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Depth-gradient biometrics of the invasive seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia spreading northward along the Turkish Aegean coast

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 2, 158 - 172, 15.06.2025

Erhan Mutlu , Barış Akçalı , Yaşar Özvarol , Zeynep Zabun , Zeynep Narlı , Berivan Elif Aslan

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.42.2.08

Öz

The presence of the invasive green alga Caulerpa taxifolia has been documented in the Turkish Aegean Sea, prompting a comprehensive investigation into its depth biometry and ecological interactions. This study sought to assess the distribution, density, and morphological characteristics of C. taxifolia at four distinct depths (10, 15, 20, and 30 m) in Dikili Bay, İzmir, during the summer of 2024. A total of 321 sampling stations were surveyed, and C. taxifolia specimens were identified at four locations. Sampling was performed by SCUBA divers using a 0.4 x 0.4 m quadrat. Biometric measurements included shoot density, stolon length, frond length, and number of pinnae per frond. Environmental parameters such as temperature, salinity, pH, and light intensity were simultaneously recorded to evaluate their influence on algal growth. The internodal distance (frond) on stolon exhibited a range from 18.4 mm at the 15-m depth to 38.4 mm at the 30-m depth. The maximum shoot density (1397 shoots/m2) was recorded at the deepest sampling depth. The minimum density of 343 shoots/m2 was observed at 15 m. The number of fronds (shoots) per stolon showed a gradual decrease with depth up to 20 m. The length of the stolons ranged from 178 mm to 355 mm, with the shortest stolon occurring in the shallowest water, followed by a gradual increase with increasing bottom depth. Frond length exhibited a range from 49.9 mm at 10 m to 87 mm at 20 m, followed by 71 mm at 30 m. Frond width remained within a narrow range of 0.855 cm to 1.1139 cm across the bottom depth. The widest frond was observed at 30 m, while the narrowest frond was recorded at 10 m. A total of 35% of the specimens examined at 10 m were found to be budded, 12% at 15 m, and 7% at 20 m, and 20% at 30 m. The number of branchlets ranged from 6-18 to 156-210, with an average of 76 to 94 and 10-12 per 1 cm frond length.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Caulerpa taxifolia invasive species biometric depth distribution Turkish Aegean Sea

Etik Beyan

The authors declare that all applicable guidelines for sampling, care, and experimental use of animals in the study have been followed.

Destekleyen Kurum

Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK), project number 124Y031.

Proje Numarası

124Y031

Teşekkür

The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) for providing financial support through project number 124Y031. The authors also wish to acknowledge the dedicated efforts and support provided by the crew of the R/V Akdeniz Su during this project.

Kaynakça

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Türkiye Ege kıyılarında kuzeye doğru yayılan istilacı deniz yosunu Caulerpa taxifolia'nın derinlik-meyilli biyometrisi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 2, 158 - 172, 15.06.2025

Erhan Mutlu , Barış Akçalı , Yaşar Özvarol , Zeynep Zabun , Zeynep Narlı , Berivan Elif Aslan

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.42.2.08

Öz

İstilacı yeşil alg Caulerpa taxifolia'nın varlığı Türkiye Ege Denizi'nde belgelenmiş olup, bu durum derinlik biyometrisi ve ekolojik etkileşimleri hakkında kapsamlı bir araştırma yapılmasını sağlamıştır. Bu çalışma, 2024 yazında İzmir, Dikili Körfezi'nde dört farklı derinlikte (10, 15, 20 ve 30 m) C. taxifolia'nın dağılımını, yoğunluğunu ve morfolojik özelliklerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Toplam 321 örnekleme istasyonu araştırılmış ve C. taxifolia örnekleri dört lokasyonda tanımlanmıştır. Örnekleme, 0,4 x 0,4 m'lik bir kuadrat kullanılarak SCUBA dalgıçları tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir. Biyometrik ölçümler sürgün yoğunluğu, stolon uzunluğu, yaprak uzunluğu ve yaprak başına pinna sayısını içermiştir. Sıcaklık, tuzluluk, pH ve ışık yoğunluğu gibi çevresel parametreler, alg büyümesi üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmek için eş zamanlı olarak kaydedilmiştir. Stolon üzerindeki sürgün arası mesafe (frond) 15 m derinlikte 18,4 mm'den 30 m derinlikte 38,4 mm'ye kadar bir aralık gösterdi. Maksimum sürgün yoğunluğu (1397 sürgün/m2) en derin örnekleme derinliğinde kaydedildi. Minimum yoğunluk 343 sürgün/m2 olarak 15 m'de gözlendi. Stolon başına düşen frond (sürgün) sayısı, 20 m'ye kadar derinlikle kademeli bir azalma gösterdi. Stolonların uzunluğu 178 mm ile 355 mm arasında değişti; en kısa stolon en sığ suda meydana geldi, ardından artan dip derinliğiyle kademeli bir artış izledi. Frond uzunluğu 10 m'de 49,9 mm'den 20 m'de 87 mm'ye kadar bir aralık gösterdi, ardından 30 m'de 71 mm oldu. Frond genişliği dip derinliği boyunca 0,855 cm ile 1,1139 cm arasında dar bir aralıkta kalmıştır. En geniş frond 30 m'de gözlenirken, en dar frond 10 m'de kaydedilmiştir. 10 m'de incelenen örneklerin toplam %35'inin tomurcuklu, %12'sinin 15 m'de, %7'sinin 20 m'de ve %20'sinin 30 m'de olduğu bulunmuştur. Pinna sayısı 6-18 ile 156-210 arasında değişmiş olup, ortalama 76 ila 94 ve 1 cm'lik frond uzunluğu başına 10-12 pinna bulunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Caulerpa taxifolia istilacı türler biyometrik derinlik dağılımı Türk Ege Denizi

