Abstract
Due to the essential oils known as having great antimicrobial activities,
they have been heavily used by several industries such as medical, cosmetics,
food and agriculture since long past of human history. The essential oils are
the secondary metabolite of aromatic plants and about 1/10th of
known 3000 essential oils are widely used. They reached to the environment
after used in any product and behave as xenobiotics especially in aquatic
environment. Although, essential oils are natural plant extracts could be
potential candidates for pest control or used any other purposes possible
environmental impact needs to be investigation.
In order to investigate the environmental impact of some essential oils
such as rosemary oil, tea tree oil, wheat germ oil, grape seed oil, thyme oil
and eucalyptus oil, Scenedesmus
subspicatus were selected for testing as one of the primary producer
species since they are the first trophic level of food chain. This test is
approved as OECD 201 Algal Growth Inhibition test. As the result of this
investigation, algal growth inhibition assays of tested oils did not show
severe effects on the population growth of algae. The estimated EC50
values were 15.6, 35.09, 65.03, 100.17,
201.02, 414.47 mg/L for rosemary oil, wheat germ oil, tea tree oil, thyme oil,
eucalyptus oil and grape seed oil respectively.
Keywords
Essential oils Algal Growth Inhibition Assay aquatic toxicity Scenedesmus subspicatus Phytotoxicity Phytotoxicity
References
- Anonymous (2016). Guidelines on the Environmental Assessment of Natural Complex Substances (NCS). EFEO/IFRA. Version 01. 2016
- Anonymous (2017a). http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/ elist/eListRead/the_ environmental_impcct_of_essential_oils/
- Anonymous, (2017b). http://www.esperis.it/uploads/tx_esperisproduct/ oles14.pdf
- Arslan, O. C., & Parlak, H. (2007). Embryotoxic effects of nonylphenol and octylphenol in sea urchin Arbacia lixula. Ecotoxicology,16(6), 439-444. DOI: 10.1007/s10646-007-0147-z
- Arslan, Ö. Ç., Parlak, H., Boyacıoğlu, M., & Karaaslan, M. A. (2015). Acute toxicity of several esential oils on Daphnia magna (Straus, 1816). Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 31(3), 137-143. DOI: 10.12714/egejfas.2014.31.3.04
- Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D., & Idaomar, M. (2008). Biological effects of essential oils–a review. Food and chemical toxicology,46(2), 446-475. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106
- Bernhoft, A. (2010). A brief review on bioactive compounds in plants. Bioactive compounds in plants-benefits and risks for man and animals: 11-17.
- Boyacıoğlu, M., Arslan, Ö. Ç., Parlak, H., & Karaaslan, M. A. (2007). Mutagenicity of nonylphenol and octylphenol using Salmonella Mutation assay. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 24(3-4), 299-302.
- Conti, B., Flamini, G., Cioni, P. L., Ceccarini, L., Macchia, M., & Benelli, G. (2014). Mosquitocidal essential oils: are they safe against non-target aquatic organisms?.Parasitology research,113(1), 251-259. DOI:.1007/s00436-013-3651-5
- Ferreira, R. C. F., & Graça, M. A. S. (2002). A comparative study of the sensitivity of selected aquatic plants to mining effluents. Limnetica, 21(1-2), 129-134.
- Geetha, R. V., & Roy, A. (2014). Essential Oil Repellents-A short Review.International Journal of Drug Development and Research,6(2), 20 - 27.
- Gunduz, G., Parlak, H., Arslan, Ö. Ç., Boyacioglu, M., & Karaaslan, M. A. (2013). Embryotoxic effects of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Compounds in sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 22(1A), 171-177.
