Research Article
Türkiye’deki üç Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 popülasyonunun total boy ile otolit boyutları arasındaki ilişkilerinin bölgesel varyasyonu
Abstract
Bu çalışmada Türkiye’deki Atherina boyeri’nin üç popülasyonundaki
(Eğirdir Gölü, İznik Gölü ve Hirfanlı Baraj Gölü) balıkların total boy-otolit ölçümleri;
total boy-otolit indisleri ve otolit ölçümlerinin kendi aralarındaki ilişkileri
tespit ederek popülasyonlar arasındaki farklılıkları belirlemeye
odaklanılmıştır. Farklı üç bölgeden toplam 356 adet 41.0-103.6 mm total boyunda
örnekler yakalanmış ve bu örneklerin sagittal otolitleri çıkarılıp ölçümleri
yapılmıştır. Otolit boyu, genişliği ve ağırlığı farklı popülasyonlardaki
balıkların boyu için iyi bir gösterge iken otolit genişliği bu üç popülasyon
için en kuvvetli göstergedir. Bu üç popülasyondaki A. boyeri’nin total boyuyla
otolit boyutları arasında doğrusal bir ilişki belirlendi. Ancak bu otolit
boyutları arasındaki en iyi ilişki modeli popülasyon farklılıklarına göre
değişebilmektedir. Üssel model Eğirdir Gölü popülasyonu için en iyi model iken
doğrusal model İznik ve Hirfanlı Gölleri popülasyonları için en iyi model
olarak belirlenmiştir.
References
- Bartulović, V., Glamuzina, B., Conides, A., Gavrilović, A. & Dulćić, J. (2006). Maturation, reproduction and recruitment of the big-scale sand smelt, Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 (Pisces: Atherinidae) in the estuary of Mala Neretva River (southeastern Adriatic, Croatia). Acta Adriatica, 47(1): 5-11.
- Battaglia, P., Malara, D., Romeo, T. & Andaloro, F. (2010). Relationship between otolith size and fish size in some mesopelagic and bathypelagic species from the Mediterranean Sea (Strait of Messina, Italy). Scientia Marina, 74(3): 605-612. doi: 10.3989/scimar.2010.74n3605
- Battaglia, P., Malara, D., Ammendolia, G., Romeo, T. & Andaloro, F. (2015). Relationships between otolith size and fish length in some mesopelagic teleosts (Myctophidae, Paralepididae, Phosichthyidae, and Stomiidae). Journal of Fish Biology, 87(3): 774-782. doi: 10.1111/jfb.12744
- Bautista-Vega, A.A., Letourneur, Y., Harmelin-Vivien, M. & Salen-Picar, C. (2008). Difference in diet and size-related trophic level in two sympatric fish species, the red mullets Mullus barbatus and Mullus surmuletus in the Gulf of Lions (north-west Mediterranean Sea). Journal of Fish Biology, 73(10): 2402-2420. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02093.x
- Boehlert, G.W. (1985). Using objective criteria and multiple regression models for age determination in fishes. Fishery Bulletin, 83(2):103-117.
- Bostanci, D., Polat, N., Kurucu, G., Yedier, S., Kontas, S. & Darcin, M. (2015). Using otolith shape and morphometry to identify four Alburnus species (A. chalcoides, A. escherichii, A. mossulensis and A. tarichi) in Turkish inland waters. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 31(6): 1013-1022. doi: 10.1111/jai.12860
- Campana, S.E. & Casselman, J.M. (1993). Stock discrimination using otolith shape analysis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 50(5): 1062-1083. doi: 10.1139/f93-123
- Campana, S.E. (2004). Photographic Atlas of Fish Otoliths of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Ottawa, Ontario: NRC Research Press.
