Methylene blue dye removal utilizing biomass of the macroalgae (Padina sp.): Adsorption, kinetic studies and mechanism

Hasan Türe; Pınar Akdoğan Şirin

doi:10.12714/egejfas.42.2.04

TR EN

Makroalg (Padina sp.) biyokütlesi kullanılarak metilen mavisi boyasının uzaklaştırılması: Adsorpsiyon, kinetik çalışmalar ve mekanizma

Öz

Deniz ekosistemlerinde yaygın olarak bulunan makroalgler, yüksek yüzey alanları, zengin fonksiyonel grupları ve doğal adsorpsiyon kabiliyetleri nedeniyle su arıtımı için umut vadeden doğal adsorbanlardır. Bu çalışmada, kurutulmuş toz formunda kahverengi bir makroalg olan Padina sp.’nin sudan toksik metilen mavisi (MB) boyasının uzaklaştırılması için adsorpsiyon kapasitesi değerlendirilmiştir. Başlangıç MB konsantrasyonları (2, 5, 10, 20 ve 50 mg L-1), pH seviyeleri (2, 4, 7 ve 11) ve temas süresi (0, 0.08, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 24 saat) dahil olmak üzere çeşitli operasyonel faktörlerin MB eliminasyonu üzerindeki etkilerini incelemek için bir dizi adsorpsiyon testi yürütülmüştür. Ayrıca, toz haline getirilmiş Padina sp., MB adsorpsiyonundan önce ve sonra Fourier dönüşümlü kızılötesi spektroskopisi ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, asidik ortamların aksine, nötr ve alkali koşullar altında optimum bir giderme verimliliği olduğunu göstermiştir. Freundlich modeli, deneysel adsorpsiyon verilerini doğru bir şekilde temsil etmektedir (R2 = 0.9902). Kinetik analiz, MB adsorpsiyonunun Padina sp. üzerine öncelikle psödo-ikinci dereceden bir mekanizmayı izlediğini ortaya koymuştur (R2 = 0.9982). Karakterizasyon ve deneysel bulgulara dayanarak, Padina sp.'nin önerilen MB adsorpsiyon mekanizmaları arasında hidrojen bağı, elektrostatik etkileşimler ve gözenek doldurma yer almaktadır. Deneysel sonuçlar, toz halindeki Padina sp.’nin sudan MB'yi uzaklaştırmak için umut verici bir adsorban olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Methylene blue dye removal utilizing biomass of the macroalgae (Padina sp.): Adsorption, kinetic studies and mechanism

Abstract

Macroalgae, which are abundant in marine ecosystems, are promising natural adsorbents for water purification because of their high surface area, rich functional groups, and natural adsorption capabilities. In this study, the adsorption capacity of Padina sp., a brown macroalgae in dried powdered form, was evaluated for the removal of toxic methylene blue (MB) dye from water. A series of batch adsorption tests were conducted to investigate the effects of several operational parameters, as initial MB concentrations (2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 mg L-1), pH levels (2, 4, 7, and 11), and contact time (0, 0.08, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 24 h) on MB removal. Furthermore, powdered Padina sp. was analyzed before and after MB adsorption using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The results showed optimal removal efficiency under neutral and alkaline conditions, as opposed to acidic environments. The Freundlich model accurately represents experimental adsorption data (R2= 0.9902). Kinetic analysis revealed that MB adsorption onto Padina sp. primarily followed a pseudo-second order mechanism (R2= 0.9982). The characterization and experimental findings suggest that the proposed mechanisms for MB adsorption by Padina sp. involve electrostatic interactions, pore filling, and hydrogen bonding. The experimental results suggest that powdered Padina sp. is a promising adsorbent for removing MB from water.

Keywords

Etik Beyan

For this investigation, no ethical approval was needed.

