Araştırma Makalesi
Effects of GroBiotic®-A supplementation on growth performance, body composition and liver and intestine histological changes in European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles
Yıl 2020, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 4, 389 - 396, 15.12.2020Öz
The effects of GroBiotic®-A supplementation on growth performance, body composition, liver and intestine histology in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles were evaluated. The commercial GroBiotic®-A was added to diets at four different levels (0, 1, 2 and 3%), three replicates and fed 4 times a day (9:00, 11:30, 14:00, 16: 30 hours) for 60 days as ad libitum. Total 480 European seabass juveniles with a starting weight of 1.40±0.08 g were randomly stocked into 12 tanks with a volume of 1 m3. At the end of the study, the changes observed in weight, feed conversion ratios (FCR) and survival rates were calculated as 6.69 ± 5.35-7.40 ± 5.47, 0.80 ± 0.18-0.88 ± 0.20 and 96.6 ± 1.51-100 ± 0.0, respectively. When the body composition of the control and treatment groups were compared, no statistically significant differences were observed between the protein and lipid values (p>0.05), except ash (p <0.05). Histological sections of intestinal tissue; the number of goblet cells was higher than that of the control group. The highest values were determined in the group supplemented 2% GroBiotic®-A. The highest microvillus length was found in the group added 1% GroBiotic®-A. It was detected an inverse relationship between microvillus length and contribution rates as the the GroBiotic®-A additive levels increased. Also, degeneration and necrosis was detected in hepatocyte cells of seabass juvenile fed with diets supplemented 2% and 3% GroBiotic®-A as well as increase of the number of fatty vacuoles in liver tissue due to the increase in the amount of GroBiotic®-A. In conclusion, when the growth parameters, body composition and histological data were evaluated together, the feeding group supplemented 1% GroBiotic®-A performed the best.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Grobiotic A, European sea bass, growth, histology, aquaculture
Teşekkür
We would like to thank Prof. Dr. Delbert M. Gatlin and International Ingredient Corporation (St. Louis, MO) for kindly providing GroBiotic®-A. We also express our gratitude to Kılıç Seafood Corporation for providing European seabass fish used in this study.
Kaynakça
- Adel, M., Nayak, S., Lazado, C.C. & Yeganeh, S. (2016). Effects of dietary prebiotic GroBiotic®-A on growth performance, plasma thyroid hormones and mucosal immunity of great sturgeon, Huso huso (Linnaeus, 1758). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 32(5), 825–831. DOI:10.1111/jai.13153
- Adel, M., Safari, R., Yeganeh, S., Binaii, M., Ghisai, M. & Ahmadvand, S. (2017). Effect of dietary GroBiotic®‐A supplementation as a prebiotic on the intestinal microflora, growth performance, haemato‐serological parameters, survival rate and body composition in juvenile beluga (Huso huso Linnaeus, 1754). Aquaculture Nutrition, (1995). DOI:10.1111/anu.12417
- Anguiano, M., Pohlenz, C., Buentello, A. & Iii, D.M.G. (2013). The effects of prebiotics on the digestive enzymes and gut histomorphology of red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus ) and hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops X M. saxatilis). British Journal of Nutrition, 109, 623–629. DOI:10.1017/S0007114512001754
- AOAC Animal Feed. In: Official Methods of Analysis, 16th edition, 30 pp. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) International, Arlington, VA, USA., 1997
- Azari, A., Hashim, R., Takami, G.A. & Roohi, A. (2013). Effect of Increasing Dietary Prebiotic GroBiotic ® -A Concentration on Growth Performance , Body Indices and Haematological Parameters in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fingerling. Ecopersia, 1(4), 393–406.
- Bjørndal, T., Guillen, J. & Rad, F. (2019). Are farmed European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) prices in European Union markets affected by Turkish exports of farmed European seabass ? Aquaculture Economics & Management, 23(3), 341–357. DOI:10.1080/13657305.2019.1632388
- Bligh, E.G. & Dyer, W.J. (1959). A Rapid Method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 37(8), 911–917.
