Investigation of toxic effects of BPA and BPA analogues (BPS and BPAF) on Spirulina sp., Desmodesmus subspicatus and Chlorella vulgaris

Duygu Turan; Özlem Çakal Arslan

doi:10.12714/egejfas.40.4.07

EN TR

Investigation of toxic effects of BPA and BPA analogues (BPS and BPAF) on Spirulina sp., Desmodesmus subspicatus and Chlorella vulgaris

Abstract

Bisphenols (BPs) are produced for many applications for used in industry. BPs have been found all part of aquatic environments such as sediment and surface water that is poses a risk to the aquatic ecosystem. Restricting the use of BPA, environmental concentrations of bisphenol S, and bisphenol AF begin to increase. The present study aims to indicate that toxicity BPA and BPA analogues (BPS and BPAF) by algal growth inhibition test for the green algae Chlorella vulgaris, Spirulina sp., Desmodesmus subspicatus. In this way, result of this study present the nominal effective concentrations of BPA analogues and the suitability of the species for use as a biomarker in ecotoxicology tests. IC50 values (growth rate inhibition by 50%, respectively) for three toxicants were determined separately. Results of this study showed the effects of these chemicals on photosynthesis (primer production). The result of algal growth inhibition test showed that BPAF (72h EC50 3.80 mg/L) was found to be more toxic than BPS (3d EC50 6.31 m L-1) for Spirulina sp. BPS (3d EC50 2.43 mg/L) showed the most toxic effect on the growth of C. vulgaris, followed by BPAF with 3d EC50 3.32 mg/L. BPS (3d EC50 0.88 mg/L) and BPAF (3d EC50 6.48 mg/L) were found to be toxic for D. subspicatus, respectively, from highest to lowest toxicity. These results indicate that bisphenol analogues are hazardous to primer production. Therefore, it is necessary to study their combined effects as well as to study how they act individually.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

This study was supported by the Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Institution (Grant number: 119Y246).

Project Number

119Y246

Ethical Statement

Ethical approval is not required for this study.

References

Abdel-Hamid, M. I. (1996). Development and application of a simple procedure for toxicity testing using immobilised algae. Water Science and Technology, 33(6), 129 138. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273 1223(96)00289-2
Abraham, A., & Chakraborty , P. (2019). A review on sources and health impacts of bisphenol A. Reviews on Environmental Health, 35(2), 201-210. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2019-0034
Barboza, L.G.A., Cunha, S.C., Monteiro, C., Fernandes, J.O., & Guilhermino, L. (2020). Bisphenol A and its analogues in the muscle and liver of fish from the North East Atlantic Ocean in relation to microplastic contamination. Exposure and risk to human consumers. Journal of Hazardous Material, 122 419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122419
Chen, D., Kannan, K., Tan, H.L., Zheng, Z.G., Feng, Y.L., Wu, Y., & Widelka, M. (2016). Bisphenol analogues other than BPA: environmental occurrence, human exposure, and toxicity – A review. Environmental Science & Technology, 50, 5438 5453. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05387
Chunyang, L., & Kurunthachalam, K. (2013). Concentrations and profiles of bisphenol A and other bisphenol analogues in foodstuffs from the United States and their implications for human exposure. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61, 4655– 4662. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf400445n
Colborn, T., Dumanoski, D., & Myers, J.P. (1997). Our stolen future: Are we threatening our fertility, intelligence, and survival?--a scientific detective story. Penguin.
Czarny, K., Krawczyk, B., & Szczukocki, D. (2021). Toxic effects of bisphenol A and its analogues on cyanobacteria Anabaena variabilis and Microcystis aeruginosa. Chemosphere, 263, 128-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128299
Czarny-Krzymińska, K., Krawczyk, B., & Szczukocki, D. (2022). Toxicity of bisphenol A and its structural congeners to microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Desmodesmus armatus. Journal of Applied Phycology, 34(3), 1397–1410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-022-02704-3

