Oxidative stress mechanisms induced by heavy metals and pesticides in fish.
Yıl 2014,
Cilt: 31 Sayı: 3, 155 - 160, 01.09.2014
Cansu Akbulut
Güllü Kaymak
Harika Eylül Esmer
Nazan Deniz Yön
Figen Esin Kayhan
Kaynakça
- Agnisola, C., 2005. Role of nitric oxide in the control of coronary resistance in teleosts. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Mol. Integr. Physiol., 142: 178– 187. doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.05.051
- Ahmad, I., Maria, V.L., Oliveira, M., Pacheco, M., Santos, M.A., 2006. Oxidative stress and genotoxic effects in gill and kidney of Anguilla anguilla L. exposed to chromium with or without pre-exposure to- naphthoflavone. Mutat. Res., 608: 16–28. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.04.020
- Alak, G., Atamanalp, M., Uçar, A., Arslan, H., Şensurat, T., Parlak, V., Kocaman, E.M., 2013. Investigation of humic acid effects versus cadmium toxicity on hematological parameters of Brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) (in Turkish with English abstract). Ege J Fish Aqua Sci, 29(4): 181-185. doi: 10.12714/egejfas.2013.29.4.06
- Asai, S., Ohta, K., Yoshioka, H., 2008. MAPK signaling regulates nitric oxide and NADPH oxidase-dependent oxidative bursts in Nicotiana benthamiana. Plant Cell, 20: 1390–1406. doi: 10.1105/tpc.107.055855
- Bagnyukova, T.V., Chahrak, O.I., Lushchak, V.I., 2006. Coordinated response of goldfish antioxidant defenses to environmental stress. Aquat. Toxicol., 78: 325–331. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.04.005
- Barrera-Garcia, A., O’Hara, T., Galvan-Magana, F., Mendez-Rodriguez, L.C., Caterllini, J.M., Zenteno-Savin, T., 2013. Trace elements and oxidative stress indicators in liver and kidney of Blue shark (Prionace glauca). Comp. Biochem. Phisyol. A., 165(4): 483-490. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.01.024
- Bonnefont-Rousselot, D., 2002. Glucose and reactive oxygen species. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 5: 561–568.
- Büyükgüzel, E., 2013. Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of protein oxidation (in Turkish with English abstract). Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal, 3(1): 40-51.
- Cederbaum, A.I., 1989. Oxygen radical generation by microsomes: role of iron and implications for alcohol metabolism and toxicity. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 7: 559–567. doi: 10.1016/0891-5849(89)90033-6
- Demin, O.V., Kholodenko, B.N., Skulachev, V.P., 1998. A model of O2.- generation in the complex III of the electron transport chain. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 184: 21– 33. doi:10.1023/A:1006849920918
- Dri, P., Bellavite, P., Berton, G., Rossi, F., 1979. Interrelationship between oxygen consumption, superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide formation in phagocytosing guinea pig polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 23: 109– 122.
- Dzul-Caamal, R., Olivares-Rubio, H.F., Lopez-Tapia, P., Vega-Lopez, A., 2013. Pro-oxidant and antioxidant response elicited by CH2Cl2 and CHCl3 in Goodea gracilis using non-invasive methods. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A., 165(4):515-27. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.03.005
- Filipak Neto, F., Zanata, S.M., Silva de Assis, H.C., Nakao, L.S., Randi, M.A., Oliveira Ribeiro, C.A., 2008. Toxic effects of DDT and methyl mercury on the hepatocytes from Hoplias malabaricus. Toxicol. In Vitro, 22: 1705– 1713. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.07.006
- Foyer, C.H., Noctor, G., 2009. Redox regulation in photosynthetic organisms: signaling, acclimation, and practical implications. Antioxid. Redox Signaling, 11: 861–905. doi:10.1089/ars.2008.2177
- Garcia Martinez, P., Winston, G. W., Metosh–Dickey, C., O'Hara, S. C. M. and Livingstone, D. R., 1995. Nitrofurantoin-stimulated reactive oxygen species production and genotoxicity in digestive gland microsomes and cytosol of the common mussel (Mytilus edulis). Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 131: 332–341. doi:10.1006/taap.1995.1076
- Gökpınar, Ş., Koray, T., Akçiçek, E., Göksan, T., Durmaz, Y., 2006. Algal antioxidants (in Turkish with English abstract). Ege J Fish Aqua Sci, 23(Suppl 1/1): 85-89.