- Buentello, J.A., Neill, W.H. & Gatlin, D.M. (2010). Effects of dietary prebiotics on the growth , feed efficiency and non-specific immunity of juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus fed soybean-based diets. Aquaculture Research, 41, 411–418. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02178.x
- Bullock. (1978). Laboratory Methods. In fish Pathologye. (R. R.J., Ed.). Bailliere Tindall Publication.
- Burr, G., Gatlin, D.M. & Hume, M. (2009). Effects of the prebiotics GroBiotic® -A and inulin on the intestinal microbiota of red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 40(4), 440–449. DOI:10.1111/j.1749-7345.2009.00271.x
- Burr, G., Hume, M., Ricke, S., Nisbet, D. & Iii, D. G. (2010). In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of the Prebiotics and Galactooligosaccharide on the Digestive Microbiota and Performance of Hybrid Striped Bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis), 187–198. DOI:10.1007/s00248-009-9597-6
- Carbone, D. & Faggio, C. (2016). Importance of prebiotics in aquaculture as immunostimulants. Effects on immune system of Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 54, 172–178. DOI:10.1016/j.fsi.2016.04.011
- Dimitroglou, A., Merrifield, D.L., Moate, R., Davies, S.J., Spring, P., Sweetman, J. & Bradley, G. (2009). Dietary mannan oligosaccharide supplementation modulates intestinal microbial ecology and improves gut morphology of rainbow trout , Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Journal of Animal Science, 87, 3226–3234. DOI:10.2527/jas.2008-1428
- Eryalçin, K.M., Torrecillas, S., Caballero, M.J., Hernandez-Cruz, C.M., Sweetman, J. & Izquierdo, M. (2017). Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharides in early weaning diets on growth, survival, fatty acid composition and gut morphology of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) larvae. Aquaculture Research, 48(9), 5041–5052. DOI:10.1111/are.13321
- Genc, M.A., Aktas, M., Genc, E. & Yilmaz, E. (2007). Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharide on growth , body composition and hepatopancreas histology of Penaeus semisulcatus ( de Haan 1844 ). Aquaculture Nutrition, 13, 156–161.
- González-Félix, M.L., Gatlin, D.M., Urquidez-Bejarano, P., de la Reé-Rodríguez, C., Duarte-Rodríguez, L., Sánchez, F., … Perez-Velazquez, M. (2018). Effects of commercial dietary prebiotic and probiotic supplements on growth, innate immune responses, and intestinal microbiota and histology of Totoaba macdonaldi. Aquaculture, 491(3), 239–251. DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.03.031
- Guerreiro, I., Oliva-Teles, A. & Enes, P. (2015). Improved glucose and lipid metabolism in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed short-chain fructooligosaccharides and xylooligosaccharides. Aquaculture, 441(2), 57–63. DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.02.015
- Guerreiro, I., Oliva-Teles, A. & Enes, P. (2017). Prebiotics as functional ingredients : focus on Mediterranean fish aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture, 0, 1–33. DOI:10.1111/raq.12201
- Hoang, D.H. (2019). Effects of mannan oligosaccharide supplementation in the diet on growth performance and physiology of juvenile lobster , Panulirus polyphagus. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 7(2), 302–307.