- Govindarajan, M., & Benelli, G. (2016). α-Humulene and β-elemene from Syzygium zeylanicum (Myrtaceae) essential oil: highly effective and eco-friendly larvicides against Anopheles subpictus, Aedes albopictus, and Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae).Parasitology research,115(7), 2771-2778. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5025-2
- Hammer, K. A., Carson, C. F., Riley, T. V., & Nielsen, J. B. (2006). A review of the toxicity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil.Food and chemical toxicology,44(5), 616-625. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.09.001
- Laborda, R., Manzano, I., Gamón, M., Gavidia, I., Pérez-Bermúdez, P., & Boluda, R. (2013). Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis essential oils on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae).Industrial Crops and Products,48, 106-110. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.04.011
- McCage, C. M., Ward, S. M., Paling, C. A., Fisher, D. A., Flynn, P. J., & McLaughlin, J. L. (2002). Development of a paw paw herbal shampoo for the removal of head lice. Phytomedicine, 9(8), 743-748. DOI: 10.1078/094471102321621377
- Minaiyan, M., Ghannadi, A. R., Afsharipour, M., & Mahzouni, P. (2011). Effects of extract and essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L. on TNBS-induced colitis in rats. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(1), 13-21.
- OECD (2011), Test No. 201: Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria, Growth Inhibition Test, OECD Publishing, Paris. DOI: 10.1787/9789264069923-en
- Parlak, H., Arslan, O. C., Boyacioglu, M., & Karaaslan, M. A. (2009). Ekotoksikoloji. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Yayınları, (79), 9-14.
- Pavela, R. (2015). Essential oils for the development of eco-friendly mosquito larvicides: a review. Industrial Crops and Products, 76: 174-187. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.06.050
- Rodrigues, K. A. D. F., Dias, C. N., do Amaral, F. M. M., Moraes, D. F., Mouchrek Filho, V. E., Andrade, E. H. A., & Maia, J. G. S. (2013).
- Molluscicidal and larvicidal activities and essential oil composition of Cymbopogon winterianus. Pharmaceutical biology, 51(10), 1293-1297. DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.789536
Abstract
Güçlü antimikrobiyal etkisi bilinen uçucu
yağlar; tıp, kozmetik, gıda ve tarım gibi bir çok alanda uzun yıllardan beri
yoğun bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Aromatik bitkilerin ikincil metabolitleri
olan uçucu yağların 3000 çeşidinden 1/10’ u yaygın kullanıma sahiptir.
İçeriğinde bulunan maddelerin kullanımı ile çevreye salınmakta ve özellikle
sucul ortamlarda ksenobiyotik gibi davranmaktadır. Uçucu yağlar bitkilerden
elde edilen doğal maddeler olarak zararlı mücadelesinde kullanılsalar da olası
çevresel etkilerinin araştırılması gerekmektedir. Uçucu yağlardan; biberiye
yağı, çay ağacı yağı, buğday yağı, üzüm çekirdeği yağı, kekik yağı ve okaliptus
yağının çevresel etkilerinin belirlenmesi için besin zincirinin ilk
basamağındaki üreticilerden olan Scenedesmus subspicatus kullanılarak
OECD 201 Algal Büyüme İnhibisyon testi olarak bilinen testler uygulanmıştır.
Denemelerin sonunda test edilen uçucu yağların alg popülasyonunun büyümesi
üzerinde ağır olumsuz etkilerinin olmadığı görülmüştür. Biberiye yağı, Çay ağacı
yağı, buğday yağı, üzüm çekirdeği yağı, kekik yağı ve okaliptus yağının EC50
değerleri sırasıyla; 15,6, 35,09, 65,03, 100,17, 201,02, 414,47 mg/L olarak hesaplanmıştır.