- Hai, D.Q., Varga, S.I., Matkovics, B., 1997. Effects of diethyl-dithiocarbamate on antioxidant system in carp tissue. Acta Biol. Hung., 48: 1–8.
- Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J.M.C., 1989. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, second ed. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.
- Harman, D., 1956. Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J. Gerontol., 11, 298–300.
- Hook, S.E., Skillman, A.D., Small, J.A., Schultz, I.R., 2006. Gene expression patterns in rainbow trout. Oncorhynchus mykiss, exposed to a suite of model toxicants. Aquat. Toxicol., 77: 372–785. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.01.007
- Keleştemur Tuna, G., 2012. Phisiological effects created on fish of hypoxic waters (in Turkish with English abstract). Turkish Journal of Scientific Reviews, 5(1): 87-90.
- Kelley, E.E., Khoo, N.K., Hundley, N.J., Malik, U.Z., Freeman, B.A., Tarpey, M.M., 2010. Hydrogen peroxide is the major oxidant product of xanthine oxidase. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.11.012 Med., 48 (4): 493–498.
- Keramati, V., Shahla, J., Ramin, M., 2010. Effect of diazinon on catalase antioxidant enzyme activity in liver tissue of Rutilus rutilus. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 5(5): 368-376.
- Kitamura, S. and Tatsumi, K., 1997. Purification of NADPH-linked and NADH- linked quinone reductases from liver of sea bream, Pagrus major. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 118B: 675–680. doi: 10.1016/S0305-0491(97)00274-5
- Lemaire, P. And Livingstone, D.R., 1997. Aromatic hydrocarbon quinone- mediated reactive oxygen species production in hepatic microsomes of the flounder (Platichthys flesus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 117C: 131-139. doi: 10.1016/S0742-8413(97)00060-1
- Lemaire, P., Matthews, A., Forlin, L., Livingstone, D.R., 1994. Stimulation of oxyradical production of hepatic microsomes of flounder (Platichthys flesus) and perch (Perca fluviatilis) by model and pollutant xenobiotics. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 26: 191–200.
- Li, J.S., Han, Q., Fang, J., Rizzi, M., James, A.A., Li, J., 2007. Biochemical mechanisms leading to tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activation. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol., 64: 74–87. doi:10.1002/arch.20159
- Li, Z., Zlabeka, V., Grabica, R., Lia, P., Machovaa, J., Veliseka, J., Randak, T., 2010. Effects of exposure to sublethal propiconazole on the antioxidant defense system and Na+ - K+- ATPase activity in brain of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquatic Toxicology, 98: 297-303.
- Livingstone, D.R., 2001. Contaminant-stimulated reactive oxygen species production and oxidative damage in aquatic organisms. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 42: 656–666. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00060-1
- Lushchak, V.I., 2008. Oxidative stress as a component of transition metal toxicity in fish. In: Svensson, E.P. (Ed.), Aquatic Toxicology Research Focus. Nova Science Publishers Inc., Hauppaug, NY, USA, pp. 1–29.
- Lushchak, V.I., 2011. Environmentally induced oxidative stress in aquatic animals. Aquatic Toxicology 101:13–30.
- Malhotra, J.D., Kaufman, R.J., 2007. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress: A vicious cycle or a double-edged sword. Antioxid. Redox Signaling, 9: 2277–2293. doi: 10.1089/ars.2007.1782
- McAnulty, S.R., McAnulty, L.S., Nieman, D.C., Morrow, J.D., Utter, A.C., Henson, D.A., Dumke, C.L., Vinci, D.M., 2003. Influence of carbohydrate ingestion on oxidative stress and plasma antioxidant potential following a 3 h run. Free Radic. Res., 37: 835–840. doi:10.1080/10715760303850
- Mieiro, C.L., Ahmad, I., Pereira, M.E., Duarte, A.C., Pacheco, M., 2010. Antioxidant system breakdown in brain of feral golden grey mullet (Liza aurata) as an effect of mercury exposure. Ecotoxicology, 19 (6): 1034– 1045. doi:10.1007/s10646-010-0485-0
- Mişe Yonar, S., Yonar, M.E., Yöntürk, Y., 2014. The effect of Curcumin some antioxidant parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792). (in Turkish with English abstract). Firat Unv. Journal of Scienece, 26(1): 53-57.
