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Assessment of bathing water quality in the Sea of Marmara (2022-2024) and recommendations

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 2, 131 - 137, 15.06.2025

Sibel Zeki

Öz

The Sea of Marmara, a semi-enclosed inland sea in Türkiye, has a naturally sensitive ecosystem increasingly impacted by anthropogenic pressures. This study evaluated the bathing water quality along the Sea of Marmara, including the Straits of İstanbul and Çanakkale, and provided recommendations for enhancing the dissemination of monitoring results. Bathing water quality data from 176 sites, monitored by the Turkish Ministry of Health, were analyzed over three consecutive bathing seasons (2022-2024). The results indicate that in 2024, 66% of the monitored beaches were classified as excellent, a proportion lower than the European Union average. Furthermore, only 24% of those beaches received the Blue Flag certification. Spatial analysis revealed distinct provincial disparities, with Balıkesir and Çanakkale exhibiting the highest bathing water quality, whereas Yalova and Bursa recorded the poorest conditions, with roughly a quarter of their bathing waters classified as poor quality. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to improve bathing water quality, particularly in provinces with lower classifications, and to align Türkiye’s bathing water standards more closely with EU benchmarks. In addition, the study emphasizes the importance of improving public access to monitoring results. Developing comprehensive national and regional reports, including data on beach closures, is recommended to enhance public awareness and policymaking. Such implementations are crucial for not only protecting public health but also facilitating targeted interventions, promoting sustainable beach management, and fostering tourism development.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bathing water quality Blue Flag fecal indicator bacteria Sea of Marmara

Etik Beyan

No specific ethical approval was necessary for this study.

Destekleyen Kurum

This study did not receive any financial support.

Teşekkür

The author would like to thank Zeynep Akdoğan for her contribution to data acquisition, as well as Prof. Dr. Nazli Demirel and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fuat Dursun for their valuable feedback on this paper.