- Hoseinifar, S.H., Ringø, E., Shenavar Masouleh, A. & Esteban, M.Á. (2016). Probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic supplements in sturgeon aquaculture: A review. Reviews in Aquaculture, 8(1), 89–102. DOI:10.1111/raq.12082
- Kurt, T., Wong, N., Fowler, H., Gay, C., Lillehoj, H., Plummer, P., … Hoelzer, K. (2019). Strategic Priorities for Research on Antibiotic Alternatives in Animal Agriculture — Results From an Expert Workshop. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 6(11), 1–6. DOI:10.3389/fvets.2019.00429
- Li, P., & Gatlin, D.M. (2004). Dietary brewers yeast and the prebiotic GroBiotic®-AE influence growth performance , immune responses and resistance of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops X M . saxatilis) to Streptococcus iniae infection. Aquaculture, 231, 445–456. DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.08.021
- Li, P. & Gatlin, D.M. (2005). Evaluation of the prebiotic GroBiotic®-A and brewers yeast as dietary supplements for sub-adult hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops X M. saxatilis) challenged in situ with Mycobacterium marinum. Aquaculture, 248(1–4), 197–205. DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.03.005
- Mancuso, M. (2019). Citrus Essential Oils a Good Alternatives to Antibiotics in Aquaculture. Archives of Animal Husbandry & Dairy Science, 2018–2019. DOI:10.33552/AAHDS.2019.01.000507.Page
- Peredo, A.M., Buentello, A., Gatlin, D.M. & Hume, M.E. (2015). Evaluation of a dairy-yeast prebiotic in the diet of juvenile nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 46(1), 92–101. DOI:10.1111/jwas.12170
- Ringø, E., Olsen, R.E., Gifstad, T., Dalmo, R. A., Amlund, H., Hemre, G.I. & Bakke, A.M. (2010). Prebiotics in aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture Nutrition, 16(2), 117–136. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00731.x
- Sealey, W.M., Barrows, F.T., Johansen, K.A., Overturf, K., LaPatra, S.E., & Hardy, R.W. (2007). Evaluation of the Ability of Partially Autolyzed Yeast and Grobiotic-A to Improve Disease Resistance in Rainbow Trout. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 69(4), 400–406. DOI:10.1577/a06-080.1
- Sealey, W.M., Conley, Z.B. & Bensley, M. (2015). Prebiotic supplementation has only minimal effects on growth efficiency , intestinal health and disease resistance of Westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi fed 30 % soybean meal. Frontiers in Immunology, 6(8), 1–7. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00396
- Staykov, Y., Spring, P., Denev, S., & Sweetman, J. (2007). Effect of a mannan oligosaccharide on the growth performance and immune status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture International, 15(2), 153–161. DOI:10.1007/s10499-007-9096-z
- Suzer, C., Çoban, D., Kamaci, H.O., Saka, Ş., Otgucuo, Ö. & Küçüksari, H. (2008). Lactobacillus spp. bacteria as probiotics in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) larvae: larvae : Effects on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities. Aquaculture, 280, 140–145. DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.04.020
- Torrecillas, S., Makol, A., Benítez-Santana, T., Caballero, M.J., Montero, D., Sweetman, J. & Izquierdo, M. (2011). Reduced gut bacterial translocation in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides (MOS). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 30(2), 674–681. DOI:10.1016/j.fsi.2010.12.020
- Vechklang, K., Lim, C., Boonanuntanasarn, S., Welker, T., Ponchunchuwong, S., Klesius, P. H. & Wanapu, C. (2012). Growth Performance and Resistance to Streptococcus iniae of Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fed Diets Supplemented with GroBiotic-A and Brewtech Dried Brewers Yeast. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 24(3), 183–198. DOI:10.1080/10454438.2012.678786
- Vollenweider, J. J., Heintz, R. A., Schaufler, L. & Bradshaw, R. (2011). Seasonal cycles in whole-body proximate composition and energy content of forage fish vary with water depth. Marine Biology, 159, 413–427. DOI:10.1007/s00227-010-1569-3
- Wang, J., Zhang, D., Sun, Y., Wang, S., Li, P. & Iii, D.M.G. (2014). Effect of a dairy-yeast prebiotic ( GroBiotic â -A ) on growth performance , body composition , antioxidant capacity and immune functions of juvenile starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus). Aquaculture Research, 1–11. DOI:10.1111/are.12501
- Yazıcı, M. (2017). Bazı Prebiyotiklerin Yetiştiriciliği Yapılan Balıklarda Bağışıklık ve Hastalık Direnci Üzerine Etkiler. Yunus Araştırma Bülteni, 4, 429–449.
- Yilmaz, E., Genc, M. A. & Genc, E. (2007). Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharides on growth, body composition, and intestine and liver histology of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh, 59(3), 182–188.
