Assessment of the ecological and trophic status of Lake Bafa (Turkey) based on phytoplankton

Atakan Sukatar; Alperen Ertaş; Rıza Akgül; İnci Tüney Kızılkaya

doi:10.12714/egejfas.38.2.01

EN TR

Assessment of the ecological and trophic status of Lake Bafa (Turkey) based on phytoplankton

Abstract

Phytoplankton groups are one of the major quality element to be used in the evaluation of the trophic and ecological state of freshwater ecosystems according to the EU Water Framework Directive. This research was made to assess the trophic and ecological status of Lake Bafa in Turkey, on the basis of phytoplankton communities. Büyük Menderes River is one of the most important factor that carries pollutants to Lake Bafa. The eight sampling station were assigned to evaluate the ecological and trophic state of the lake. Phytoplankton species were collected monthly for 2 years study period. Most commonly used phtoplankton indices Q index and Carlson’s Trophic State Index (TSI), and different versions of diversity indices were used to estimate trophic and ecological state of the lake. Similarities between the sampling stations were clustured by using the unweighted pair group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA), based on phytoplankton communities. Correlations between the applied indices were determined by using Pearson Correlation. After the identification of collected phytoplanktons, total of 63 taxa which belong to classis of Cyanophyceae (11.2%), Bacillariophyceae (49.2%), Chlorophyceae (23.8%), Xanthophyceae (1.5%), Euglenophyceae (11.2%) and Dinophyceae (3.1%) were detected. The 1^stand 2^nd stations were the most similar stations to each other (88%) according to phytoplankton communities. Secchi disc depth (SD) and TP played an important role in the distribution of phytoplankton species in Lake Bafa. The highest significant positive correlation was determined between Q and TSI (r = 0.987, p˂0.01). Considering the TDI values in the phytoplankton composition of the lake, it can be said that although the productivity status of the studied lake is still “mesotrophic”, it has a tendency towards “eutrophic” state. According to the Q values, the first five stations reflect the moderate ecological state, while the 6^th, 7^th and 8^th stations represent the poor ecological state.

Keywords

Bafa Gölü'nün (Türkiye) ekolojik ve trofik durumunun fitoplankton bazlı değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Fitoplankton, AB Su Çerçeve Direktifi'ne göre tatlı su ekosistemlerinin trofik ve ekolojik durumunun değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan en önemli kalite unsurlarından biridir. Bu araştırma, Bafa Gölü'nün trofik ve ekolojik durumunu fitoplankton grupları temel alarak değerlendirmek için yapılmıştır. Büyük Menderes Nehri, kirleticileri Bafa Gölü'ne taşıyan en önemli faktörlerden biridir. Gölün ekolojik ve trofik durumunu değerlendirmek için sekiz örnekleme istasyonu belirlenmiştir. Fitoplankton türleri 2 yıllık çalışma süresi boyunca aylık olarak toplanmıştır. Gölün trofik ve ekolojik durumunu tahmin etmek için en yaygın kullanılan fitoplankton indeksleri Q indeksi ve Carlson'un Trofik Durum İndeksi (TDI) ve çeşitlilik indekslerinin farklı versiyonları kullanılmıştır. Uygulanan indeksler arasındaki korelasyonlar Pearson Korelasyonu kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Örnekleme istasyonları arasındaki benzerlikler, fitoplankton topluluklarına dayanan aritmetik ortalama ile ağırlıksız çift grup metodu (UPGMA) kümeleme yöntemiyle belirlenmiştir. Toplanan fitoplankton örneklerinin tanımlanmasından sonra, Cyanophyceae (11.2%), Bacillariophyceae (49.2%), Chlorophyceae (23.8%), Xanthophyceae (1.5%), Euglenophyceae (11.2%) ve Dinophyceae (3.1%) sınıflarına ait toplam 63 takson tespit edilmiştir. Fitoplankton topluluklarına göre 1. ve 2. istasyonlar (%88) birbirlerine en yakın istasyonlar olduğu görülmüştür. Secchi disk derinliği (SD) ve TP Bafa Gölünde fitoplankton türlerine dağılımında önemli rol oynamıştır. En yüksek anlamlı pozitif korelasyon Q ve TDI arasında belirlenmiştir (r =0.987, p˂0.01). Gölün fitoplankton dağılımındaki TDI değerleri göz önüne alındığında, incelenen gölün verimlilik durumu halen “mezotrofik” olmakla birlikte, “ötrofik” duruma doğru bir eğilim gösterdiği söylenebilir. Q değerlerine göre, ilk beş istasyon orta ekolojik durumu yansıtırken, 6., 7. ve 8. istasyonlar kötü ekolojik durumu temsil etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