Kaynakça

Abdel-Raouf, N., Al-Enazi, N.M., Ibraheem, I.B.M., Alharbi, R.M., & Alkhulaifi, M.M. (2019). Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by using of the marine brown alga Padina pavonia and their characterization. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 26(6), 1207-1215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.01.007
Ali, H. (2010). Biodegradation of synthetic dyes—a review. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 213, 251-273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0382-4
Alobaidi, D. S., & Alwared, A. I. (2023). Role of immobilised Chlorophyta algae in form of calcium alginate beads for the removal of phenol: isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic study. Heliyon, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14851
Alprol, A.E., Eleryan, A., Abouelwafa, A., Gad, A.M., & Hamad, T.M. (2024). Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Padina pavonica extract for efficient photocatalytic removal of methylene blue. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 32160. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80757-9
Al-Trawneh, S.A., Jiries, A.G., Alshahateet, S.F., & Sagadevan, S. (2021). Phenol removal from aqueous solution using synthetic V-shaped organic adsorbent: kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamics studies. Chemical Physics Letters, 781, 138959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138959
Ansari, A.A., Ghanem, S.M., & Naeem, M. (2019). Brown alga Padina: a review. International Journal of Botany Studies, 4(1), 01-03.
Aragaw, T.A., & Bogale, F.M. (2021). Biomass-based adsorbents for removal of dyes from wastewater: a review. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9, 764958. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.764958
Batool, F., Akbar, J., Iqbal, S., Noreen, S., & Bukhari, S. N.A. (2018). Study of isothermal, kinetic, and thermodynamic parameters for adsorption of cadmium: an overview of linear and nonlinear approach and error analysis. Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications, 2018, 1, 1-11, 3463724. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3463724