- Ceyhan, T., Akyol, O., Sever, T.M. & Kara, A. (2012). Diet composition of adult twaite shad (Alosa fallax) in the Aegean Sea (Izmir Bay, Turkey). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 92(3): 601-604. doi: 10.1017/S0025315411000750
- Chilton, D.E. & Beamish, R.J. (1982). Age determination methods for fishes studied by the groundfish program at the Pacific Biological Station. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 60, 102 pp.
- Fernandez-Jover, D. & Sanchez-Jerez, P. (2015). Comparison of diet and otolith growth of juvenile wild fish communities at fish farms and natural habitats. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 72(3), 916-929. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu153
- Granadeiro, J.P. & Silva, M.A. (2000). The use of otoliths and vertebrae in the identification and size-estimation of fish in predator prey studies. Cybium, 24(4): 383-393.
- Harvey, J.T., Loughlin, T.R., Perez, M.A. & Oxman, D.S. (2000). Relationship between fish size and otolith length for 63 species of fishes from the eastern North Pacific Ocean. NOAA Technical Report NMFS, 150, 35 pp.
- Hunt, J.J. (1992). Morphological characteristics of otoliths for selected fish in the northwest Atlantic. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Science, 13:63-75.
- Humston, R., Moore, M., Wass, C., Dennis, D. & Doss, S. (2015). Correlations between body length and otolith size in smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu Lacépède, 1802 with implications for retrospective growth analyses. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 31(5): 883-887. doi: 10.1111/jai.12801
- Jawad, L.A., Ambuali, A., Al-Mamyr, J.M. & Al-Busaidi, H.K. (2011). Relationships between fish length and otolith length, width and weight of the Indian mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1817) collected from the Sea of Oman. Ribarstvo, 69(2): 51-61.
- Jawad, L.A. & Al-Mamry, J.M. (2012). Relationship between fish length and otolith dimensions in the carangid fish (Carangoides coeruleopinnatus (Ruppell, 1830)) collected from the Sea of Oman. Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 6(3): 203-208. doi: 10.3153/jfscom.2012023
- Kéver, L., Colleye, O., Herrel, A., Romans, P. & Parmentier, E. (2014). Hearing capacities and otolith size in two ophidiiform species (Ophidion rochei and Carapus acus). Journal of Experimental Biology, 217: 2517-2525. doi: 10.1242/jeb.105254
- Kottelat, M. & Freyhof, J. (2007). Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Berlin: Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof.
- Libungan, L.A., Óskarsson, G.J., Slotte, A., Arge, J.A. & Pálsson, S. (2015). Otolith shape: A population marker for Atlantic herring Clupea harengus. Journal of Fish Biology, 86(4): 1377-1395. doi: 10.1111/jfb.12647
- Lorenzoni, M., Corboli, M., Dörr, A.J.M., Giovinazzo, G., Selvi, S. & Mearelli, M. (2002). Diets of Micropterus salmoides Lac. and Esox lucius L. in Lake Trasimeno (Umbria, Italy) and their diet overlap. Bulletin français de la pêche et de la pisciculture, 365/366: 537-547. doi: 10.1051/kmae:2002050
- Martucci, O., Pietrelli, L. & Consiglio, C. (1993). Fish otoliths as indicators of the cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo diet (Aves, Pelecaniformes). Bolletino di Zoologia, 60(4): 393-396. doi: 10.1080/1125000930935584
- Merigot, B., Letourneur, Y. & Lecomte-Finiger, R. (2007). Characterization of local populations of the common sole Solea solea (Pisces Soleidae) in the NW Mediterranean through otolith morphometrics and shape analysis. Marine Biology, 151(3): 997-1008. doi: 10.1007/s00227-006-0549-0
- Nielsen, J.R., Methven, D.A. & Kristensen, K. (2010). A statistical discrimination method using sagittal otolith dimensions between sibling species of juvenile cod Gadus morhua and Gadus ogac from the northwest Atlantic. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science, 43: 27-45. doi:10.2960/J.v43.m667
- Pombo, L., Elliott, M. & Rebelo, J.E. (2005). Ecology, age and growth of Atherina boyeri and Atherina presbyter in the Ria de Aveiro, Portugal. Cybium, 29(1): 47-55.