TUBİTAK

Proje Numarası

114Y249

Teşekkür

Bu araştırmaya verdikleri desteklerden ötürü Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TUBİTAK)'a yazarlar teşekkür etmektedir. (TUBITAK, Proje no: 114Y249)

Kaynakça

Akçaalan, R., Albay, M., Gürevin, C. & Çevik, F. (2007). The influence of environmental conditions on the morphological variability of phytoplankton in an oligo-mesotrophic Turkish lake. International Journal of Limmnology, 43, 21-28. DOI:10.1051/limn/2007024
Balık, S. & Ustaoglu, M.R. (1989). Bafa golundeki Ulubat baligi (Acanthobrama mirabilis Ladiges, 1960)’nin biyoekolojik ve ekonomik yonlerden incelenmesi. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 13(3), 141–174.
Balık, S. Ustaoglu, M.R. & Sarı, H.M. (1992). Bafa gölü (Söke-Aydın) kababurun (Chondrostoma nasus l., 1758) populasyonunun biyolojik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. – Fırat Universitesi XI. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi, 24–27 Haziran 1992, p. 49–58, Elazığ.
Balık, S. (1995). Freshwater fish in Anatolia, Turkey. – Biological Conservation (72), 213–223, Oxford. DOI: 10.1016/0006-3207(94)00084-4
Bukhtiyarova, L.N. (2006). Additional data on the diatom genus Karayevia and a proposal to reject the genus Kolbesia. Nova Hedwigia Beiheft, 130, 85–96.
Carlson, R.E. (1977). Atrophic state index for lakes. Limnology and Oceanography, 22(2), 361–369. DOI: 10.4319/lo.1977.22.2.0361
Carlson, R.E. & Simpson, J. (1996). A coordinator’s guide to volunteer lake monitoring methods. North American Lake Management Society. 96 pp.
Cigagna, C., Bonotto, D.M., Camargo, A.F.M. & Sturaro, J.R. (2016). Trophic state index (TSI) and physico-chemical characteristics of a shallow reservoir in southeast Brazil. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(2), 1-11. DOI:10.1007/s12665-015-4951-0