Benhouria, A., Zaghouane-Boudiaf, H., Bourzami, R., Djerboua, F., Hameed, B., & Boutahala, M. (2023). Cross-linked chitosan-epichlorohydrin/bentonite composite for reactive orange 16 dye removal: Experimental study and molecular dynamic simulation. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 242, 124786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124786
Boukarma, L., Aboussabek, A., El Aroussi, F., Zerbet, M., Sinan, F., & Chiban, M. (2023). Insight into mechanism, Box-Behnken design, and artificial neural network of cationic dye biosorption by marine macroalgae Fucus spiralis. Algal Research, 76, 103324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2023.103324
Boukarma, L., Aziam, R., Aboussabek, A., El Qdhy, S., Zerbet, M., Sinan, F., & Chiban, M. (2024). Novel insights into crystal violet dye adsorption onto various macroalgae: Comparative study, recyclability and overview of chromium (VI) removal. Bioresource Technology, 394, 130197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130197
Bravo-Yumi, N., Pacheco-Álvarez, M., Bandala, E.R., Brillas, E., & Peralta-Hernández, J.M. (2022). Studying the influence of different parameters on the electrochemical oxidation of tannery dyes using a Ti/IrO2-SnO2-Sb2O5 anode. Chemical Engineering and Processing-Process Intensification, 181, 109173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2022.109173
Chakrabarti, S., & Dutta, B.K. (2005). On the adsorption and diffusion of methylene blue in glass fibers. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 286(2), 807-811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2005.01.035
Chin, J.Y., Chng, L.M., Leong, S.S., Yeap, S.P., Yasin, N.H.M., & Toh, P.Y. (2020). Removal of synthetic dye by Chlorella vulgaris microalgae as natural adsorbent. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 45, 7385-7395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04557-9
da Fontoura, J.T., Rolim, G.S., Mella, B., Farenzena, M., & Gutterres, M. (2017). Defatted microalgal biomass as biosorbent for the removal of Acid Blue 161 dye from tannery effluent. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 5(5), 5076 5084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.09.051
El Sikaily, A., Khaled, A., Nemr, A.E., & Abdelwahab, O. (2006). Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution by marine green alga Ulva lactuca. Chemistry and Ecology, 22(2), 149-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540600579607
Eyupoglu, V., Akin, M.B., Kaya, S., Çaylak, O., Berisha, A., & Çetinkaya, S. (2025). Effective removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution using Macrolepiota procera mushroom: Experimental and theoretical studies. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 418, 126714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2024.126714
Ghosh, I., Kar, S., Chatterjee, T., Bar, N., & Das, S.K. (2021). Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution using Lathyrus sativus husk: adsorption study, MPR and ANN modelling. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 149, 345 361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.11.003
Gomes, G.H., Olusegun, S.J., Gabriel, J.B., Costa, R.C., & Mohallem, N.D. (2023). The role of crystalline Nb2O5 nanoparticles for enhanced dye adsorption and photodegradation. Ceramics International, 49(4), 6164-6176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.10.126
Hamad, H.N., & Idrus, S. (2022). Recent developments in the application of bio-waste-derived adsorbents for the removal of methylene blue from wastewater: a review. Polymers, 14(4), 783. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14040783
Ihaddaden, S., Aberkane, D., Boukerroui, A., & Robert, D. (2022). Removal of methylene blue (basic dye) by coagulation-flocculation with biomaterials (bentonite and Opuntia ficus indica). Journal of Water Process Engineering, 49, 102952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.102952
Joseph, J., Radhakrishnan, R.C., Johnson, J.K., Joy, S.P., & Thomas, J. (2020). Ion-exchange mediated removal of cationic dye-stuffs from water using ammonium phosphomolybdate. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 242, 122488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122488
Khodaie, M., Ghasemi, N., Moradi, B., & Rahimi, M. (2013). Removal of methylene blue from wastewater by adsorption onto ZnCl2 activated corn husk carbon equilibrium studies. Journal of Chemistry, 2013(1), 383985. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/383985
Kousha, M., Daneshvar, E., Sohrabi, M., Koutahzadeh, N., & Khataee, A. (2012). Optimization of CI Acid black 1 biosorption by Cystoseira indica and Gracilaria persica biomasses from aqueous solutions. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 67, 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2011.10.007
Long, Z., Wang, Z., Huang, Q., Jia, Y., Jiao, Z., Wang, Y., & Du, Y. (2024). High-performance adsorption of methylene blue using novel bio-adsorbent based on Sargassum fusiforme. Heliyon, 10(18). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37949
Mahini, R., Esmaeili, H., & Foroutan, R. (2018). Adsorption of methyl violet from aqueous solution using brown algae Padina sanctae-crucis. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry, 43(6), 623-631. https://doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2017-0333
Mansour, A.T., Alprol, A.E., Abualnaja, K.M., El-Beltagi, H.S., Ramadan, K.M., & Ashour, M. (2022). Dried brown seaweed’s phytoremediation potential for methylene blue dye removal from aquatic environments. Polymers, 14(7), 1375. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14071375
Martínez Cadena, G., Vargas Hernández, D., Villegas Coronado, D.L., Tánori Córdova, J.C., & Maldonado Arce, A.D. (2025). Synthesis, characterization, and application of carbon black nanoparticles in the removal of methylene blue dye. Adsorption, 31(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10450-024-00566-4
Mcyotto, F., Wei, Q., Macharia, D.K., Huang, M., Shen, C., & Chow, C.W. (2021). Effect of dye structure on color removal efficiency by coagulation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 405, 126674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126674
Oladoye, P.O., Ajiboye, T.O., Omotola, E.O., & Oyewola, O.J. (2022). Methylene blue dye: Toxicity and potential elimination technology from wastewater. Results in Engineering, 16, 100678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100678