Keywords
Uçucu yağlar Algal Büyüme İnhibisyon Testi Scenedesmus subspicatus sucul toksisite fitotoksisite
References
- Anonymous (2016). Guidelines on the Environmental Assessment of Natural Complex Substances (NCS). EFEO/IFRA. Version 01. 2016
- Anonymous (2017a). http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/ elist/eListRead/the_ environmental_impcct_of_essential_oils/
- Anonymous, (2017b). http://www.esperis.it/uploads/tx_esperisproduct/ oles14.pdf
- Arslan, O. C., & Parlak, H. (2007). Embryotoxic effects of nonylphenol and octylphenol in sea urchin Arbacia lixula. Ecotoxicology,16(6), 439-444. DOI: 10.1007/s10646-007-0147-z
- Arslan, Ö. Ç., Parlak, H., Boyacıoğlu, M., & Karaaslan, M. A. (2015). Acute toxicity of several esential oils on Daphnia magna (Straus, 1816). Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 31(3), 137-143. DOI: 10.12714/egejfas.2014.31.3.04
- Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D., & Idaomar, M. (2008). Biological effects of essential oils–a review. Food and chemical toxicology,46(2), 446-475. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106
- Bernhoft, A. (2010). A brief review on bioactive compounds in plants. Bioactive compounds in plants-benefits and risks for man and animals: 11-17.
- Boyacıoğlu, M., Arslan, Ö. Ç., Parlak, H., & Karaaslan, M. A. (2007). Mutagenicity of nonylphenol and octylphenol using Salmonella Mutation assay. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 24(3-4), 299-302.
- Conti, B., Flamini, G., Cioni, P. L., Ceccarini, L., Macchia, M., & Benelli, G. (2014). Mosquitocidal essential oils: are they safe against non-target aquatic organisms?.Parasitology research,113(1), 251-259. DOI:.1007/s00436-013-3651-5
- Ferreira, R. C. F., & Graça, M. A. S. (2002). A comparative study of the sensitivity of selected aquatic plants to mining effluents. Limnetica, 21(1-2), 129-134.
- Geetha, R. V., & Roy, A. (2014). Essential Oil Repellents-A short Review.International Journal of Drug Development and Research,6(2), 20 - 27.
- Gunduz, G., Parlak, H., Arslan, Ö. Ç., Boyacioglu, M., & Karaaslan, M. A. (2013). Embryotoxic effects of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Compounds in sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 22(1A), 171-177.
- Govindarajan, M., & Benelli, G. (2016). α-Humulene and β-elemene from Syzygium zeylanicum (Myrtaceae) essential oil: highly effective and eco-friendly larvicides against Anopheles subpictus, Aedes albopictus, and Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae).Parasitology research,115(7), 2771-2778. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5025-2
- Hammer, K. A., Carson, C. F., Riley, T. V., & Nielsen, J. B. (2006). A review of the toxicity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil.Food and chemical toxicology,44(5), 616-625. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.09.001
- Laborda, R., Manzano, I., Gamón, M., Gavidia, I., Pérez-Bermúdez, P., & Boluda, R. (2013). Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis essential oils on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae).Industrial Crops and Products,48, 106-110. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.04.011
- McCage, C. M., Ward, S. M., Paling, C. A., Fisher, D. A., Flynn, P. J., & McLaughlin, J. L. (2002). Development of a paw paw herbal shampoo for the removal of head lice. Phytomedicine, 9(8), 743-748. DOI: 10.1078/094471102321621377
- Minaiyan, M., Ghannadi, A. R., Afsharipour, M., & Mahzouni, P. (2011). Effects of extract and essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L. on TNBS-induced colitis in rats. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(1), 13-21.
- OECD (2011), Test No. 201: Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria, Growth Inhibition Test, OECD Publishing, Paris. DOI: 10.1787/9789264069923-en
- Parlak, H., Arslan, O. C., Boyacioglu, M., & Karaaslan, M. A. (2009). Ekotoksikoloji. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Yayınları, (79), 9-14.
- Pavela, R. (2015). Essential oils for the development of eco-friendly mosquito larvicides: a review. Industrial Crops and Products, 76: 174-187. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.06.050
- Rodrigues, K. A. D. F., Dias, C. N., do Amaral, F. M. M., Moraes, D. F., Mouchrek Filho, V. E., Andrade, E. H. A., & Maia, J. G. S. (2013).
- Molluscicidal and larvicidal activities and essential oil composition of Cymbopogon winterianus. Pharmaceutical biology, 51(10), 1293-1297. DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.789536
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 15, 2018 |
| Submission Date | February 14, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2018Volume: 35 Issue: 2 |