- Yousefian, M., Hedayatifard, M., Fahimi, S., Shikholeslami, M., Irani, M., Amirinia, C. & Mousavi, S.E. (2012). Effect of prebiotic supplementation on growth performance and serum biochemical parameters of kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum) fries. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 7(8), 684–692. DOI:10.3923/ajava.2012.684.692
- Yu, H.H., Liang, X.F., Chen, P., Wu, X.F., Zheng, Y.H., Luo, L., … Long, X.C. (2019). Dietary supplementation of GroBiotic®-A increases short-term in fl ammatory responses and improves long-term growth performance and liver health in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Aquaculture, 500((7)), 327–337. DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.10.033
- Zheng, Z.L., Iii, D.M.G. & Ye, J.M. (2011). Evaluation of the Ability of GroBiotic ® -A to Enhance Growth , Muscle Composition , Immune Responses , and Resistance Against Aeromonas hydrophila in Nile tilapia , Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 42(4), 549–557.
- Zhou, Q., Buentello, J.A., & Iii, D.M.G. (2010). Effects of dietary prebiotics on growth performance , immune response and intestinal morphology of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Aquaculture, 309(1–4), 253–257. DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.09.003
Grobiyotik A ilavesinin levrek (Dicentrarchus labrax) juvenillerinde büyüme performansı, vücut kompozisyonu, karaciğer ve bağırsak histolojik değişimleri üzerine etkileri
Yıl 2020, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 4, 389 - 396, 15.12.2020Öz
Ticari bir prebiyotik olan Grobiyotik-A ilavesinin levrek (Dicentrarchus labrax) juvenillerinde büyüme performansı, vücut kompozisyonu, karaciğer ve bağırsak histolojik değişimleri üzerine etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Grobiyotik-A, dört farklı seviyede (%0, 1, 2 ve 3) yemlere eklenmiştir ve günde 4 kere (9:00, 11:30, 14:00, 16: 30 saatlerinde) doyana kadar 60 gün boyunca besleme yapılmıştır. Çalışma 3 tekrarlı olarak yürütüldü. Başlangıç ağırlıkları 1,40±0.08 g olan kırk levrek rastgele 1 m3 hacimli 12 tanka stoklandı. Çalışma sonunda ağırlıkta gözlenen değişiklikler, yem dönüşüm oranları (FCR) ve yaşama oranları sırasıyla 6.69 ± 5.35-7.40 ± 5.47, 0.80 ± 0.18-0.88 ± 0.20 ve 96.6 ± 1.51-100 ± 0.0. olarak ölçülmüştür. Kontrol ve deneme gruplarının vücut kompozisyonları karşılaştırıldığında protein ve lipit değerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark gözlenmezken, kül değerlerinde gözlenmiştir (p <0.05). Bağırsak dokusunun histolojik kesitlerinde; goblet hücrelerinin sayısı kontrol grubuna göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur. En yüksek değerler %2 Grobiyotik-A eklenen grupta tespit edilmiştir. Mikrovillus uzunluğu, en yüksek %1 Grobiyotik-A eklenmiş grupta bulunmuştur. Grobiyotik-A katkı miktarı arttıkça, mikrovillus uzunluğu ile katkı oranları arasında ters bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İlave olarak, %2 ve %3 yemle beslenen balıkların hepatosit hücrelerinde dejenerasyon ve nekrozun yanı sıra, Grobiyotik-A miktarındaki artış nedeniyle karaciğer dokusunda yağ vakuol sayısında artış tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, büyüme parametreleri, vücut kompozisyonu ve histolojik veriler birlikte değerlendirildiğinde, %1 Grobiyotik-A takviyesi deneme sonunda en iyi büyüme performansını göstermiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Adel, M., Nayak, S., Lazado, C.C. & Yeganeh, S. (2016). Effects of dietary prebiotic GroBiotic®-A on growth performance, plasma thyroid hormones and mucosal immunity of great sturgeon, Huso huso (Linnaeus, 1758). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 32(5), 825–831. DOI:10.1111/jai.13153
- Adel, M., Safari, R., Yeganeh, S., Binaii, M., Ghisai, M. & Ahmadvand, S. (2017). Effect of dietary GroBiotic®‐A supplementation as a prebiotic on the intestinal microflora, growth performance, haemato‐serological parameters, survival rate and body composition in juvenile beluga (Huso huso Linnaeus, 1754). Aquaculture Nutrition, (1995). DOI:10.1111/anu.12417
- Anguiano, M., Pohlenz, C., Buentello, A. & Iii, D.M.G. (2013). The effects of prebiotics on the digestive enzymes and gut histomorphology of red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus ) and hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops X M. saxatilis). British Journal of Nutrition, 109, 623–629. DOI:10.1017/S0007114512001754
- AOAC Animal Feed. In: Official Methods of Analysis, 16th edition, 30 pp. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) International, Arlington, VA, USA., 1997
- Azari, A., Hashim, R., Takami, G.A. & Roohi, A. (2013). Effect of Increasing Dietary Prebiotic GroBiotic ® -A Concentration on Growth Performance , Body Indices and Haematological Parameters in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fingerling. Ecopersia, 1(4), 393–406.