- Ponton, D. (2006). Is geometric morphometrics efficient for comparing otolith shape of different fish species? Journal of Morphology, 267(6): 750-757. doi: 10.1002/jmor.10439
- Popper, A. & Platt, C. (1993). Inner ear and lateral line. In D. Evans (Ed.), The physiology of fishes (pp 99-136). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
- Reichenbacher, B., Kamrani, E., Esmaeili, H.R. & Teimori, A. (2009). The endangered cyprinodont Aphanius ginaonis (Holly, 1929) from southern Iran is a valid species: evidence from otolith morphology. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 86(4): 507-521. doi: 10.1007/s10641-009-9549-5
- Saç, G., Gaygusuz, Ö. & Tarkan, A.S. (2015). Reoccurrence of a Commercial Euryhaline Fish Species, Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 (Atherinidae) In Büyükçekmece Reservoir (Istanbul, Turkey). Journal of Aquaculture Engineering and Fisheries Research, 1(4): 203-208. doi: 10.3153/JAEFR15020
- Summerfelt, R.C. & Hall, G.E. (1987). The age and growth of fish. Ames: Iowa State Univ. Press.
- Tarkan, A.S., Marr, S.M. & Ekmekçi, F.G. (2015). Non-native and translocated freshwater fish species in Turkey. FISHMED Fishes in Mediterranean Environments, 3: 1-28.
- Tombari, A.D., Véliz, D. & Volpedo, A.V. (2011). Spatio-temporal and intraspecific variations on the morphology and morphometry of otoliths on Odontesthes bonariensis (Atheriniformes, Atherinopsidae). Natura Neotropicalis, 42: 45-64.
- Torres, G.J., Lombarte, A. & Morales-Nin, B. (2000). Variability of the sulcus acusticus in the sagittal otolith of the genus Merluccius (Merluciidae). Fisheries Research, 46(1): 5-13. doi: 10.1016/S0165-7836(00)00128-4
- Tuset, V.M., Lozano, I.J., González, J.A., Pertusa, J.F. & García-Díaz, M.M. (2003). Shape indices to identify regional differences in otolith morphology of scomber. Serranus cabrilla (L. 1758). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 19(2): 88-93. doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0426.2003.00344.x
- Tuset, V.M., Lombarte, A. & Assis, C.A. (2008). Otolith atlas for the western Mediterranean north and central eastern Atlantic. Scientia Marina, 72(S1): 7-198. doi: 10.3989/scimar.2008.72s17
- Vignon, M. & Morat, F. (2010). Environmental and genetic determinant of otolith shape revealed by a non-indigenous tropical fish. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 411: 231-241. doi: 10.3354/meps08651
- Viva, C., Sartor, P., Bertolini, D., De Ranieri. S. & Ligas, A. (2015). Relationship of otolith length to fish total length in six demersal species from the NW Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 31(5): 973-974. doi: 10.1111/jai.12838
- Waessle, J.A., Lasta, C.A. & Favero, M. (2003). Otolith morphology and body size relationships for juvenile Sciaenidae in the Río de la Plataestuary (35-36°S). Scientia Marina, 67(2): 233-240.
