Abstract
İnsanoğlu uzun zamandır ekosistem hizmetlerinden faydalanmaktadır. Kültürel Ekosistem Hizmeti olan rekreasyonel dalış, dünya çapında milyonlarca insanı cezbetmektedir. Dalıcılar biyoçeşitliliği korumada güçlü bir motivasyona sahip olduklarından, ekosistem değerlendirme çalışmalarının bir parçası olmuşlardır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye kıyılarında aktif olarak dalış yapan kişilerin denizel çevre bilinçlerini araştırmak için çevrimiçi bir anket çalışması yürütülmüştür. Dalıcılardan toplanan yanıtlar, demografik yapıları ve dalış tecrübelerine göre değerlendirilmiştir. Anket 111 kişi ile yürütülmüştür, katılımcıların %32’si kadın dalıcılardan oluşmaktadır. Dalıcıların bröveleri 1 yıldız (1*) dalıcıdan 3 yıldız (3*) eğitmen dalıcıya kadar çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Ankette, ülkemiz sularındaki dalış alanlarında sıklıkla karşılaşılan ve/veya ekolojik öneme sahip olan 13 balık türünün fotoğrafı gösterilmiş ve dalıcılardan bu türleri Türkçe isimleri ile tanımlamaları istenmiştir. Dalıcıların cinsiyetlerine, yaşlarına ve eğitim seviyelerine göre tür tanımlamada önemli bir farkın olmadığı belirlenmiştir (p>0.01). Ancak Coris julis, Epinephelus marginatus and Chromis chromis türlerini tanımlama ve dalış brövesi arasında önemli bir ilişki vardır (p<0.01). Katılımcılara, ülkemiz sularında 13 balık türü içinden hangisinin avcılığının tamamen yasak olduğu sorulmuştur. Dalıcıların yarısından fazlası (%61) Türkiye sularında orfoz balığının avcılığının yasak olduğunu bilmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, dalıcılara “Denizel yaşamı daha iyi tanımak için hangi araçları kullanıyorsunuz?” sorusu sorulmuştur. Dalıcıların %35’i belgesel izleyerek ve %33’ü bazı sosyal medya hesaplarını takip ederek cevabını vermiştir. Denizlerimizin korunması, planlanması ve yönetimi açısından dalgıçların deniz canlıları hakkında doğru bilgilere ulaşmaları ve bunu uygun araçlarla topluma yaymaları büyük önem taşımaktadır.
Keywords
Rekreasyonel dalış aletli dalış kültürel ekosistem hizmeti çevre bilinci farkındalık Türkiye
References
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- Mallick, R. & Bajpai, S.P. (2019). Impact of Social Media on Environmental Awareness. In S. Narula, S. Rai, & A. Sharma (Eds.). Environmental Awareness and the Role of Social Media (pp. 140-149). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5291-8.ch007
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- Oliveira, M., Erzini, K., Bentes, L., & Santos, M.N. (2018). Can the diving industry promote marine conservation and enhance environmental awareness? (Sal Island, Cape Verde Case). The Open Fish Science Journal, 11, 52-72. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874401X01811010052
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- Rees, S.E., Mangi, S.C., Hattam, C., Gall, S.C., Rodwell, L.D., Peckett, F.J., & Attrill, M.J. (2015). The socio-economic effects of a marine protected area on the ecosystem service of leisure and recreation. Marine Policy, 62, 144-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.09.011
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Abstract
Human beings have been benefiting from ecosystem services for a long time. Recreational diving, as a Cultural Ecosystem Service, engages millions of divers worldwide. Because divers have a strong motivation to support biodiversity conservation, they have been involving in ecosystem assessment studies. In this study, an online survey was conducted to investigate on the marine environment awareness of people who actively dive on the coast of Türkiye. The collected responses of the divers were evaluated according to the participants' demographic characteristics and diving experiences. The questionnaire was conducted with 111 people, 32% of them were female divers. Divers' certificates vary from 1 star (1*) diver to 3 star (3*) instructor diver. On the questionnaire, we presented photographs of 13 fish species that are frequently encountered at diving areas and/or have ecological importance in our country's waters were asked to identify the species with their Turkish names. It was determined that there was no significant difference between genders, ages and the levels of education in species identification (p>0.01). However, there was a significant relationship between the identification of Coris julis, Epinephelus marginatus and Chromis chromis and the level of diving (p<0.01). Participants were asked which of the 13 fish species given in the survey is completely prohibited to catch in our country's waters. More than half (61%) of divers know that fishing for dusky grouper is prohibited in the coasts of Türkiye. Within the scope of this study, divers were asked "What tools do you use to get to know marine life better?". Thirty-five percent of the divers responded by watching documentaries and 33% by following some social media accounts. It is very important for divers to obtain accurate information about marine life and disseminate it to society with appropriate tools for the protection, planning and management of our seas.
