species richness of NS and AS habitats were not statistically different, whereas the both parameters were significantly lower in sandy (S) habitats (p<0.001). Moreover, the species composition of NS and AS habitats was found to be similar each other, whereas the composition was significantly different in S habitats. This study, conducted in the Northeast Mediterranean, shows that AS habitats effect the distribution of juvenile fish.


Destekleyen Kurum

Scientific Research Project Unit of Çukurova University

Proje Numarası

FYL-2016-5507

Teşekkür

This work is a part of MSc thesis named “Effect on the juvenile fish distribution of artificial seagrass”, It was supported by the Scientific Research Project Unit of Çukurova University (FYL-2016-5507).

Kaynakça

  • Ak, Y. (2004). Distribution and abundance of the pelagic eggs and larvae of some Teleostean fishes in living off Erdemli, Mersin. Ege University Institutes of Natural and Applied Science, Faculty of Fisheries, PhD thesis.
  • Andrady, A. L. (2011). Microplastics in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(8), 1596-1605. DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030
  • Andrady, A. L. & Neal, M. A. (2009). Applications and societal benefits of plastics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 364(1526), 1977-1984. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0304
  • Avşar, D., Çiçek, E. & Akamca, E. (1999). Yumurtalık Koyu (ADANA) Kıyısal Zonunun yaz dönemi yavru kemikli balık faunası. 10th National Fisheries Symposium, Adana, 420-429.
  • Aysel, V., Erduğan, H. & Okudan, E. (2006). Marine Algae and Seagrasses of Adana (Mediterranean, Turkey). Journal of the Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment, 12, 35 – 57.
  • Banbul, B. (2014). Distribution of ichthyoplankton in relation to ecological conditions in the epipelagial of the Gulf of Antalya. Ph.D. Thesis, Akdeniz University. (in Turkish). 472.
  • Başusta, N., Kumlu, M., Gökçe, M. A. & Göçer, M. (2002). Yumurtalık Koyu'nda Dip Trolü ile Yakalanan Türlerin Mevsimsel Değişimi ve Verimlilik İndeksi. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 19(1), 29-34.
  • Beck, M. W., Heck, K. L., Able, K. W., Childers, D. L., Eggleston, D. B., Gillanders, B. M., Halpern, B., Hays, C. G., Hoshino, K., Minello, T. J., Orth, R. J., Sheridan, P. F. & Weinstein, M. R. (2001). The identification, conservation, and management of estuarine and marine nurseries for fish and invertebrates. Bioscience, 51(8), 633-641. DOI:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0633:Ticamo]2.0.Co;2
  • Becker, N. & Choresh, Y. (2006). Economic aspects of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). 131. Retrieved from http://www.rac-spa.org/sites/default/files/doc_spa/ev2006.pdf
  • Boudouresque, C., Gravez, V., Meinesz, A., Molenaar, H., Pergent, G. & Vitiello, P. (1994). L'herbier à Posidonia oceanica en Méditerranée: protection légale et gestion. Paper presented at the Actes du colloque scientifique OKEANOS, Maison de l’Environnement de Montpellier publ., France.
  • Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Halsband, C. & Galloway, T. S. (2011). Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(12), 2588-2597. DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.025
  • Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Fileman, E., Halsband, C., Goodhead, R., Moger, J. & Galloway, T. S. (2013). Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton. Environmental science technology, 47(12), 6646-6655. DOI:10.1021/es400663f
  • Deegan, L. A., Wright, A., Ayvazian, S. G., Finn, J. T., Golden, H., Merson, R. R. & Harrison, J. (2002). Nitrogen loading alters seagrass ecosystem structure and support of higher trophic levels. Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 12(2), 193-212. DOI:10.1002/aqc.490
  • Demirci, G. G, & Karakan, İ. (2006). Sinop Kıyılarında ( Orta Karadeniz ) Deniz Çayırlarının Dağılımı. Fırat Üniv. Fen ve Müh. Bil. Dergisi, 18(3), 331-337.
  • Engler, R. E. (2012). The Complex Interaction between Marine Debris and Toxic Chemicals in the Ocean. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(22), 12302-12315. DOI:10.1021/es3027105
  • Ferrell, D. J. & Bell, J. D. (1991). Differences among Assemblages of Fish Associated with Zostera-Capricorni and Bare Sand over a Large Spatial Scale. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 72(1-2), 15-24. DOI:10.3354/meps072015
  • Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (2016). Fishbase: World Wide Web electronic publication, version (10/2016).
  • Golani, D., Oztürk, B. & Başusta, N. (2006). Fishes of The Eastern Mediterranean. Turkish Marine Research Foundation, Istanbul., 24.
  • Gregory, M. R. (2009). Environmental implications of plastic debris in marine settings—entanglement, ingestion, smothering, hangers-on, hitch-hiking and alien invasions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1526), 2013-2025. DOI:10.1098/rstb.2008.0265
  • Guidetti, P. (2000). Differences among fish assemblages associated with nearshore Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds, rocky–algal reefs and unvegetated sand habitats in the Adriatic Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 50(4), 515-529. DOI:10.1006/ecss.1999.0584