- Yağcı, M.A., Alp, A., Yağcı, A. & Uysal, R. (2014). Diet and Prey Selection of Pikeperch (Sander lucioperca Linnaeus, 1758) Population in Lake Eğirdir (Turkey). Archives of Biological Science Belgrade, 66(4): 1515-1527. doi: 10.2298/ABS1404515Y
- Yılmaz, S., Yazıcıoğlu, O., Yazıcı, R. & Polat, N. (2015). Relationships between fish length and otolith size for five cyprinid species from Lake Ladik, Samsun, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 39(3): 438-446. doi: 10.3906/zoo-1403-58
- Zan, X.X., Zhang, C., Xu, B.D. & Zhang, C.L. (2015). Relationships between fish size and otolith measurements for 33 fish species caught by bottom trawl in Haizhou Bay, China. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 31(3): 544-548. doi: 10.1111/jai.12751
Regional variation of relationship between total length and otolith sizes in the three Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 populations, Turkey
Abstract
This study focuses on the relationships between otolith measurements and
total length; otolith shape indices and the total length; among otolith
measurements for three Atherina boyeri populations (Lake Eğirdir, Lake Iznik,
and Hirfanlı Dam Lake) to determine regional variations of these populations in
Turkey. 356 specimens with 41.0 - 103.6 mm total length of three A. boyeri
populations were examined and their otoliths were extracted and measured.
Otolith width is the strongest indicator for the three A. boyeri populations
although the otolith length, width, and weight are good indicators for the fish
length in the different populations. The linear relationship was determined
between A. boyeri total length and sagittal otolith sizes in the three
populations. However, the best model for the relationships among otolith sizes
can be change depends on populations differentiation. Exponential model is the
best model for Lake Eğirdir population while the linear model is the best model
for Lake Iznik and Hirfanlı Dam Lake populations.
References
- Bartulović, V., Glamuzina, B., Conides, A., Gavrilović, A. & Dulćić, J. (2006). Maturation, reproduction and recruitment of the big-scale sand smelt, Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 (Pisces: Atherinidae) in the estuary of Mala Neretva River (southeastern Adriatic, Croatia). Acta Adriatica, 47(1): 5-11.
- Battaglia, P., Malara, D., Romeo, T. & Andaloro, F. (2010). Relationship between otolith size and fish size in some mesopelagic and bathypelagic species from the Mediterranean Sea (Strait of Messina, Italy). Scientia Marina, 74(3): 605-612. doi: 10.3989/scimar.2010.74n3605
- Battaglia, P., Malara, D., Ammendolia, G., Romeo, T. & Andaloro, F. (2015). Relationships between otolith size and fish length in some mesopelagic teleosts (Myctophidae, Paralepididae, Phosichthyidae, and Stomiidae). Journal of Fish Biology, 87(3): 774-782. doi: 10.1111/jfb.12744
- Bautista-Vega, A.A., Letourneur, Y., Harmelin-Vivien, M. & Salen-Picar, C. (2008). Difference in diet and size-related trophic level in two sympatric fish species, the red mullets Mullus barbatus and Mullus surmuletus in the Gulf of Lions (north-west Mediterranean Sea). Journal of Fish Biology, 73(10): 2402-2420. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02093.x
- Boehlert, G.W. (1985). Using objective criteria and multiple regression models for age determination in fishes. Fishery Bulletin, 83(2):103-117.
- Bostanci, D., Polat, N., Kurucu, G., Yedier, S., Kontas, S. & Darcin, M. (2015). Using otolith shape and morphometry to identify four Alburnus species (A. chalcoides, A. escherichii, A. mossulensis and A. tarichi) in Turkish inland waters. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 31(6): 1013-1022. doi: 10.1111/jai.12860
- Campana, S.E. & Casselman, J.M. (1993). Stock discrimination using otolith shape analysis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 50(5): 1062-1083. doi: 10.1139/f93-123
- Campana, S.E. (2004). Photographic Atlas of Fish Otoliths of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Ottawa, Ontario: NRC Research Press.
- Ceyhan, T., Akyol, O., Sever, T.M. & Kara, A. (2012). Diet composition of adult twaite shad (Alosa fallax) in the Aegean Sea (Izmir Bay, Turkey). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 92(3): 601-604. doi: 10.1017/S0025315411000750
- Chilton, D.E. & Beamish, R.J. (1982). Age determination methods for fishes studied by the groundfish program at the Pacific Biological Station. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 60, 102 pp.