Cirik-Altındağ, S. (1982). Phytoplankton of Manisa-Marmara Lake, I-Cyanophyta (in Turkish with French abstract). Doğa Bilim Dergisi, 6(3), 67-81.
Compère, P. (2001). Ulnaria (Kützing) Compère, a new genus name for Fragilaria subgen. Alterasynedra Lange-Bertalot with comments on the typification of Synedra Ehrenberg In: Jahn, R., Kociolek, J.P., Witkowski, A. and Compère, P. (eds), Lange-Bertalot-Festschrift: Studies on Diatoms. Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Horst Lange-Bertalot on the occasion of his 65th Birthday. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag. K.G. pp. 97-102
Çelekli, A., Albay, M. & Dügel, M. (2007). Phytoplankton (except Bacillariophyceae) Flora of Lake Gölköy (Bolu). Turkish Journal of Botany, 31, 49-65.
Çelekli, A. & Öztürk, B. (2014). Determination of ecological status and ecological preferences of phytoplankton using multivariate approach in a Mediterranean reservoir. Hydrobiologia, 740, 115–135. DOI:10.1007/s10750-014-1948-8
Çelekli, A., Toudjani, A.A., Lekesiz, H.Ö. & Çetin, T. (2018). Ecological quality assessment of running waters in the North Aegean catchment with diatom metrics and multivariate approach. Limnologica, 73, 20-27. DOI: 10.1016/j.limno.2018.09.001
Çelekli, A. & Lekesiz, Ö. (2020). Eco-assessment of West Mediterranean basin’s rivers (Turkey) using diatom metrics and multivariate approaches. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 27796–27806. DOI:10.1007/s11356-020-09140-1
Ersanlı, E. & Gönülol, A. (2003). Study on the phytoplankton and seasonal variation of Lake Simenit (Terme-Samsun, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 3, 29-39.
European Commission (2000). Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 23rd October 2000 establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy. Official Journal of the European Communities, L327/1. European Commission, Brussels.
Fakıoğlu, Ö. & Demir, N. (2011). The spatial and seasonal variations of phytoplankton biomass in Lake Beyşehir. Ekoloji, 20(80), 23-32. DOI:10.5053/ekoloii.2011.804
Feret, L., Bouchez, A. & Rimet, F. (2017). Benthic diatom communities in high altitude lakes: a large scale study in the French Alps. Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology, 53, 411–423. DOI:10.1051/limn/2017025
Ghosh, D. & Biswas, J. K. (2005). Macroinvertebrate diversity indices: A quantitative bioassessment of ecological health status of an Oxbow Lake in Eastern India. Journal of Advances in Enviromental Health Research, 3(2), 78- 90. DOI:10.22102/JAEHR.2015.40190
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2020). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved from http://www.algaebase.org (25.12.2019).
Gürbüz, H. & Altuner, Z. (2000). Palandöken (Tekederesi) Göleti fitoplankton toplulugu üzerinde kalitatif ve kantitatif bir arastırma. Turkish Journal of Biology, 24, 13–30.
Hustedt, F. (1930). Bacillariophyta Diatome Heft: 10 A Pascher DieSusswasser Flore Mitteleuropas. Ed. Gustav Fischer Pub., Jena, 466p, Germany.
İşbakan Taş, B., Gönülol, A. & Taş, E. (2002). A study on the seasonal variation of the phytoplankton of Lake Cernek (Samsun-Turkey), Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2, 1231-128.
James, F.C. & McCulloch, C.F. (1990). Multivariate analysis in ecology and systematics: Panacea or pandora’s box. Annual Review of Ecology, 21, 129-66. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.es.21.110190.001021
Katip, A., İleri, S., Karaer, F. & Onur, S. (2015). Determination of the trophic state of Lake Uluabat (Bursa-Turkey). Ekoloji, 24(97), 24-35. DOI:10.5053/ekoloji.2015.07
Kazancı, N., Girgin, S. & Dügel, M. (2008). Research on the limnology of Lake Bafa in South-Western Turkey and climate change impacts, Rewiew of Hydrobiology, 2, 207-223. Kılınç, S. (1998). A study in the seasonal variation of phytoplankton in Hafik Lake (Sivas, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Botany, 22, 35-41.
Kıvrak, E. & Gürbüz, H. (2005). Seasonal variations in phytoplankton composition and physical-chemical features of Demirdöven Dam Reservoir, Erzurum, Turkey. Biologia Bratislava, 60(1), 1-8.
Krammer, K. & Lange-Bertalot, H. (1986–1991). Bacillariophyceae 1. Teil: Naviculaceae; 2. Teil: Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae; 3. Teil: Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae; 4. Teil: Achnanthaceae. Kritische Ergänzungen zu Navicula (Lineolatae) und Gomphonema. Stuttgart: Fischer.