- Papa, S., Skulachev, V.P., 1997. Reactive oxygen species, mitochondria, apoptosis and aging. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 174: 305–319.
- Ruiz-Leal, M., George, S., 2004. An in vitro procedure for evaluation of early stage oxidative stress in an established fish cell line applied to investigation of PHAH and pesticide toxicity. Mar. Environ. Res., 58: 631–635. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.03.054
- Sanchez, W., Piccini, B., Porcher, J.M., 2008. Effect of prochloraz fungicide on biotransformation enzymes and oxidative stress parameters in three- spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.). J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part B 43: 65–70. doi: 10.1080/03601230701735151
- Santos, T.G., Martinez, C.B.R., 2012. Atrazine promotes biochemical changes and DNA damage in a Neotropical fish species. Chemosphere, 89: 1118-1125. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.096
- Sarkar, S., Sandip, M., Ansuman, C., 2014. Low dose of arsenic trioxide triggers oxidative stress in zebrafish brain: Expression of antioxidant genes. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 107: 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.05.012
- Sepici, D.A., Benli, A.C., Selvi, M., Sarıkaya, R., Şahin, D., Özkul, A., Erkoç, F., 2009. Sublethal cyfluthrin toxicity to Carp 66 (Cyprinus carpio L.) fingerlings: Biochemical, hematological, histopathological alterations. Exotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 72: 1433-1439.
- Shmarakov, I.O., Marchenko, M.M., 2008. Xanthine oxidase activity in the rat liver tissue in the process of oncogenesis. Ukr. Biokhim. Zh., 80: 86-91.
- Sinhorin, V.D.G., Sinhorin, P.A., Santos Teixeria, J.M., Lazarotto Mileski, K.M., Hansen, P.C., Moreira, P.S.A., Honda Kowashita, N., Martins Baviera, A., Loro, V.L., 2014. Effects of the acute exposition to glyposate-based herbicide on oxidative stress parameters and antioxidant responses in a hybrid Amazon fish surubim (Pseudoplatystoma sp). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 106:181-187.
- Sjölin, A. M. and Livingstone, D. R., 1997. Redox cycling of aromatic hydrocarbon quinones catalysed by digestive gland microsomes of the common mussel (Mytilus edulis L.). Aquatic Toxicology, 38: 83–99. doi: 10.1016/S0166-445X(96)00836-3
- Üreten, M., İşisağ Üçüncü, S., 2013. The effects of Dioktyl adipate (DOA) on liver and gill histology of Sparus aurata (Sea bream). (in Turkish with English abstract). Ege J Fish Aqua Sci 30(3): 115-122. doi: 10.12714/egejfas.2012.30.03.05
- Valavanidis, A., Vlahogianni, T., Dassenakis, M., Scoullos, M., 2006. Molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress in aquatic organisms in relation to toxic environmental pollutants. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 64: 178–189. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.03.013
- Valko, M., Leibfritz, D., Moncol, J., Cronin, M.T., Mazur, M., Telser, J., 2007. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 39: 44–84. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001
- Velez-Alavez, M., Labrada-Martagon, V., Mendez-Rodriguez, L.C., Galvan- Magana, F., Zenteno-Savin, T., 2013. Oxidative stress indicators and trace element concentrations in tissues of mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus). doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.03.006 Physiol. A., 165(4):508-14.
- Wright, J., George, S., Martinez-Lara, E., Carpene, E., Kindt, M., 2000. Levels of cellular glutathione and metallothionein affect the toxicity of oxidative stressors in an established carp cell line. Mar. Environ. Res., 50: 503– 508.
Balıklarda ağır metal ve pestisitler tarafından indüklenen oksidatif stres mekanizmaları.