Proje Numarası

124Y031

Kaynakça

  • Aplikioti, M., Louizidou, P., Mystikou, A., Marcou, M., Stavrou, P., Kalogirou, S., Tsiamis, K., Panayotidis, P., & Kupper, F.C. (2016). Further expansion of the alien seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia var. distichophylla (Sonder) Verlaque, Huisman & Procacini (Ulvophyceae, Bryopsidales) in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Aquatic Invasion, 11(1), 11-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/ai.2016.11.1.02
  • Balata, D., Piazzi, L., & Cinelli, F. (2004). A comparison among assemblages in areas invaded by Caulerpa taxifolia and C. racemosa on a subtidal Mediterranean rocky bottom. P.S.Z.N. Marine Ecology, 25(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2004.00013.x
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  • Gacia, E., Rodriguez-Prieto, C., Delgado, O., & Ballesteros, E. (1996). Seasonal light and temperature responses of Caulerpa taxifolia from the northwestern Mediterranean. Aquatic Botany, 53, 215-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(95)01001-7
  • Galanidi, M., Aissi, M., Ali, M., Bakalem, A., Bariche, M., Bartolo, A.G., Bazairi, H., Beqiraj, S., Bilecenoglu, M., & Bitar, G., et al. (2023). Validated Inventories of Non-Indigenous Species (NIS) for the Mediterranean Sea as Tools for Regional Policy and Patterns of NIS Spread. Diversity, 15, 962. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15090962
  • Gianguzza, P., Andaloro, F., & Riggio, F. (2007). Feeding strategy of the sacoglossan opisthobranch Oxynoe olivacea on the tropical green alga Caulerpa taxifolia. Hydrobiologia, 580, 255 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6156-1_23
  • Gillespie, R.D. Critchley A.T., & Meinesz, A.T. (1997). Growth responses of Caulerpa taxifolia (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) from the South African aquarist trade. A potential invasive of South African coastal waters. South African Journal of Botany 63(6), 480-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30802-4
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  • Jongma, D.N., Campo, D., Dattolo, E., D’Esposito, D., Duchi, A., Grewe, P., Huisman, J., Verlaque, M., Yokes, M.B., & Procaccini, G. (2013). Identity and origin of a slender Caulerpa taxifolia strain introduced into the Mediterranean Sea. Botanica Marina, 56(1), 27-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2012-0175
  • Komatsu, T., Meinesz, A., & Buckles, D. (1997). Temperature and light responses of alga Caulerpa taxifolia introduced into the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 146, 145–153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps146145
  • Lemée, R., Pesando, D., Durand-Clement, M., Dubreuil, A., Meinesz, A., Guerriero, A., & Pietra, F. (1993). Preliminary survey of the toxicity of the green alga Caulerpa taxifolia introduced into the Mediterranean. Journal of Applied Phycology, 5, 485-493. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02182507
  • Lemée, R., Boudouresque, C.F., Gobert, J., Malestroit, P., Mari, X., Meinesz, A., Menager, V., & Ruitton, S. (1996). Feeding behaviour of Paracentrotus lividus in presence of Caulerpa taxifolia introduced in the Mediterranean. Oceanologica Acta, 19(3-4), 245-253.
  • Ljiljana, I., Andrej, J., & Massimo, D. (2006). Vegetation patterns and spontaneous regression of Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh in Malinska (Northern Adriatic, Croatia). Aquatic Botany, 85, 324–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2006.06.009
  • McKinnon, J.G., Gribben, P.E., Davis, A.R., Jolley, D.F., & Wright, J.T. (2009). Differences in soft-sediment macrobenthic assemblages invaded by Caulerpa taxifolia compared to uninvaded habitats. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 380, 59-71. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07926
  • Meinesz, A., Belsher, T., Thibaut, T., Antolic, B., Ben Mustapha, K., Boudouresque, C.F., Chiaverini, D., Cinelli, F., Cottotalorda, J.M., Djellouli, A., El Abed, A., Orestano, C., Grau, A.M., Ivesa, L., Jaklin, A., Langar, H., Massuti-Pascu, Al., Peirano, A., Tunesi, L., Vaugelas, J., De Zavodnik, N., & Zuljevic, A. (2001). The introduced green alga Caulerpa taxifolia continues to spread in the Mediterranean. Biological Invasions, 3, 201-210. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014549500678