  • Gullstrom, M., Bodin, M., Nilsson, P. G. & Ohman, M. C. (2008). Seagrass structural complexity and landscape configuration as determinants of tropical fish assemblage composition. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 363, 241-255. DOI:10.3354/meps07427
  • Gündoğdu, S. & Çevik, C. (2017). Micro-and mesoplastics in Northeast Levantine coast of Turkey: The preliminary results from surface samples. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 118(1-2), 341-347. DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.002
  • Gündoğdu, S., Çevik, C. & Karaca, S. (2017). Fouling assemblage of benthic plastic debris collected from Mersin Bay, NE Levantine coast of Turkey. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 124(1), 147-154. DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.07.023
  • Heck, K. L., Nadeau, D. A. & Thomas, R. (1997). The Nursery Role of Seagrass Beds. Gulf of Mexico Science, 15, 50-54. DOI:10.18785/goms.1501.08
  • Hemminga, M. A. & Duarte, C. M. (2000). Seagrass ecology. Cambridge, UK ; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511525551
  • Irving, A. D., Tanner, J. E., Seddon, S., Miller, D., Collings, G. J., Wear, R. J., Hoare, S. L. & Theil, M. J. (2010). Testing alternate ecological approaches to seagrass rehabilitation: links to life‐history traits. Journal of Applied Ecology, 47(5), 1119-1127. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01852.x
  • Jenkins, G. P., May, H. M. A., Wheatley, M. J. & Holloway, M. G. (1997). Comparison of fish assemblages associated with seagrass and adjacent unvegetated habitats of Port Phillip Bay and Corner Inlet, Victoria, Australia, with emphasis on commercial species. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 44(5), 569-588. DOI:10.1006/ecss.1996.0131
  • Kindt, R. & Coe, R. (2005). Tree diversity analysis: a manual and software for common statistical methods for ecological and biodiversity studies. World Agroforestry Centre. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.1.1993.7684
  • Kuo, J. & Den Hartog, C. (2007). Seagrass morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure. In Seagrasses: biology, ecologyand conservation (pp. 51-87): Springer.DOI:10.1007/978-1-4020-2983-7_3
  • Lee, H. B. & Low, J. (1991). The enhancement of fish community in the Singapore River through the use of artificial seagrass (Vol. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 25): Urban Coastal Area Management : The Experience of Singaporea- At: Int Center Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila.
  • Li, H.-X., Orihuela, B., Zhu, M. & Rittschof, D. (2016). Recyclable plastics as substrata for settlement and growth of bryozoans Bugula neritina and barnacles Amphibalanus amphitrite. Environmental pollution, 218, 973-980. DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.047
  • Mattila, J., Chaplin, G., Eilers, M. R., Heck, K. L., O'Neal, J. P. & Valentine, J. F. (1999). Spatial and diurnal distribution of invertebrate and fish fauna of a Zostera marina bed and nearby unvegetated sediments in Damariscotta River, Maine (USA). Journal of Sea Research, 41(4), 321-332. DOI:10.1016/S1385-1101(99)00006-4
  • Mavruk, S., Bengil, F., Yüksek, A., Özyurt, C. E., Kiyağa, V. B. & Avşar, D. (2018). Intra-annual patterns of coastal larval fish assemblages along environmental gradients in the northeastern Mediterranean. Fisheries Oceanography, 27(3), 232-245. DOI:10.1111/fog.12248
  • Meinesz, A., Caye, G., Loques, F. & Molenaar, H. (1991). Restoration of damaged areas with transplantation of seaweeds and seagrasses in the Mediterranean: review and perspectives. Oebalia. Taranto, 17.
  • Miller, T. J. (2002). Assemblages, communities, and species interactions. Fishery Science. The unique contributions of early life stages (LE Fuimann & RG Werner, eds.). Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 183-205.
  • Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F. G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P. & O'Hara, R. B. (2013). vegan: Community Ecology, Package. R Package Version 2.2–1.
  • Orth, R. J., Heck, K. L. & Vanmontfrans, J. (1984). Faunal Communities in Seagrass Beds - a Review of the Influence of Plant Structure and Prey Characteristics on Predator Prey Relationships. Estuaries, 7(4a), 339-350. DOI:10.2307/1351618
  • Orth, R. J. (1992). A Perspective on Plant-Animal Interactions in Seagrasses - Physical and Biological Determinants Influencing Plant and Animal Abundance. Plant-Animal Interactions in the Marine Benthos, 46, 147-164.
  • Orth, R. J., Carruthers, T. J. B., Dennison, W. C., Duarte, C. M., Fourqurean, J. W., Heck, K. L., Hughes, A. R., Kendrick, G. A., Kenworthy, W. J., Olyarnik, S., Short, F. T., Waycott, M. & Williams, S. L. (2006). A global crisis for seagrass ecosystems. Bioscience, 56(12), 987-996. DOI:10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[987:Agcfse]2.0.Co;2
  • Pihl, L., Baden, S., Kautsky, N., Ronnback, P., Soderqvist, T., Troell, M. & Wennhage, H. (2006). Shift in fish assemblage structure due to loss of seagrass Zostera marina habitats in Sweden. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 67(1-2), 123-132. DOI:10.1016/j.ecss.2005.10.016
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Kuzeydoğu Akdeniz'de yapay deniz çayırı denemeleri