Krammer, K. (1997). Die cymbelloiden Diatomeen. Teil 2: Encyonema part., Encyonopsis und Cymbellopsis. Stuttgart: Cramer.
Marchetto, A., Padedda, B.M., Mariani, M.A., Luglie, A. & Nicola, S. (2009). A numerical index for evaluating phytoplankton response to changes in nutrient levels in deep mediterranean reservoirs. Journal of Limnology, 68, 106–121. DOI:10.4081/jlimnol.2009.106
Mason, C.F. (2002). Biology of freshwater pollution. 4th ed. New York, NY, USA: Prentice Hall.
Mermer, A. (1989). Gediz Nehrindeki Kababurun Baligi (Chondrostoma nasus Linnaeus, 1758) populasyonunun biyolojik yöndenden incelenmesi. – Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dali, Yuksek Lisans Tezi, 48 pp, İzmir.
Nandan, S.N. & Aher, N.H. (2005). Algal community used for assesment of water quality of Haranbaree Dam and Mosam River of Maharashtra. Journal of Environmental Biology, 26, 223-227.
Ochocka, A. & Pasztalenice, A. (2016). Sensitivity of plankton indices to lake trophic conditions. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 188, 622. DOI:10.1007/s10661-016-5634-3
Ongun-Sevindik, T. (2010). Phytoplankton composition of Çaygören Reservoir, Balikesir-Turkey. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 10, 295-304. DOI:10.4194/trjfas.2010.0301
Ongun-Sevindik, T., Tunca, H., Gönlüol, A., Yıldırım-Gürsoy, N., Küçükkaya, Ş.N. & Durgut-Kınalı, Z. (2017). Phytoplankton dynamics and structure, and ecological status estimation by the Q assemblage index: a comparative analysis in two shallow Mediterranean lakes. Turkish Journal of Botany, 41, 25-36. DOI:10.3906/bot-1510-22
Padisak, J., Borics, G., Grigorszky, I. & Soroczki-Pinter, E. (2006). Useofphytoplankton assemblages for monitoring ecological status of lakes within the Water Framework Directive: the assemblage index. Hydrobiologia, 553,1–14. DOI:10.1007/s10750-005-1393-9
Pasztaleniec, A. & Poniewozik, M. (2010). Phytoplankton based assessment of the ecological status of four shallow lakes (Eastern Poland) according to Water Framework Directive – a comparison of approaches. Limnologica, 40, 251-259. DOI:10.1016/j.limno.2009.07.001
Pasztaleniec, A. (2016). An advanced phytoplankton trophic index: Test and validation with a nationwide lake survey in Poland. International Review of Hydrobiology, 101, 20-35. DOI:10.1002/iroh.201501799
Potapova, M. (2006). Achnanthidium zhakovschikovii sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) and related species from rivers of Northwestern Russia. Nova Hedwigia, 82, 399–408. DOI:10.1127/0029-5035/2006/0082-0399
Ptacnik, R, Solimini, A.G. & Brettum P. (2009). Performance of a new phytoplankton composition metric along a eutrophication gradient in Nordic lakes. Hydrobiologia, 633, 75–82. DOI:10.1007/s10750-009-9870-1
Reynolds, C.S., Huszar, V., Kruk, C., Naselli-Flores, L. & Melo, S. (2002). Rewiew, towards a functional classification of the freshwater phytoplankton. Journal of Plankton Research, 24(5), 417-428. DOI:10.1093/plankt/24.5.417
Round, F.E. & Bukhtiyarova, L. (1996). Four new genera based on Achnanthes (Achnanthidium) together with a re-definition of Achnanthidium. Diatom Research, 11, 345–361. DOI: 10.1080/0269249X.1996.9705389
Saghi, H., Karimi, L. & Javid, A. H. (2014). Investigation on trophic state index by artificial neural networks (case study: Dez Dam of Iran). Applied Water Science, 5(2), 2190-5487. DOI:10.1007/s13201-014-0161-2
Sakamoto, M. (1966). The chlorophyll amount In the euphotic zone in some Japanese Lakes and its significace In thr photosynthetic production of phytoplankton community. The botanical magazine Tokyo, 79, 77-78. DOI: 10.15281/jplantres1887.79.77
Sala, S. E., Guerrero, J. M. & Ferrario, M. E. (1993). Redefinition of Reimeria sinuata (Gregory) Kociolek & Stoermer and recognition of Reimeria uniseriata nov. spec. Diatom Research, 8, 439–446. DOI: 10.1080/0269249X.1993.9705273
Sarı, H.M., Balık, S., Bilecenoğlu, M. & Türe, G. (1999). Recent changes in the fish fauna of Lake Bafa, Aegean region of Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East, 18, 67–76. DOI: 10.1080/09397140.1999.10637783
Shekhar, T.R., Kiran, B.R., Puttaiah, E.T., Shivaraj, Y. & Mahadevan, K.M. (2008). Phytoplankton as index of water quality with reference to industrial pollution. Journal of Environmental Biology, 29(2), 233-6.