Omar, H., El-Gendy, A., & Al-Ahmary, K. (2018). Bioremoval of toxic dye by using different marine macroalgae. Turkish Journal of Botany, 42(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1703-4
Pandey, P., Sharma, S., & Sambi, S. (2010). Kinetics and equilibrium study of chromium adsorption on zeolite Nax. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7, 395-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03326149
Pandimurugan, R., & Thambidurai, S. (2016). Synthesis of seaweed-ZnO-PANI hybrid composite for adsorption of methylene blue dye. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 4(1), 1332-1347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2016.01.030
Saheed, I.O., Oh, W.-D., & Suah, F.B.M. (2021). Enhanced adsorption of acid Blue-25 dye onto chitosan/porous carbon composite modified in 1-allyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide ionic liquid. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 183, 1026-1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.042
Sahu, J., Karri, R.R., & Jayakumar, N. (2021). Improvement in phenol adsorption capacity on eco-friendly biosorbent derived from waste Palm-oil shells using optimized parametric modelling of isotherms and kinetics by differential evolution. Industrial Crops and Products, 164, 113333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113333
Samar, J., Butt, G.Y., Shah, A.A., Shah, A.N., Ali, S., Jan, B.L., Abdelsalam, R.N., & Hussaan, M. (2022). Phycochemical and biological activities from different extracts of Padina antillarum (Kützing) Piccone. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 929368. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.929368
Seoane, R., Santaeufemia, S., Abalde, J., & Torres, E. (2022). Efficient removal of methylene blue using living biomass of the microalga Chlamydomonas moewusii: Kinetics and equilibrium studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), 2653. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052653
Sheng, P.X., Ting, Y.-P., Chen, J.P., & Hong, L. (2004). Sorption of lead, copper, cadmium, zinc, and nickel by marine algal biomass: characterization of biosorptive capacity and investigation of mechanisms. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 275(1), 131-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.01.036
Shih, M.C. (2012). Kinetics of the batch adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solutions onto rice husk: effect of acid-modified process and dye concentration. Desalination and Water Treatment, 37(1-3), 200-214. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2012.1133
Srinivasan, A., & Viraraghavan, T. (2010). Decolorization of dye wastewaters by biosorbents: a review. Journal of Environmental Management, 91(10), 1915 1929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.05.003
Şahin, M., Arslan, Y., Tomul, F., Akgül, F., & Akgül, R. (2024). Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles from Codium macroalgae for wastewater pollutants removal by adsorption. CLEAN–Soil, Air, Water, 52(5), 2300187. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.202300187
Şen, N.E., & Şenol, Z.M. (2023). Effective removal of Allura red food dye from water using cross-linked chitosan-diatomite composite beads. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 253, 126632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126632
Şenol, Z.M., El Messaoudi, N., Ciğeroglu, Z., Miyah, Y., Arslanoğlu, H., Baglam, N., Kazan-Kaya, E.S., Kaur, P., & Georgin, J. (2024). Removal of food dyes using biological materials via adsorption: A review. Food Chemistry, 139398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139398
Tabaraki, R., & Sadeghinejad, N. (2017). Biosorption of six basic and acidic dyes on brown alga Sargassum ilicifolium: Optimization, kinetic and isotherm studies. Water Science and Technology, 75(11), 2631-2638. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.136
Tsoutsa, E.K., Tolkou, A.K., Kyzas, G.Z., & Katsoyiannis, I.A. (2024). An update on agricultural wastes used as natural adsorbents or coagulants in single or combined systems for the removal of dyes from wastewater. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 235(3), 178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-06979-9
Türe, H. (2023). Adsorption of methylene blue dye onto alginate-bioglass membranes: response surface method, isotherm, and kinetic studies. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(3), 538-552. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1245309
Ucuncu, E., Şirin, P.A., & Hasan, T. (2022). Prediction models of dye adsorption by Treptacantha barbata. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 39(4), 300 310. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.39.4.05
Vieira, R.H., & Volesky, B. (2000). Biosorption: a solution to pollution? International Microbiology, 3(1), 17-24.
Zhou, M., Chen, J., Yu, S., Chen, B., Chen, C., Shen, L., & Lin, H. (2023). The coupling of persulfate activation and membrane separation for the effective pollutant degradation and membrane fouling alleviation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 451, 139009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.139009
Zhu, H., Chen, T., Liu, J., & Li, D. (2018). Adsorption of tetracycline antibiotics from an aqueous solution onto graphene oxide/calcium alginate composite fibers. RSC Advances, 8(5), 2616-2621. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra11964j

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Atık Yönetimi, Azaltma, Yeniden Kullanım ve Geri Dönüşüm , Sucul Kültür ve Balıkçılık (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Hasan Türe ^*
0000-0003-4883-0751
Türkiye

Pınar Akdoğan Şirin
0000-0001-8518-0044
Türkiye

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

14 Haziran 2025

Yayımlanma Tarihi

15 Haziran 2025

Gönderilme Tarihi

20 Ocak 2025

Kabul Tarihi

24 Mart 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2025 Cilt: 42 Sayı: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.42.2.04

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA93NT56MW

Kaynak Göster

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Türe, H., & Akdoğan Şirin, P. (2025). Methylene blue dye removal utilizing biomass of the macroalgae (Padina sp.): Adsorption, kinetic studies and mechanism. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 42(2), 122-130. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.42.2.04