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 3, 355 - 364, 15.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.38.3.12

Öz



Deniz çayırları yavru balıklar için barınak, stoğa katılma ve doğal yaşam alanları sağlar. Bu çalışmada, yapay olarak oluşturulmuş deniz çayırı alanlarının doğal deniz çayırı (NS) habitatlarıyla aynı rolü oynayıp oynayamayacağı değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma Adana, Yumurtalık kıyısında deniz çayırı alanlarına göre seçilen üç farklı istasyonda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapay deniz çayırı (AS) polipropilen şeritten yapılmıştır ve belirlenen alanlarda ortalama 0,5 m derinliğe sahip zemine sabitlenmiştir. Örnekleme 28 Nisan 2016 ile 11 Ağustos 2016 tarihleri arasında istasyonlarda haftada bir ığrıp ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Örneklenen balıklar mümkün olan en düşük taksonomik seviyede tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlarımıza göre, NS ve AS habitatlarının balık bolluğu ve tür zenginliği istatistiksel olarak farklı değildir. Fakat her iki parametre de kumlu (S) habitatlarda daha düşük bulunmuştur (p <0,001). NS ve AS habitatlarının tür kompozisyonu birbirine benzerken, S habitatlarında önemli ölçüde farklı bulunmuştur. Kuzeydoğu Akdeniz'de yapılan bu çalışma, AS habitatlarının yavru balıkların dağılımını etkilediğini göstermektedir.