Yıl 2014,
Cilt: 31 Sayı: 3, 155 - 160, 01.09.2014
Cansu Akbulut
Güllü Kaymak
Harika Eylül Esmer
Nazan Deniz Yön
Figen Esin Kayhan
Öz
Sucul organizmalar endüstriyel ve tarımsal başta olmak üzere birçok antropojenik aktivite nedeniyle önemli miktarlarda ağır metal ve pestisitlere maruz kalırlar. Ağır metal ve pestisitlerin balıklarda birikmesi oksidatif strese nedeni olan reaktif oksijen türlerinin (ROT) artmasına sebep olur. Bu tip çevresel kirleticiler, reaktif oksijen türlerin hücrelerde direkt olarak artmasına neden olur ve antioksidan kapasiteyi azaltırlar. Bu derleme çalışmasının amacı ağır metal ve pestisitlere maruz kalan balıklarda oksidatif stres belirteçleri ve antioksidan savunma mekanizmalarını irdelemektir
Kaynakça
- Agnisola, C., 2005. Role of nitric oxide in the control of coronary resistance in teleosts. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Mol. Integr. Physiol., 142: 178– 187. doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.05.051
- Ahmad, I., Maria, V.L., Oliveira, M., Pacheco, M., Santos, M.A., 2006. Oxidative stress and genotoxic effects in gill and kidney of Anguilla anguilla L. exposed to chromium with or without pre-exposure to- naphthoflavone. Mutat. Res., 608: 16–28. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.04.020
- Alak, G., Atamanalp, M., Uçar, A., Arslan, H., Şensurat, T., Parlak, V., Kocaman, E.M., 2013. Investigation of humic acid effects versus cadmium toxicity on hematological parameters of Brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) (in Turkish with English abstract). Ege J Fish Aqua Sci, 29(4): 181-185. doi: 10.12714/egejfas.2013.29.4.06
- Asai, S., Ohta, K., Yoshioka, H., 2008. MAPK signaling regulates nitric oxide and NADPH oxidase-dependent oxidative bursts in Nicotiana benthamiana. Plant Cell, 20: 1390–1406. doi: 10.1105/tpc.107.055855
- Bagnyukova, T.V., Chahrak, O.I., Lushchak, V.I., 2006. Coordinated response of goldfish antioxidant defenses to environmental stress. Aquat. Toxicol., 78: 325–331. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.04.005
- Barrera-Garcia, A., O’Hara, T., Galvan-Magana, F., Mendez-Rodriguez, L.C., Caterllini, J.M., Zenteno-Savin, T., 2013. Trace elements and oxidative stress indicators in liver and kidney of Blue shark (Prionace glauca). Comp. Biochem. Phisyol. A., 165(4): 483-490. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.01.024
- Bonnefont-Rousselot, D., 2002. Glucose and reactive oxygen species. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 5: 561–568.
- Büyükgüzel, E., 2013. Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of protein oxidation (in Turkish with English abstract). Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journal, 3(1): 40-51.
- Cederbaum, A.I., 1989. Oxygen radical generation by microsomes: role of iron and implications for alcohol metabolism and toxicity. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 7: 559–567. doi: 10.1016/0891-5849(89)90033-6
- Demin, O.V., Kholodenko, B.N., Skulachev, V.P., 1998. A model of O2.- generation in the complex III of the electron transport chain. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 184: 21– 33. doi:10.1023/A:1006849920918
- Dri, P., Bellavite, P., Berton, G., Rossi, F., 1979. Interrelationship between oxygen consumption, superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide formation in phagocytosing guinea pig polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 23: 109– 122.
- Dzul-Caamal, R., Olivares-Rubio, H.F., Lopez-Tapia, P., Vega-Lopez, A., 2013. Pro-oxidant and antioxidant response elicited by CH2Cl2 and CHCl3 in Goodea gracilis using non-invasive methods. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A., 165(4):515-27. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.03.005
- Filipak Neto, F., Zanata, S.M., Silva de Assis, H.C., Nakao, L.S., Randi, M.A., Oliveira Ribeiro, C.A., 2008. Toxic effects of DDT and methyl mercury on the hepatocytes from Hoplias malabaricus. Toxicol. In Vitro, 22: 1705– 1713. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.07.006
- Foyer, C.H., Noctor, G., 2009. Redox regulation in photosynthetic organisms: signaling, acclimation, and practical implications. Antioxid. Redox Signaling, 11: 861–905. doi:10.1089/ars.2008.2177
- Garcia Martinez, P., Winston, G. W., Metosh–Dickey, C., O'Hara, S. C. M. and Livingstone, D. R., 1995. Nitrofurantoin-stimulated reactive oxygen species production and genotoxicity in digestive gland microsomes and cytosol of the common mussel (Mytilus edulis). Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 131: 332–341. doi:10.1006/taap.1995.1076
- Gökpınar, Ş., Koray, T., Akçiçek, E., Göksan, T., Durmaz, Y., 2006. Algal antioxidants (in Turkish with English abstract). Ege J Fish Aqua Sci, 23(Suppl 1/1): 85-89.