Ding, T., Li, W., Yang, M., Yang, B., & Li, J. (2020). Toxicity and biotransformation of bisphenol S in the freshwater green alga Chlorella vulgaris. Science of the Total Environment, 747, 141–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141144
European Commission. (2018). Regulation (EU) 2018/213. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2018/213/oj
Ferreira, R., & Graça, M. (2002). A comparative study of the sensitivity of selected aquatic plants to mining effluents. Limnetica, 21(1-2), 129-134. https://doi.org/10.23818/limn.21.12
Frenzilli, G., Martorell-Ribera, J., Bernardeschi, M., Scarcelli, V., Jönsson, E., Diano, N., Moggio, M., Guidi, P., Sturve, J., & Asker, N. (2021). Bisphenol A and bisphenol S induce endocrine and chromosomal alterations in brown trout. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12, 645519. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.645519
Fromme, H., Küchler, T., Otto, T., Pilz, K., Müller, J., & Wenzel, A. (2002). The occurrence of phthalates and bisphenol A and F in the environment. Water Research, 36(6), 1429-1438. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00367-0
Grignard, E., Lapenna, S., & Bremer, S. (2012). Weak estrogenic transcriptional activities of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol S. Toxicology in Vitro, 26(5), 727-731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2012.03.013
Hammer, K., Carson, C., Riley, T., & Nielsen, J. (2006). A review of the toxicity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. Food and chemical toxicology, 44(5), 616-625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2005.09.001 Hocking, R. (1996). Methods and Applications of Linear Models: Regression and the analysis of variance. New York: Wiley.
Huang, Y.Q., Wong, C.K.C., Zheng, J.S., Bouwman, H., Barra, R., Wahlström, B., Neretin, L., & Wong, M.H. (2012). Bisphenol A (BPA) in China: A review of sources, environmental levels, and potential human health impacts. Environment International, 42, 91 99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.04.010
Ji, K., Hong, S., Kho, Y., & Choi, K. (2013). Effects of bisphenol S exposure on endocrine functions and reproduction of zebrafish. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(15), 8793 8800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.05.012
Kang, J.H., Aasi, D., & Katayama, Y. (2007). Bisphenol A in the aquatic environment and its endocrine-disruptive effects on aquatic organisms. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 37(7), 607 625. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408440701493103
Liao, C., Liu, F., & Kannan, K. (2012). Bisphenol S, a new bisphenol analogue, in paper products and currency bills and its association with bisphenol Aresidues. Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 6515–6522. https://doi.org/10.1021/es300876n
Libralato, G., Avezzù, F., & Ghirardini, A. V. (2011). Lignin and tannin toxicity to Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bohlin). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 194, 435-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.103
Liu, D., Liu, J., Guo, M., Xu, H., Zhang, S., Shi, L., & Yao, C. (2016). Occurrence, distribution, and risk assessment of alkylphenols, bisphenol A, and tetrabromobisphenol A in surface water, suspended particulate matter, and sediment in Taihu Lake and its tributaries. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 112(1 2), 142 150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.026
Liu, J., Zhang, L., Lu, G., Jiang, R., Yan, Z., & Li, Y. (2021). Occurrence, toxicity and ecological risk of Bisphenol A analogues in aquatic environment–A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 208, 111-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111481
Madkour, F. F., Kamil, A. E. W., & Nasr, H. S. (2012). Production and nutritive value of Spirulina platensis in reduced cost media. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 38(1), 51 57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2012.09.003
Morales, M., de la Fuente, M., & Martín-Folgar, R. (2020). BPA and its analogues (BPS and BPF) modify the expression of genes involved in the endocrine pathway and apoptosis and a multi drug resistance gene of the aquatic midge Chironomus riparius (Diptera). Environmental Pollution, 265, 114806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114806
Moreman, J., Lee, O., Trznadel, M., David, A., Kudoh, T., & Tyler, C. R. (2017). Acute toxicity, teratogenic, and estrogenic effects of bisphenol A and its alternative replacements bisphenol S, bisphenol F, and bisphenol AF in zebrafish embryo-larvae. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(21), 12796-12805. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03283
OECD (2011). OECD Guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Freshwater alga and cyanobacteria, growth inhibition test. Organisation Economic Co-operation Development, 1-25.
Rochester, J.R., & Bolden, A.L. (2015). Bisphenol S and F: A systematic review and comparison of the hormonal activity of bisphenol A substitutes. Environmental Health Perspectives, 123, 643–650. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408989
Seoane, M., Cid, A., & Esperanza, M. (2021). Toxicity of bisphenol A on marine microalgae: Single-and multispecies bioassays based on equivalent initial cell biovolume. Science of the Total Environment, 767, 144363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144363
Song, S., Ruan, T., Wang, T., Liu, R., & Jiang, G. (2012). Distribution and preliminary exposure assessment of Bisphenol AF (BPAF) in various environmental matrices around a manufacturing plant in China. Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 13136-13143. https://doi.org/10.1021/es303960k
The European Commission (2013). Commission directive 2011/8/EU of 28 January 2011 amending directive 2002/72/EC regarding the restriction of use of bisphenol A in plastic infant feeding bottles. Official Journal of the European Union, L26, 11-14.
Tišler, T., Krel, A., Gerželj, U., Erjavec, B., Dolenc, M., & Pintar, A. (2016). Hazard identification and risk characterization of bisphenols A, F and AF to aquatic organisms. Environmental Pollution, 212, 472-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.045
Uibel, N.C. (2016). Effects of bisphenol-a and styrene on fertilization and development of the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus). Master's Theses, The Faculty of California Polytechnic State University. https://doi.org/10.15368/theses.2016.50
Wang, R., Tan, T., Liang, H., Huang, Y., Dong, S., Wang, P., & Su, X. (2021). Occurrence and distribution of bisphenol compounds in different categories of animal feeds used in China. Emerging Contaminants, 7, 179-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emcon.2021.08.001
Zhao , X., Qiu , W., Zheng , Y., Xiong , J., Gao , C., & Hu , S. (2019). Occurrence, distribution, bioaccumulation, and ecological risk of bisphenol analogues, parabens and their metabolites in the Pearl River Estuary, South China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 180, 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.083