  • Meinesz, A., Benichou, L., Blachier, J., Komatsu, T., Lemee, R., Molenaar, H., & Mari, X. (1995). Variations in the structure, morphology and biomass of Caulerpa taxifolia in the Mediterranean Sea. Botanica Marina, 38, 499–508. https://doi.org/10.1515/botm.1995.38.1-6.499
  • Meinesz, A., & Boudouresque, C.-F. (1996). Sur l'origine de Caulerpa taxifolia en Méditerranée. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, Sciences de la Vie, 319, 603-613.
  • Meinesz, A., Cottalorda, J.M., Chiaverini, D., Braun, M., Carvalho, N., Febvre, M., Ierardi, S., Manjialajo, L., Passeron-Seitre, G., Thibaut, T., & Vaugelas, J. de. (1997). Synthèse cartographique de l'invasion de Caulerpa taxifolia au 31 décembre 1996. Laboratoire Environnement Marin Littoral, Universit´e de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 191 pp.
  • Meinesz, A., & Hesse, B. (1991). Introduction et invasion de l'algue tropicale Caulerpa taxifolia en Mediterrane Nord-occidentale. Oceanologica Acta, 14, 415-426.
  • Meinesz, A., Jean, De V., Hesse, B., & Mari, X. (1993). Spreading of the introduced tropical alga Caulerpa taxifolia in northern Mediterranean waters. Journal of Applied Phycology, 5, 141 147. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00004009
  • Molenaar, H., Meinesz, A., & Thibaut, T. (2006). Competition between native Posidonia oceanica and invasive Caulerpa taxifolia. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 13(4), 68-71.
  • Molenaar, H., Meinesz, A., & Thibaut, T. (2009). Alterations of the structure of Posidonia oceanica beds due to the introduced alga Caulerpa taxifolia. Scienta Marina, 73(2), 329 335. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2009.73n2329
  • Montefalcone, M., Morri, C., Parravicini, V., & Bianchi, C.N. (2015). A tale of two invaders: divergent spreading kinetics of the alien green algae Caulerpa taxifolia and Caulerpa cylindracea. Biological Invasions, 17, 2717-2728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-015-0908-1
  • Mutlu, E., Akçalı, B., Özvarol, Y., Narlı, Z., Aslan, B.E., & Zabun, Z. (2025a). Recent plant traits of Caulerpa taxifolia var. distichophylla in the Turkish Aegean Sea. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 40(2), 63-73. https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20241574165
  • Mutlu, E., Özvarol, Y., Akçalı, B., Aslan, B.E., Narlı, Z., & Zabun, Z. (2025b). Comprehensive biometric study on the invasive seaweed, Caulerpa mexicana, in the Aegean Sea. ÇOMU Journal of Marine Sciences and Fisheries (in press).
  • Mutlu, E., Olguner, C., Gökoğlu, M., & Özvarol, Y. (2022). Population dynamics and ecology of Caulerpa prolifera vs Caulerpa taxifolia var. distichophylla within a Levantine Gulf. Thalassas: International Journal of Marine Science, 38:1311–1325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41208-022-00477-7
  • Paul, V.J., & Fenical, W. (1987). Natural products chemistry and chemical defense in tropical marine algae of the phylum Chlorophyta. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 1, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72726-9_1
  • Pergent, G., Boudouresque, C.-F., Dumay, O., Pergent-Martini, C., & Wyllie-Echeverria, S. (2008). Competition between the invasive macrophyte Caulerpa taxifolia and the seagrass Posidonia oceanica: contrasting strategies. BMC Ecology, 8, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6785-8-20
  • Piazzi, L., Balata, D., Cecchi, E., & Cinelli, F. (2003). Co-occurrence of Caulerpa taxifolia and C. racemosa in the Mediterranean Sea: interspecific interactions and influence on native macroalgal assemblages. Cryptogamie, Algologie, 24(3), 233-243.
  • Relini, G., Relini, M., & Torchia, G. (2000). The role of fishing gear in the spreading of allochthonous species:the case of Caulerpa taxifolia in the Ligurian Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57, 1421–1427. 2000. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0913
  • Schemske, D.W., Husband, B.C., Ruckelshaus, M.H., Goodwillie, C., Parker, I.M., & Bishop, J.G. (1994). Evaluating approaches to the conservation of rare and endangered plants. Ecology, 75, 584–606. https://doi.org/10.2307/1941718
  • Siguan, M., & Ribera, A. (2002). Review of nonnative marine plants in the Mediterranean Sea. In: E Leppakoski et al. (eds. ), Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe, Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp.291–310.