- Fernandez-Jover, D. & Sanchez-Jerez, P. (2015). Comparison of diet and otolith growth of juvenile wild fish communities at fish farms and natural habitats. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 72(3), 916-929. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu153
- Granadeiro, J.P. & Silva, M.A. (2000). The use of otoliths and vertebrae in the identification and size-estimation of fish in predator prey studies. Cybium, 24(4): 383-393.
- Harvey, J.T., Loughlin, T.R., Perez, M.A. & Oxman, D.S. (2000). Relationship between fish size and otolith length for 63 species of fishes from the eastern North Pacific Ocean. NOAA Technical Report NMFS, 150, 35 pp.
- Hunt, J.J. (1992). Morphological characteristics of otoliths for selected fish in the northwest Atlantic. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Science, 13:63-75.
- Humston, R., Moore, M., Wass, C., Dennis, D. & Doss, S. (2015). Correlations between body length and otolith size in smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu Lacépède, 1802 with implications for retrospective growth analyses. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 31(5): 883-887. doi: 10.1111/jai.12801
- Jawad, L.A., Ambuali, A., Al-Mamyr, J.M. & Al-Busaidi, H.K. (2011). Relationships between fish length and otolith length, width and weight of the Indian mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1817) collected from the Sea of Oman. Ribarstvo, 69(2): 51-61.
- Jawad, L.A. & Al-Mamry, J.M. (2012). Relationship between fish length and otolith dimensions in the carangid fish (Carangoides coeruleopinnatus (Ruppell, 1830)) collected from the Sea of Oman. Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 6(3): 203-208. doi: 10.3153/jfscom.2012023
- Kéver, L., Colleye, O., Herrel, A., Romans, P. & Parmentier, E. (2014). Hearing capacities and otolith size in two ophidiiform species (Ophidion rochei and Carapus acus). Journal of Experimental Biology, 217: 2517-2525. doi: 10.1242/jeb.105254
- Kottelat, M. & Freyhof, J. (2007). Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Berlin: Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof.
- Libungan, L.A., Óskarsson, G.J., Slotte, A., Arge, J.A. & Pálsson, S. (2015). Otolith shape: A population marker for Atlantic herring Clupea harengus. Journal of Fish Biology, 86(4): 1377-1395. doi: 10.1111/jfb.12647
- Lorenzoni, M., Corboli, M., Dörr, A.J.M., Giovinazzo, G., Selvi, S. & Mearelli, M. (2002). Diets of Micropterus salmoides Lac. and Esox lucius L. in Lake Trasimeno (Umbria, Italy) and their diet overlap. Bulletin français de la pêche et de la pisciculture, 365/366: 537-547. doi: 10.1051/kmae:2002050
- Martucci, O., Pietrelli, L. & Consiglio, C. (1993). Fish otoliths as indicators of the cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo diet (Aves, Pelecaniformes). Bolletino di Zoologia, 60(4): 393-396. doi: 10.1080/1125000930935584
- Merigot, B., Letourneur, Y. & Lecomte-Finiger, R. (2007). Characterization of local populations of the common sole Solea solea (Pisces Soleidae) in the NW Mediterranean through otolith morphometrics and shape analysis. Marine Biology, 151(3): 997-1008. doi: 10.1007/s00227-006-0549-0
- Nielsen, J.R., Methven, D.A. & Kristensen, K. (2010). A statistical discrimination method using sagittal otolith dimensions between sibling species of juvenile cod Gadus morhua and Gadus ogac from the northwest Atlantic. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science, 43: 27-45. doi:10.2960/J.v43.m667
- Pombo, L., Elliott, M. & Rebelo, J.E. (2005). Ecology, age and growth of Atherina boyeri and Atherina presbyter in the Ria de Aveiro, Portugal. Cybium, 29(1): 47-55.