Proje Numarası

FYL-2016-5507

Kaynakça

  • Ak, Y. (2004). Distribution and abundance of the pelagic eggs and larvae of some Teleostean fishes in living off Erdemli, Mersin. Ege University Institutes of Natural and Applied Science, Faculty of Fisheries, PhD thesis.
  • Andrady, A. L. (2011). Microplastics in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(8), 1596-1605. DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030
  • Andrady, A. L. & Neal, M. A. (2009). Applications and societal benefits of plastics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 364(1526), 1977-1984. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0304
  • Avşar, D., Çiçek, E. & Akamca, E. (1999). Yumurtalık Koyu (ADANA) Kıyısal Zonunun yaz dönemi yavru kemikli balık faunası. 10th National Fisheries Symposium, Adana, 420-429.
  • Aysel, V., Erduğan, H. & Okudan, E. (2006). Marine Algae and Seagrasses of Adana (Mediterranean, Turkey). Journal of the Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment, 12, 35 – 57.
  • Banbul, B. (2014). Distribution of ichthyoplankton in relation to ecological conditions in the epipelagial of the Gulf of Antalya. Ph.D. Thesis, Akdeniz University. (in Turkish). 472.
  • Başusta, N., Kumlu, M., Gökçe, M. A. & Göçer, M. (2002). Yumurtalık Koyu'nda Dip Trolü ile Yakalanan Türlerin Mevsimsel Değişimi ve Verimlilik İndeksi. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 19(1), 29-34.
  • Beck, M. W., Heck, K. L., Able, K. W., Childers, D. L., Eggleston, D. B., Gillanders, B. M., Halpern, B., Hays, C. G., Hoshino, K., Minello, T. J., Orth, R. J., Sheridan, P. F. & Weinstein, M. R. (2001). The identification, conservation, and management of estuarine and marine nurseries for fish and invertebrates. Bioscience, 51(8), 633-641. DOI:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0633:Ticamo]2.0.Co;2
  • Becker, N. & Choresh, Y. (2006). Economic aspects of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). 131. Retrieved from http://www.rac-spa.org/sites/default/files/doc_spa/ev2006.pdf
  • Boudouresque, C., Gravez, V., Meinesz, A., Molenaar, H., Pergent, G. & Vitiello, P. (1994). L'herbier à Posidonia oceanica en Méditerranée: protection légale et gestion. Paper presented at the Actes du colloque scientifique OKEANOS, Maison de l’Environnement de Montpellier publ., France.
  • Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Halsband, C. & Galloway, T. S. (2011). Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(12), 2588-2597. DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.025
  • Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Fileman, E., Halsband, C., Goodhead, R., Moger, J. & Galloway, T. S. (2013). Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton. Environmental science technology, 47(12), 6646-6655. DOI:10.1021/es400663f
  • Deegan, L. A., Wright, A., Ayvazian, S. G., Finn, J. T., Golden, H., Merson, R. R. & Harrison, J. (2002). Nitrogen loading alters seagrass ecosystem structure and support of higher trophic levels. Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 12(2), 193-212. DOI:10.1002/aqc.490
  • Demirci, G. G, & Karakan, İ. (2006). Sinop Kıyılarında ( Orta Karadeniz ) Deniz Çayırlarının Dağılımı. Fırat Üniv. Fen ve Müh. Bil. Dergisi, 18(3), 331-337.
  • Engler, R. E. (2012). The Complex Interaction between Marine Debris and Toxic Chemicals in the Ocean. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(22), 12302-12315. DOI:10.1021/es3027105
  • Ferrell, D. J. & Bell, J. D. (1991). Differences among Assemblages of Fish Associated with Zostera-Capricorni and Bare Sand over a Large Spatial Scale. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 72(1-2), 15-24. DOI:10.3354/meps072015
  • Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (2016). Fishbase: World Wide Web electronic publication, version (10/2016).
  • Golani, D., Oztürk, B. & Başusta, N. (2006). Fishes of The Eastern Mediterranean. Turkish Marine Research Foundation, Istanbul., 24.
  • Gregory, M. R. (2009). Environmental implications of plastic debris in marine settings—entanglement, ingestion, smothering, hangers-on, hitch-hiking and alien invasions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1526), 2013-2025. DOI:10.1098/rstb.2008.0265