  • Stam, W.T., Olsen, J.L., Zaleski, S.F., Murray, S.N., Brown, K.R., & Walters, J. (2006). A forensic and phylogenetic survey of Caulerpa species (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta) from the Florida coast, local aquarium shops, and e-commerce: Establishing a proactive baseline for early detection. Journal of Phycology, 2, 1113-1124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00271.x
  • Taşkın, E., Evcen, A., & Bilgiç, F. (2023). Further expansion of the alien marine green macroalga Caulerpa taxifolia var. distichophylla (Sonder) Verlaque, Huisman & Procacini in Türkiye. Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 29(1), 121-126.
  • Thibaut, T., Meinesz, A., Amade, P., Charrier, S., De Angelis, K., Ierardi, S., Mangialajo, L., Melnick, J., & Vidal, V. (2001). Elysia subornata (Mollusca) a Potential Control Agent of the Alga Caulerpa taxifolia (Chlorophyta) in the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Marine Biological Association in United Kingdom, 81(3), 497–504. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315401004143
  • Thibaut, T., Meinesz, A., & Coquillard, P. (2004). Biomass seasonality of Caulerpa taxifolia in the Mediterranean Sea. Aquatic Botany, 80, 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2004.07.009
  • Turan, G., Tekogul, H., Cirik, S., & Meinesz, A. (2011). First record of the invasive green seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia (Bryopsidales) on the coast of Turkey. Cryptogamie Algologie, 32(4), 379 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.7872/crya.v32.iss4.2011.379
  • Uchimura, M., Rival, A., Nato, A., Sandeaux, R., Sandeaux, J., & Baccou, J.C. (2000). Potential use of Cu2+, K+ and Na+ for the destruction of Caulerpa taxifolia: differential effects on photosynthetic parameters. Journal of Applied Phycology, 12, 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008108531280
  • Verlaque, M., & Fritayre, P. (1994). Mediterranean algal communities are changing in face of the invasive alga Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh. Oceanologica Acta, 17, 659–672.
  • Verlaque, M., Ruitton, S., Mineur, F., & Boudouresque, C.F. (2015). CIESM Atlas of exotic in the Mediterranean. Vol.4 Macrophytes [F.Briand ed.]. 364 pages. CIESM Publishers, Monaco.
  • Villele, X de., & Verlaque, M. (1995). Changes and degradation in a Posidonia oceanica Bed Invaded by the Introduced Tropical Alga Caulerpa taxifolia in the North Western Mediterranean. Botanica Marina, 38, 79-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/botm.1995.38.1-6.79
  • West, E.J., Barnes, P.B., Wright, J.T., & Davis, A.R. (2007). Anchors aweigh: Fragment generation of invasive Caulerpa taxifolia by boat anchors and its resistance to desiccation. Aquatic Botany, 87, 196–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.06.005
  • Wright, J.T. (2005). Differences between native and invasive Caulerpa taxifolia: a link between asexual fragmentation and abundance in invasive populations. Marine Biology, 147(559), 569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-1561-5
  • Zenetos, A., & Galanidi, M. (2020). Mediterranean non indigenous species at the start of the 2020s: recent changes. Marine Biodiversity Record, 13, 10. https:/doi.org/10.1186/s41200-020-00191-4
  • Zubia, M., Stefano, G.A., Draisma, K.L.M., Varela-Álvarez, E., & Clerck, O.De. (2020). Concise review of the genus Caulerpa J.V. Lamouroux. Journal of Applied Phycology, 32, 23–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-01868-9
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hidrobiyoloji, Sucul Kültür ve Balıkçılık (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Erhan Mutlu 0000-0002-6825-3587

Barış Akçalı 0000-0002-7341-0196

Yaşar Özvarol 0000-0002-8308-1189

Zeynep Zabun 0009-0008-2786-4729

Zeynep Narlı 0009-0009-1764-8587

Berivan Elif Aslan 0000-0002-6248-8553

Proje Numarası 124Y031
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 14 Haziran 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 2 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 42 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Mutlu, E., Akçalı, B., Özvarol, Y., … Zabun, Z. (2025). Depth-gradient biometrics of the invasive seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia spreading northward along the Turkish Aegean coast. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 42(2), 158-172. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.42.2.08
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