Sömek, H., Balık, S. & Ustaoğlu M.R. (2005). Phytoplankton of Topçam Dam Lake (Çine-Aydın) and their seasonal variations (in Turkish with English abstract). Süleyman Demirel University Eğirdir Journal of Fisheries Faculty, 1(1), 26-32.
Sömek, H. & Balık, S. (2009). Seasonal variation of algal flora and environmental conditions of Karagöl (A Mountain Lake, İzmir-Turkey) (in Turkish with English abstract). Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 26(2), 121-128. DOI: 10.12714/egejfas.2016.33.2.05
Sömek, H. & Ustaoğlu M.R. (2016). Summer phytoplankton composition and trophic state index values of some mountain lakes in Western Anatolia (Denizli-Muğla). Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 33(2), 121-128. DOI:10.12714/egejfas.2016.33.2.05
Somerfield, P. J. (2008). Identification of the Bray-Curtis similarity index: Comment on Yoshioka (2008). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 372, 303-306. DOI: 10.3354/meps07841
Swanson, E. R. (1998). Trophic state index revisited. Lake Line, 18(4), 18–20.
Taş, B. & Gönülol, A. (2007). Planktonic algae of Derbent Dam Lake (Samsun, TURKEY). Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 1(3), 111-123. DOI: 10.3153/jfscom.2007014
Ter Braak, C.J.F. & Smilauer, P. (2002). CANOCO reference manual and CanoDraw for Windows user’s guide: Software for Canonical Community Ordination (version 4.5). Biometris, Wageningen.
Toudjani, A.A., Çelekli, A., Gümüş, E.Y., Kayhan, S., Lekesiz, H.Ö. & Çetin, T. (2017). A new diatom index to assess ecological quality of running waters: a case study of water bodies in western Anatolia. Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology, 53, 333–343. DOI:10.1051/limn/2017012
Utermohl, H. (1958) Zur ver vollkommung der quantitativen phytoplankton-methodik. Mitteilung internationale vereinigung fuer theoretische unde amgewandte limnologie, 9, 39 p. DOI: 10.1080/05384680.1958.11904091
Vaitomaa, J. (2006). The effects of environmental factors on biomass and microcystin production by the freshwater cyanobacterial genera Microcystis and Anabaena. Edita, Helsinki, Finland, 56 p.
Vollenweider, R.A. & Kerekes J.J. (1982). Eutrophication of waters. Monitoring, assessment and control. OECD Cooperative programme on monitoring of inland waters (Eutrophication control), Environment Directorate, OECD, Paris. 154 p.
Wetzel, R.G. (1975). Limnology. W,B. Sounders Conpany, Phiadelphia, 743p.
Walker, W.W. (1979). Use of hypolimnetic oxygen depletion rate as a trophic state index for lakes. Water Research, 15(6), 1463–1470. DOI: 10.1029/WR015i006p01463
Yoshioka, P. M. (2008). Misidentification of the Bray-Curtis similarity index. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 368, 309-310. DOI:10.3354/meps07728
Xu, F.L. (2008). Trophic classification for lakes. In: Jørgensen SE, Fath BD (eds) Ecological indicators, Vol. 5 of encyclopedia of ecology, 5th edn., 359pp.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Limnoloji

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Atakan Sukatar
0000-0002-1895-0165
Türkiye

Alperen Ertaş ^*
0000-0001-8510-6100
Türkiye

Rıza Akgül
0000-0002-0280-2897
Türkiye

İnci Tüney Kızılkaya
0000-0003-0293-6964
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

15 Haziran 2021

Gönderilme Tarihi

22 Mart 2020

Kabul Tarihi

20 Aralık 2020

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 1970 Cilt: 38 Sayı: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.38.2.01

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA82YS86YR

Kaynak Göster

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Sukatar, A., Ertaş, A., Akgül, R., & Tüney Kızılkaya, İ. (2021). Assessment of the ecological and trophic status of Lake Bafa (Turkey) based on phytoplankton. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 38(2), 135-146. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.38.2.01

Cited By

Lophosiphonia obscura and Polysiphonia sukatarii sp. nov. (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) from mesohaline Lake Bafa, Turkey

Phycologia

https://doi.org/10.1080/00318884.2022.2035169

Assessment of macro litter pollution and potential sources in the shorelines of two Mediterranean lakes in Isparta, Turkey: a first report

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-13798-w

Planktonic communities as indicators of water quality in a tropical reservoir

Environmental Management

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-025-02157-7