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Environmental Sciences

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Duygu Turan ^*
0000-0003-2909-7240
Türkiye

Özlem Çakal Arslan
0000-0001-7777-3886
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

December 8, 2023

Publication Date

December 15, 2023

Submission Date

February 8, 2023

Acceptance Date

November 20, 2023

Published in Issue

Year 1970 Volume: 40 Number: 4

DOI

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.40.4.07

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA59RE34YW

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Turan, D., & Çakal Arslan, Ö. (2023). Investigation of toxic effects of BPA and BPA analogues (BPS and BPAF) on Spirulina sp., Desmodesmus subspicatus and Chlorella vulgaris. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 40(4), 286-291. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.40.4.07

Cited By

Potential of leek (Allium ampeloprasum) waste for microalgae Chlorella vulgaris cultivation: A preliminary evaluation

Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.41.4.09

Bisphenol A Acute Toxicity to the Macroinvertebrate Chironomus sancticaroli (Diptera, Chironomidae) and Sensitivity Analysis of the Species to BPA Analogs

Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais

https://doi.org/10.5327/Z2176-94782512

Investigation of toxic effects of BPA and BPA analogues (BPS and BPAF) on Spirulina sp., Desmodesmus subspicatus and Chlorella vulgaris

Investigation of toxic effects of BPA and BPA analogues (BPS and BPAF) on Spirulina sp., Desmodesmus subspicatus and Chlorella vulgaris

Abstract

Keywords

Bisfenol analogları BPS ve BPAF'ın Spirulina sp., D.subspicatus ve C.vulgaris üzerindeki akut toksik etkilerinin araştırılması

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Supporting Institution

Project Number

Ethical Statement

References

Details

Primary Language

Subjects

Journal Section

Authors

Early Pub Date

Publication Date

Submission Date

Acceptance Date

Published in Issue

DOI

IZ

Cite

Cited By

Potential of leek (Allium ampeloprasum) waste for microalgae Chlorella vulgaris cultivation: A preliminary evaluation

Bisphenol A Acute Toxicity to the Macroinvertebrate Chironomus sancticaroli (Diptera, Chironomidae) and Sensitivity Analysis of the Species to BPA Analogs