Keywords
Recreational diving SCUBA cultural ecosystem service environmental consciousness awareness Türkiye
Ethical Statement
The ethical approval of this study was received from the Board of Scientific Research and Publishing Ethics of İzmir Katip Çelebi University.
Supporting Institution
This study did not receive any financial support.
Thanks
We thank all the recreational divers who made significant contributions to the existence of this study. We also thank to the reviewers who improved the article with their detailed revisions.
References
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- Camp, E., & Fraser, D. (2012). Influence of conservation education dive briefings as a management tool on the timing and nature of recreational SCUBA diving impacts on coral reefs. Ocean & Coastal Management, 61, 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.02.002
- Costanza, R., d'Arge, R., De Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O’Neill, R.V., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R.G., Sutton, P., & van den Belt, M. (1997). The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387, 253 260. https://doi.org/10.1038/387253a0
- De Brauwer, M., Harvey, E.S., McIlwain, J.L., Hobbs, J.P.A., Jompa, J., & Burton, M. (2017). The economic contribution of the muck dive industry to tourism in Southeast Asia. Marine Policy, 83, 92-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.05.033
- Denoble, P. (2016, January 14). Participation in recreational scuba diving’, divers alert network. https://dan.org/safety-prevention/diver-safety/divers-blog/participation-in-recreational-scuba-diving/
- Ditton, R.B., Osburn, H.R., Baker, T.L., & Thailing, C.E. (2002). Demographics, attitudes, and reef management preferences of sport divers in offshore Texas waters. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Journal of Marine Science, 59(suppl), 186 191. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2002.1188
- Edney, J. (2012). Diver characteristics, motivations, and attitudes: Chuuk Lagoon. Tourism in Marine Environments, 8(1-2), 7-18. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427312x13262430523983
- Edney, J., & Spennemann, D.H. (2014). Can artificial reefs reduce impacts on historic shipwrecks? Perceptions and motivations held by wreck divers. Bulletin of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeolog, 38, 93-110.
- Edney, J., & Spennemann, D.H. (2015). Can artificial reefs reduce diver impacts on shipwrecks? The management dimension. Journal of Maritime Archaeology, 10, 141-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11457-015-9140-5
- Failler, P., Pètre, É., Binet, T., & Maréchal, J.P. (2015). Valuation of marine and coastal ecosystem services as a tool for conservation: The case of Martinique in the Caribbean. Ecosystem Services, 11, 67-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.10.011
- Fletcher, S., & Potts, J. (2007). Ocean citizenship: An emergent geographical concept. Coastal Management 35: 511 524. https://doi.org/10.1080/08920750701525818
- Gee, K., Kannen, A., Adlam, R., Brooks, C., Chapman, M., Cormier, R., Fisher, C., Fletcher, S., Gubbins, M., Shucksmith, R., & Shellock, R. (2017). Identifying culturally significant areas for marine spatial planning. Ocean & Coastal Management, 136, 139 147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.11.026
- Giglio, V.J., Luiz, O.J., Chadwick, N.E., & Ferreira, C.E. (2018). Using an educational video-briefing to mitigate the ecological impacts of scuba diving. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(5), 782-797. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1408636
- Ha, N.T., Cong, L., & Wall, G. (2020). China’s scuba divers’ marine-based environmental behaviors. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(4), 616-638. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1820016
- Hammerton, Z. (2017). Low-impact diver training in management of SCUBA diver impacts. Journal of Ecotourism, 16(1), 69-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2016.1194849
- Hammerton, Z., Dimmock, K., Hahn, C., Dalton, S.J., & Smith, S.D. (2012). Scuba diving and marine conservation: Collaboration at two Australian subtropical destinations. Tourism in Marine Environments, 8(1-2), 77-90. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427312X13262430524180
- Hawkins, J.P., Roberts, C.M., Van'T Hof, T., De Meyer, K., Tratalos, J., & Aldam, C. (1999). Effects of recreational scuba diving on Caribbean coral and fish communities. Conservation Biology, 13(4), 888-897. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97447.x
- Huveneers, C., Meekan, M.G., Apps, K., Ferreira, L.C., Pannell, D., & Vianna, G.M. (2017). The economic value of shark-diving tourism in Australia. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 27, 665-680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-017-9486-x
- Kirkbridge-Smith, A.E., Wheeler, P.M., & Johnson, M.L. (2013). The relationship between diver experience levels and perceptions of attractiveness of artificial reefs-examination of a potential management tool. Plos One, 8(7), e68899. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068899
- Mallick, R. & Bajpai, S.P. (2019). Impact of Social Media on Environmental Awareness. In S. Narula, S. Rai, & A. Sharma (Eds.). Environmental Awareness and the Role of Social Media (pp. 140-149). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5291-8.ch007
- McKinley, E., & Fletcher, S. (2012). Improving marine environmental health through marine citizenship: a call for debate. Marine Policy 36(3), 839-843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2011.11.001
- M.E.A. (2005). A Report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well- Being: Synthesis. Washington DC, Island Press.