- Hai, D.Q., Varga, S.I., Matkovics, B., 1997. Effects of diethyl-dithiocarbamate on antioxidant system in carp tissue. Acta Biol. Hung., 48: 1–8.
- Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J.M.C., 1989. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, second ed. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.
- Harman, D., 1956. Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J. Gerontol., 11, 298–300.
- Hook, S.E., Skillman, A.D., Small, J.A., Schultz, I.R., 2006. Gene expression patterns in rainbow trout. Oncorhynchus mykiss, exposed to a suite of model toxicants. Aquat. Toxicol., 77: 372–785. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.01.007
- Keleştemur Tuna, G., 2012. Phisiological effects created on fish of hypoxic waters (in Turkish with English abstract). Turkish Journal of Scientific Reviews, 5(1): 87-90.
- Kelley, E.E., Khoo, N.K., Hundley, N.J., Malik, U.Z., Freeman, B.A., Tarpey, M.M., 2010. Hydrogen peroxide is the major oxidant product of xanthine oxidase. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.11.012 Med., 48 (4): 493–498.
- Keramati, V., Shahla, J., Ramin, M., 2010. Effect of diazinon on catalase antioxidant enzyme activity in liver tissue of Rutilus rutilus. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 5(5): 368-376.
- Kitamura, S. and Tatsumi, K., 1997. Purification of NADPH-linked and NADH- linked quinone reductases from liver of sea bream, Pagrus major. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 118B: 675–680. doi: 10.1016/S0305-0491(97)00274-5
- Lemaire, P. And Livingstone, D.R., 1997. Aromatic hydrocarbon quinone- mediated reactive oxygen species production in hepatic microsomes of the flounder (Platichthys flesus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 117C: 131-139. doi: 10.1016/S0742-8413(97)00060-1
- Lemaire, P., Matthews, A., Forlin, L., Livingstone, D.R., 1994. Stimulation of oxyradical production of hepatic microsomes of flounder (Platichthys flesus) and perch (Perca fluviatilis) by model and pollutant xenobiotics. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 26: 191–200.
- Li, J.S., Han, Q., Fang, J., Rizzi, M., James, A.A., Li, J., 2007. Biochemical mechanisms leading to tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activation. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol., 64: 74–87. doi:10.1002/arch.20159
- Li, Z., Zlabeka, V., Grabica, R., Lia, P., Machovaa, J., Veliseka, J., Randak, T., 2010. Effects of exposure to sublethal propiconazole on the antioxidant defense system and Na+ - K+- ATPase activity in brain of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquatic Toxicology, 98: 297-303.
- Livingstone, D.R., 2001. Contaminant-stimulated reactive oxygen species production and oxidative damage in aquatic organisms. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 42: 656–666. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00060-1
- Lushchak, V.I., 2008. Oxidative stress as a component of transition metal toxicity in fish. In: Svensson, E.P. (Ed.), Aquatic Toxicology Research Focus. Nova Science Publishers Inc., Hauppaug, NY, USA, pp. 1–29.
- Lushchak, V.I., 2011. Environmentally induced oxidative stress in aquatic animals. Aquatic Toxicology 101:13–30.