- Ponton, D. (2006). Is geometric morphometrics efficient for comparing otolith shape of different fish species? Journal of Morphology, 267(6): 750-757. doi: 10.1002/jmor.10439
- Popper, A. & Platt, C. (1993). Inner ear and lateral line. In D. Evans (Ed.), The physiology of fishes (pp 99-136). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
- Reichenbacher, B., Kamrani, E., Esmaeili, H.R. & Teimori, A. (2009). The endangered cyprinodont Aphanius ginaonis (Holly, 1929) from southern Iran is a valid species: evidence from otolith morphology. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 86(4): 507-521. doi: 10.1007/s10641-009-9549-5
- Saç, G., Gaygusuz, Ö. & Tarkan, A.S. (2015). Reoccurrence of a Commercial Euryhaline Fish Species, Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 (Atherinidae) In Büyükçekmece Reservoir (Istanbul, Turkey). Journal of Aquaculture Engineering and Fisheries Research, 1(4): 203-208. doi: 10.3153/JAEFR15020
- Summerfelt, R.C. & Hall, G.E. (1987). The age and growth of fish. Ames: Iowa State Univ. Press.
- Tarkan, A.S., Marr, S.M. & Ekmekçi, F.G. (2015). Non-native and translocated freshwater fish species in Turkey. FISHMED Fishes in Mediterranean Environments, 3: 1-28.
- Tombari, A.D., Véliz, D. & Volpedo, A.V. (2011). Spatio-temporal and intraspecific variations on the morphology and morphometry of otoliths on Odontesthes bonariensis (Atheriniformes, Atherinopsidae). Natura Neotropicalis, 42: 45-64.
- Torres, G.J., Lombarte, A. & Morales-Nin, B. (2000). Variability of the sulcus acusticus in the sagittal otolith of the genus Merluccius (Merluciidae). Fisheries Research, 46(1): 5-13. doi: 10.1016/S0165-7836(00)00128-4
- Tuset, V.M., Lozano, I.J., González, J.A., Pertusa, J.F. & García-Díaz, M.M. (2003). Shape indices to identify regional differences in otolith morphology of scomber. Serranus cabrilla (L. 1758). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 19(2): 88-93. doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0426.2003.00344.x
- Tuset, V.M., Lombarte, A. & Assis, C.A. (2008). Otolith atlas for the western Mediterranean north and central eastern Atlantic. Scientia Marina, 72(S1): 7-198. doi: 10.3989/scimar.2008.72s17
- Vignon, M. & Morat, F. (2010). Environmental and genetic determinant of otolith shape revealed by a non-indigenous tropical fish. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 411: 231-241. doi: 10.3354/meps08651
- Viva, C., Sartor, P., Bertolini, D., De Ranieri. S. & Ligas, A. (2015). Relationship of otolith length to fish total length in six demersal species from the NW Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 31(5): 973-974. doi: 10.1111/jai.12838
- Waessle, J.A., Lasta, C.A. & Favero, M. (2003). Otolith morphology and body size relationships for juvenile Sciaenidae in the Río de la Plataestuary (35-36°S). Scientia Marina, 67(2): 233-240.
- Yağcı, M.A., Alp, A., Yağcı, A. & Uysal, R. (2014). Diet and Prey Selection of Pikeperch (Sander lucioperca Linnaeus, 1758) Population in Lake Eğirdir (Turkey). Archives of Biological Science Belgrade, 66(4): 1515-1527. doi: 10.2298/ABS1404515Y
- Yılmaz, S., Yazıcıoğlu, O., Yazıcı, R. & Polat, N. (2015). Relationships between fish length and otolith size for five cyprinid species from Lake Ladik, Samsun, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 39(3): 438-446. doi: 10.3906/zoo-1403-58
- Zan, X.X., Zhang, C., Xu, B.D. & Zhang, C.L. (2015). Relationships between fish size and otolith measurements for 33 fish species caught by bottom trawl in Haizhou Bay, China. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 31(3): 544-548. doi: 10.1111/jai.12751
There are 41 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | February 21, 2017 |
| Submission Date | June 7, 2016 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2017Volume: 34 Issue: 1 |