- Musa, G., Kadir, S.L.S.A., & Lee, L. (2006). Layang Layang: an empirical study on SCUBA divers' satisfaction. Tourism in Marine Environments, 2(2), 89-102. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427306779436273
- Oliveira, M., Erzini, K., Bentes, L., & Santos, M.N. (2018). Can the diving industry promote marine conservation and enhance environmental awareness? (Sal Island, Cape Verde Case). The Open Fish Science Journal, 11, 52-72. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874401X01811010052
- PADI. (2019). PADI Worldwide Corporate Statistics. 2019 PADI Worldwide Statistics
- Polak, O., & Shashar, N. (2013). Economic value of biological attributes of artificial coral reefs. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Journal of Marine Science, 70(4), 904 912. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst014
- Rees, S.E., Mangi, S.C., Hattam, C., Gall, S.C., Rodwell, L.D., Peckett, F.J., & Attrill, M.J. (2015). The socio-economic effects of a marine protected area on the ecosystem service of leisure and recreation. Marine Policy, 62, 144-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.09.011
- Ruiz-Frau, A., Hinz, H., Edwards-Jones, G., & Kaiser, M.J. (2013). Spatially explicit economic assessment of cultural ecosystem services: Non-extractive recreational uses of the coastal environment related to marine biodiversity. Marine Policy, 38, 90 98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.023
- Schuhbauer, A., Favoretto, F., Wang, T., Aburto‐Oropeza, O., Sala, E., Millage, K., Cabral, R.B., Sumaila, U.R., Lucrezi, S., Hsu, A.J., Tighsazzadeh, M.N., de la Cruz, M.P., & Cisneros‐Montemayor, A.M. (2023). Global economic impact of scuba dive tourism. Preprint, https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2609621/v1
- Shani, A., Polak, O., & Shashar, N. (2012). Artificial reefs and mass marine ecotourism. Tourism Geographies, 14(3), 361-382. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2011.610350
- Stolk, P., Markwell, K., & Jenkins, J. (2005). Perceptions of artificial reefs as scuba diving resources: a study of Australian recreational scuba divers. Annals of Leisure Research, 8, 153–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2005.10600968
- Şensurat-Genç, T., Shashar, N., Özsüer, M., & Özgül, A. (2022). Shipwrecks are not the ultimate attracting features in a natural marine environment–the case of Karaburun, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Management, 315, 115159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115159
- Todd, S.L., Graefe, A., & Mann, W. (2002). Differences in SCUBA diver motivations based on level of development. In S. L. Todd (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2001 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-289. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. 107-114.
- TCMB. (2024). Exchange rates. [Accessed: 22.11.2024,https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/kurlar/kur2024_tr.html] (in Turkish)
- TÜİK. (2023). Income Distribution Statistics. [Accessed: 22.11.2024, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Gelir-Dagilimi-Istatistikleri-2023-53840 ] (in Turkish)
- Webler, T., & Jakubowski, K. (2016). Mitigating damaging behaviors of snorkelers to coral reefs in Puerto Rico through a pre-trip media-based intervention. Biological Conservation, 197, 223-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.012
- Zunino, S., Melaku Canu, D., Marangon, F., & Troiano, S. (2020). Cultural ecosystem services provided by coralligenous assemblages and Posidonia oceanica in the Italian seas. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 823. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00823.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Conservation and Biodiversity, Environmental Management (Other), Fisheries Management |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | March 8, 2025 |
| Submission Date | October 17, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | January 17, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025Volume: 42 Issue: 1 |