- Malhotra, J.D., Kaufman, R.J., 2007. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress: A vicious cycle or a double-edged sword. Antioxid. Redox Signaling, 9: 2277–2293. doi: 10.1089/ars.2007.1782
- McAnulty, S.R., McAnulty, L.S., Nieman, D.C., Morrow, J.D., Utter, A.C., Henson, D.A., Dumke, C.L., Vinci, D.M., 2003. Influence of carbohydrate ingestion on oxidative stress and plasma antioxidant potential following a 3 h run. Free Radic. Res., 37: 835–840. doi:10.1080/10715760303850
- Mieiro, C.L., Ahmad, I., Pereira, M.E., Duarte, A.C., Pacheco, M., 2010. Antioxidant system breakdown in brain of feral golden grey mullet (Liza aurata) as an effect of mercury exposure. Ecotoxicology, 19 (6): 1034– 1045. doi:10.1007/s10646-010-0485-0
- Mişe Yonar, S., Yonar, M.E., Yöntürk, Y., 2014. The effect of Curcumin some antioxidant parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792). (in Turkish with English abstract). Firat Unv. Journal of Scienece, 26(1): 53-57.
- Papa, S., Skulachev, V.P., 1997. Reactive oxygen species, mitochondria, apoptosis and aging. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 174: 305–319.
- Ruiz-Leal, M., George, S., 2004. An in vitro procedure for evaluation of early stage oxidative stress in an established fish cell line applied to investigation of PHAH and pesticide toxicity. Mar. Environ. Res., 58: 631–635. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.03.054
- Sanchez, W., Piccini, B., Porcher, J.M., 2008. Effect of prochloraz fungicide on biotransformation enzymes and oxidative stress parameters in three- spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.). J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part B 43: 65–70. doi: 10.1080/03601230701735151
- Santos, T.G., Martinez, C.B.R., 2012. Atrazine promotes biochemical changes and DNA damage in a Neotropical fish species. Chemosphere, 89: 1118-1125. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.096
- Sarkar, S., Sandip, M., Ansuman, C., 2014. Low dose of arsenic trioxide triggers oxidative stress in zebrafish brain: Expression of antioxidant genes. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 107: 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.05.012
- Sepici, D.A., Benli, A.C., Selvi, M., Sarıkaya, R., Şahin, D., Özkul, A., Erkoç, F., 2009. Sublethal cyfluthrin toxicity to Carp 66 (Cyprinus carpio L.) fingerlings: Biochemical, hematological, histopathological alterations. Exotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 72: 1433-1439.
- Shmarakov, I.O., Marchenko, M.M., 2008. Xanthine oxidase activity in the rat liver tissue in the process of oncogenesis. Ukr. Biokhim. Zh., 80: 86-91.
- Sinhorin, V.D.G., Sinhorin, P.A., Santos Teixeria, J.M., Lazarotto Mileski, K.M., Hansen, P.C., Moreira, P.S.A., Honda Kowashita, N., Martins Baviera, A., Loro, V.L., 2014. Effects of the acute exposition to glyposate-based herbicide on oxidative stress parameters and antioxidant responses in a hybrid Amazon fish surubim (Pseudoplatystoma sp). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 106:181-187.
- Sjölin, A. M. and Livingstone, D. R., 1997. Redox cycling of aromatic hydrocarbon quinones catalysed by digestive gland microsomes of the common mussel (Mytilus edulis L.). Aquatic Toxicology, 38: 83–99. doi: 10.1016/S0166-445X(96)00836-3
- Üreten, M., İşisağ Üçüncü, S., 2013. The effects of Dioktyl adipate (DOA) on liver and gill histology of Sparus aurata (Sea bream). (in Turkish with English abstract). Ege J Fish Aqua Sci 30(3): 115-122. doi: 10.12714/egejfas.2012.30.03.05
- Valavanidis, A., Vlahogianni, T., Dassenakis, M., Scoullos, M., 2006. Molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress in aquatic organisms in relation to toxic environmental pollutants. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 64: 178–189. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.03.013
- Valko, M., Leibfritz, D., Moncol, J., Cronin, M.T., Mazur, M., Telser, J., 2007. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 39: 44–84. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001
- Velez-Alavez, M., Labrada-Martagon, V., Mendez-Rodriguez, L.C., Galvan- Magana, F., Zenteno-Savin, T., 2013. Oxidative stress indicators and trace element concentrations in tissues of mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus). doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.03.006 Physiol. A., 165(4):508-14.
- Wright, J., George, S., Martinez-Lara, E., Carpene, E., Kindt, M., 2000. Levels of cellular glutathione and metallothionein affect the toxicity of oxidative stressors in an established carp cell line. Mar. Environ. Res., 50: 503– 508.