- Bjørndal, T., Guillen, J. & Rad, F. (2019). Are farmed European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) prices in European Union markets affected by Turkish exports of farmed European seabass ? Aquaculture Economics & Management, 23(3), 341–357. DOI:10.1080/13657305.2019.1632388
- Bligh, E.G. & Dyer, W.J. (1959). A Rapid Method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 37(8), 911–917.
- Buentello, J.A., Neill, W.H. & Gatlin, D.M. (2010). Effects of dietary prebiotics on the growth , feed efficiency and non-specific immunity of juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus fed soybean-based diets. Aquaculture Research, 41, 411–418. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02178.x
- Bullock. (1978). Laboratory Methods. In fish Pathologye. (R. R.J., Ed.). Bailliere Tindall Publication.
- Burr, G., Gatlin, D.M. & Hume, M. (2009). Effects of the prebiotics GroBiotic® -A and inulin on the intestinal microbiota of red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 40(4), 440–449. DOI:10.1111/j.1749-7345.2009.00271.x
- Burr, G., Hume, M., Ricke, S., Nisbet, D. & Iii, D. G. (2010). In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of the Prebiotics and Galactooligosaccharide on the Digestive Microbiota and Performance of Hybrid Striped Bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis), 187–198. DOI:10.1007/s00248-009-9597-6
- Carbone, D. & Faggio, C. (2016). Importance of prebiotics in aquaculture as immunostimulants. Effects on immune system of Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 54, 172–178. DOI:10.1016/j.fsi.2016.04.011
- Dimitroglou, A., Merrifield, D.L., Moate, R., Davies, S.J., Spring, P., Sweetman, J. & Bradley, G. (2009). Dietary mannan oligosaccharide supplementation modulates intestinal microbial ecology and improves gut morphology of rainbow trout , Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Journal of Animal Science, 87, 3226–3234. DOI:10.2527/jas.2008-1428
- Eryalçin, K.M., Torrecillas, S., Caballero, M.J., Hernandez-Cruz, C.M., Sweetman, J. & Izquierdo, M. (2017). Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharides in early weaning diets on growth, survival, fatty acid composition and gut morphology of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) larvae. Aquaculture Research, 48(9), 5041–5052. DOI:10.1111/are.13321
- Genc, M.A., Aktas, M., Genc, E. & Yilmaz, E. (2007). Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharide on growth , body composition and hepatopancreas histology of Penaeus semisulcatus ( de Haan 1844 ). Aquaculture Nutrition, 13, 156–161.
- González-Félix, M.L., Gatlin, D.M., Urquidez-Bejarano, P., de la Reé-Rodríguez, C., Duarte-Rodríguez, L., Sánchez, F., … Perez-Velazquez, M. (2018). Effects of commercial dietary prebiotic and probiotic supplements on growth, innate immune responses, and intestinal microbiota and histology of Totoaba macdonaldi. Aquaculture, 491(3), 239–251. DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.03.031
- Guerreiro, I., Oliva-Teles, A. & Enes, P. (2015). Improved glucose and lipid metabolism in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed short-chain fructooligosaccharides and xylooligosaccharides. Aquaculture, 441(2), 57–63. DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.02.015
- Guerreiro, I., Oliva-Teles, A. & Enes, P. (2017). Prebiotics as functional ingredients : focus on Mediterranean fish aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture, 0, 1–33. DOI:10.1111/raq.12201
- Hoang, D.H. (2019). Effects of mannan oligosaccharide supplementation in the diet on growth performance and physiology of juvenile lobster , Panulirus polyphagus. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 7(2), 302–307.