  • Guidetti, P. (2000). Differences among fish assemblages associated with nearshore Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds, rocky–algal reefs and unvegetated sand habitats in the Adriatic Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 50(4), 515-529. DOI:10.1006/ecss.1999.0584
  • Gullstrom, M., Bodin, M., Nilsson, P. G. & Ohman, M. C. (2008). Seagrass structural complexity and landscape configuration as determinants of tropical fish assemblage composition. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 363, 241-255. DOI:10.3354/meps07427
  • Gündoğdu, S. & Çevik, C. (2017). Micro-and mesoplastics in Northeast Levantine coast of Turkey: The preliminary results from surface samples. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 118(1-2), 341-347. DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.002
  • Gündoğdu, S., Çevik, C. & Karaca, S. (2017). Fouling assemblage of benthic plastic debris collected from Mersin Bay, NE Levantine coast of Turkey. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 124(1), 147-154. DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.07.023
  • Heck, K. L., Nadeau, D. A. & Thomas, R. (1997). The Nursery Role of Seagrass Beds. Gulf of Mexico Science, 15, 50-54. DOI:10.18785/goms.1501.08
  • Hemminga, M. A. & Duarte, C. M. (2000). Seagrass ecology. Cambridge, UK ; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511525551
  • Irving, A. D., Tanner, J. E., Seddon, S., Miller, D., Collings, G. J., Wear, R. J., Hoare, S. L. & Theil, M. J. (2010). Testing alternate ecological approaches to seagrass rehabilitation: links to life‐history traits. Journal of Applied Ecology, 47(5), 1119-1127. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01852.x
  • Jenkins, G. P., May, H. M. A., Wheatley, M. J. & Holloway, M. G. (1997). Comparison of fish assemblages associated with seagrass and adjacent unvegetated habitats of Port Phillip Bay and Corner Inlet, Victoria, Australia, with emphasis on commercial species. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 44(5), 569-588. DOI:10.1006/ecss.1996.0131
  • Kindt, R. & Coe, R. (2005). Tree diversity analysis: a manual and software for common statistical methods for ecological and biodiversity studies. World Agroforestry Centre. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.1.1993.7684
  • Kuo, J. & Den Hartog, C. (2007). Seagrass morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure. In Seagrasses: biology, ecologyand conservation (pp. 51-87): Springer.DOI:10.1007/978-1-4020-2983-7_3
  • Lee, H. B. & Low, J. (1991). The enhancement of fish community in the Singapore River through the use of artificial seagrass (Vol. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 25): Urban Coastal Area Management : The Experience of Singaporea- At: Int Center Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila.
  • Li, H.-X., Orihuela, B., Zhu, M. & Rittschof, D. (2016). Recyclable plastics as substrata for settlement and growth of bryozoans Bugula neritina and barnacles Amphibalanus amphitrite. Environmental pollution, 218, 973-980. DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.047
  • Mattila, J., Chaplin, G., Eilers, M. R., Heck, K. L., O'Neal, J. P. & Valentine, J. F. (1999). Spatial and diurnal distribution of invertebrate and fish fauna of a Zostera marina bed and nearby unvegetated sediments in Damariscotta River, Maine (USA). Journal of Sea Research, 41(4), 321-332. DOI:10.1016/S1385-1101(99)00006-4
  • Mavruk, S., Bengil, F., Yüksek, A., Özyurt, C. E., Kiyağa, V. B. & Avşar, D. (2018). Intra-annual patterns of coastal larval fish assemblages along environmental gradients in the northeastern Mediterranean. Fisheries Oceanography, 27(3), 232-245. DOI:10.1111/fog.12248
  • Meinesz, A., Caye, G., Loques, F. & Molenaar, H. (1991). Restoration of damaged areas with transplantation of seaweeds and seagrasses in the Mediterranean: review and perspectives. Oebalia. Taranto, 17.
  • Miller, T. J. (2002). Assemblages, communities, and species interactions. Fishery Science. The unique contributions of early life stages (LE Fuimann & RG Werner, eds.). Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 183-205.
  • Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F. G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P. & O'Hara, R. B. (2013). vegan: Community Ecology, Package. R Package Version 2.2–1.
  • Orth, R. J., Heck, K. L. & Vanmontfrans, J. (1984). Faunal Communities in Seagrass Beds - a Review of the Influence of Plant Structure and Prey Characteristics on Predator Prey Relationships. Estuaries, 7(4a), 339-350. DOI:10.2307/1351618
  • Orth, R. J. (1992). A Perspective on Plant-Animal Interactions in Seagrasses - Physical and Biological Determinants Influencing Plant and Animal Abundance. Plant-Animal Interactions in the Marine Benthos, 46, 147-164.
  • Orth, R. J., Carruthers, T. J. B., Dennison, W. C., Duarte, C. M., Fourqurean, J. W., Heck, K. L., Hughes, A. R., Kendrick, G. A., Kenworthy, W. J., Olyarnik, S., Short, F. T., Waycott, M. & Williams, S. L. (2006). A global crisis for seagrass ecosystems. Bioscience, 56(12), 987-996. DOI:10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[987:Agcfse]2.0.Co;2
  • Pihl, L., Baden, S., Kautsky, N., Ronnback, P., Soderqvist, T., Troell, M. & Wennhage, H. (2006). Shift in fish assemblage structure due to loss of seagrass Zostera marina habitats in Sweden. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 67(1-2), 123-132. DOI:10.1016/j.ecss.2005.10.016
  • Pollard, D. A. (1984). A Review of Ecological-Studies on Seagrass Fish Communities, with Particular Reference to Recent Studies in Australia. Aquatic Botany, 18(1-2), 3-42. DOI:10.1016/0304-3770(84)90079-2
  • Protocol, S. (1995). Protocol concerning specially protected areas and biological diversity in the Mediterranean. UNEP. Barcelona, Spain, 9-10.
  • Saad, S., Jalal, K. C. A., Kamaruzzam, Y., Mohammad Noor, N., Chit Dah, T. & John, A. (2011). Artificial Seagrass: A Habitat for Marine Fishes. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 6, 85-92. DOI:10.3923/jfas.2011.85.92
  • Spalding, M., Taylor, M., Ravilious, C., Short, F. & Green, E. (2003). Global overview The Distribution and Status of Seagrasses. In World Atlas of Seagrasses.
  • Team, R. C. (2017). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2017. In: ISBN3-900051-07-0 https://www. R-project. org.
  • Turan, C. (2007). Türkiye Kemikli Deniz Balıkları Atlası ve Sistematiği. Adana: Nobel Kitabevi.
  • Tuya, F., Haroun, R. & Espino, F. (2014). Economic assessment of ecosystem services: Monetary value of seagrass meadows for coastal fisheries. Ocean & Coastal Management, 96, 181-187. DOI:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.04.032
  • Upston, J. & Booth, D. J. (2003). Settlement and density of juvenile fish assemblages in natural, Zostera capricorni (Zosteraceae) and artificial seagrass beds. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 66(1), 91-97. DOI:10.1023/A:1023246427710
  • Venables, W. N. & Ripley, B. D. (2002). Modern applied statistics with S. Statistics and computing, 4th, 1-495. DOI:10.1007/b97626
  • Waycott, M., Procaccini, G., Les, D. H. & Reusch, T. B. H. (2006). Seagrass Evolution, Ecology and Conservation: A Genetic Perspective. In Seagrasses: biology, ecologyand conservation (pp. 25-50). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4020-2983-7_2
  • Whitehead, P. J. P., Bauchot, M. L., Hureau, J. C., Nielsen, J. & Tortonese, E. (1986). Fishes of the North-Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. v.2, 517-1007. DOI:10.2307/1444931
  • Zuur, A., Ieno, E. N., Walker, N., Saveliev, A. & Smith, G. M. (2009). Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology With R. Journal of Statistical Software, 32, 1-574. DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-87458-6_1
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Özgür Yılmaz 0000-0002-0596-2896

Sinan Mavruk 0000-0003-1958-0634

Gökhan Gökçe 0000-0003-1830-0733

Proje Numarası FYL-2016-5507
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Eylül 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021Cilt: 38 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz, Ö., Mavruk, S., & Gökçe, G. (2021). Artificial seagrass experiments in the Northeast Mediterranean. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 38(3), 355-364. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.38.3.12