- Hoseinifar, S.H., Ringø, E., Shenavar Masouleh, A. & Esteban, M.Á. (2016). Probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic supplements in sturgeon aquaculture: A review. Reviews in Aquaculture, 8(1), 89–102. DOI:10.1111/raq.12082
- Kurt, T., Wong, N., Fowler, H., Gay, C., Lillehoj, H., Plummer, P., … Hoelzer, K. (2019). Strategic Priorities for Research on Antibiotic Alternatives in Animal Agriculture — Results From an Expert Workshop. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 6(11), 1–6. DOI:10.3389/fvets.2019.00429
- Li, P., & Gatlin, D.M. (2004). Dietary brewers yeast and the prebiotic GroBiotic®-AE influence growth performance , immune responses and resistance of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops X M . saxatilis) to Streptococcus iniae infection. Aquaculture, 231, 445–456. DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.08.021
- Li, P. & Gatlin, D.M. (2005). Evaluation of the prebiotic GroBiotic®-A and brewers yeast as dietary supplements for sub-adult hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops X M. saxatilis) challenged in situ with Mycobacterium marinum. Aquaculture, 248(1–4), 197–205. DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.03.005
- Mancuso, M. (2019). Citrus Essential Oils a Good Alternatives to Antibiotics in Aquaculture. Archives of Animal Husbandry & Dairy Science, 2018–2019. DOI:10.33552/AAHDS.2019.01.000507.Page
- Peredo, A.M., Buentello, A., Gatlin, D.M. & Hume, M.E. (2015). Evaluation of a dairy-yeast prebiotic in the diet of juvenile nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 46(1), 92–101. DOI:10.1111/jwas.12170
- Ringø, E., Olsen, R.E., Gifstad, T., Dalmo, R. A., Amlund, H., Hemre, G.I. & Bakke, A.M. (2010). Prebiotics in aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture Nutrition, 16(2), 117–136. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00731.x
- Sealey, W.M., Barrows, F.T., Johansen, K.A., Overturf, K., LaPatra, S.E., & Hardy, R.W. (2007). Evaluation of the Ability of Partially Autolyzed Yeast and Grobiotic-A to Improve Disease Resistance in Rainbow Trout. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 69(4), 400–406. DOI:10.1577/a06-080.1
- Sealey, W.M., Conley, Z.B. & Bensley, M. (2015). Prebiotic supplementation has only minimal effects on growth efficiency , intestinal health and disease resistance of Westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi fed 30 % soybean meal. Frontiers in Immunology, 6(8), 1–7. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00396
- Staykov, Y., Spring, P., Denev, S., & Sweetman, J. (2007). Effect of a mannan oligosaccharide on the growth performance and immune status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture International, 15(2), 153–161. DOI:10.1007/s10499-007-9096-z
- Suzer, C., Çoban, D., Kamaci, H.O., Saka, Ş., Otgucuo, Ö. & Küçüksari, H. (2008). Lactobacillus spp. bacteria as probiotics in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) larvae: larvae : Effects on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities. Aquaculture, 280, 140–145. DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.04.020
- Torrecillas, S., Makol, A., Benítez-Santana, T., Caballero, M.J., Montero, D., Sweetman, J. & Izquierdo, M. (2011). Reduced gut bacterial translocation in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides (MOS). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 30(2), 674–681. DOI:10.1016/j.fsi.2010.12.020
- Vechklang, K., Lim, C., Boonanuntanasarn, S., Welker, T., Ponchunchuwong, S., Klesius, P. H. & Wanapu, C. (2012). Growth Performance and Resistance to Streptococcus iniae of Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fed Diets Supplemented with GroBiotic-A and Brewtech Dried Brewers Yeast. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 24(3), 183–198. DOI:10.1080/10454438.2012.678786
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Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Balıkçılık Yönetimi |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar |
|
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 15 Aralık 2020 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 10 Ocak 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020Cilt: 37 Sayı: 4 |