Kaynakça

  • Akoglu, E., Saygu, İ., & Demirel, N. (2024). Decadal changes in the Sea of Marmara indicate degraded ecosystem conditions and unsustainable fisheries. Frontiers in Marine Science, 11, 1412656. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1412656
  • Albaladejo-García, J. A., & Zabala, J. A. (2023). Does the Blue Flag program contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals? In M.A. Prats, F. Merino (Eds.), Blue Flag Beaches: Economic Growth, Tourism and Sustainable Management (pp. 69–84). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003323570-6
  • Altuğ, G., & Hulyar, O. (2020). The Bacteriological risk transported to seas by rivers; the example of Çırpıcı River, the Sea of Marmara. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 7(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.704260
  • Aslan, A., Jones, J., Nazaruk, D., & Zeki, S. (2023). Is the public aware of water quality monitoring and safety notifications on beaches? Journal of the Georgia Public Health Association, 9(1), 44 49. https://doi.org/10.20429/jgpha.2023.090106
  • Basili, M., Campanelli, A., Frapiccini, E., Luna, G. M., & Quero, G. M. (2021). Occurrence and distribution of microbial pollutants in coastal areas of the Adriatic Sea influenced by river discharge. Environmental Pollution, 285, 117672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117672
  • Blue Flag. (n.d.). Blue Flag Global Web Page. https://www.blueflag.global
  • Blue Flag Türkiye. (n.d.). Blue Flag Türkiye Web Page. https://www.mavibayrak.org.tr
  • Bruschi, A., Lisi, I., De Angelis, R., Querin, S., Cossarini, G., Di Biagio, V., Salon, S., Solidoro, C., Fassina, D., Ancona, S., & Silvestri, C. (2021). Indexes for the assessment of bacterial pollution in bathing waters from point sources: The northern Adriatic Sea CADEAU service. Journal of Environmental Management, 293, 112878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112878
  • Castillo-Manzano, J. I., Castro-Nuño, M., López-Valpuesta, L., & Zarzoso, Á. (2021). Measuring the role of Blue Flags in attracting sustainable ‘sun-and-sand’ tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(15), 2204–2222. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1844642
  • Çelik, S., & Zeki, S. (2024). Back and forth in the health of urban-front Golden Horn Estuary: Fecal indicator bacteria levels during dry and wet environmental conditions. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 78, 103730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103730
  • DeFlorio-Barker, S., Wade, T. J., Jones, R. M., Friedman, L. S., Wing, C., & Dorevitch, S. (2017). Estimated costs of sporadic gastrointestinal illness associated with surface water recreation: A combined analysis of data from NEEAR and CHEERS studies. Environmental Health Perspectives, 125(2), 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP130
  • Demirel, N., Akoglu, E., Ulman, A., Ertor-Akyazi, P., Gül, G., Bedikoğlu, D., Yıldız, T., & Yilmaz, I. N. (2023). Uncovering ecological regime shifts in the Sea of Marmara and reconsidering management strategies. Marine Environmental Research, 183, 105794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105794
  • Devane, M. L., Moriarty, E., Weaver, L., Cookson, A., & Gilpin, B. (2020). Fecal indicator bacteria from environmental sources; strategies for identification to improve water quality monitoring. Water Research, 185, 116204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116204
  • European Commission. (2006). Directive 2006/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 February 2006 concerning the management of bathing water quality and repealing Directive 76/160/EEC.
  • European Environment Agency. (2024). European bathing water quality in 2023. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/european-bathing-water-quality-in-2023
  • Ferrarin, C., Penna, P., Penna, A., Spada, V., Ricci, F., Bilić, J., Krzelj, M., Ordulj, M., Šikoronja, M., Ðuračić, I., Iagnemma, L., Bućan, M., Baldrighi, E., Grilli, F., Moro, F., Casabianca, S., Bolognini, L., & Marini, M. (2021). Modelling the quality of bathing waters in the adriatic sea. Water (Switzerland), 13(11), 1525. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13111525
  • Fewtrell, L., & Kay, D. (2015). Recreational water and infection: A review of recentfindings. Current Environmental Health Reports, 2(1), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-014-0036-6
  • Foundation for Environmental Education. (2024). Blue Flag beach criteria and explanatory notes 2024. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55371ebde4b0e49a1e2ee9f6/t/65cdeaee3c0cee32bf475dd2/1707993840562/Beach+Criteria+and+Explanatory+Notes+2024.pdf
  • Holcomb, D. A., & Stewart, J. R. (2020). Microbial indicators of fecal pollution: Recent progress and challenges in assessing water quality. Current Environmental Health Reports, 7(3), 311 324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-020-00278-1
  • İşinibilir, M., Kıdeyş, A. E., & Malej, A. . (2024). Ecological Changes in the Sea of Marmara. Istanbul University Press. https://doi.org/10.26650/B/LSB21LSB37.2024.023
  • Jones, J., Aslan, A., Nazaruk, D., & Zeki, S. (2024). Beachgoers’ responses to beach health advisories. Journal of Water and Health, 22(3), 565–571. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2024.306
  • Karabas, N., Tas, S., Erguven, G. O., & Bayhan, H. (2018). A research on coliform bacteria in the golden Horn Estuary (Sea of Marmara, Turkey). Desalination and Water Treatment, 115, 199–206. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.22497
  • Karaman Baş, S. D., & Altuğ, G. (2022). Investigation of the levels of bio-ındicator bacteria in the Kınalıada Coastal Area, Istanbul, Turkey. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 9(4), 78–86. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1069839
  • Kataržytė, M., Vaičiūtė, D., & Nasvytis, P. (2019). Excellent bathing waters in coastal areas: is microbial pollution the only important parameter? Ocean and Coastal Management, 182, 104922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104922
  • Kraus, R., Baljak, V., Vukić Lušić, D., Kranjčević, L., Cenov, A., Glad, M., Kauzlarić, V., Lušić, D., Grbčić, L., Alvir, M., Pećarević, M., & Jozić, S. (2022). Impacts of atmospheric and anthropogenic factors on microbiological pollution of the recreational coastal beaches neighboring shipping ports. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), 8552. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148552
  • Leonard, A. F. C., Singer, A., Ukoumunne, O. C., Gaze, W. H., & Garside, R. (2018). Is it safe to go back into the water? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the risk of acquiring infections from recreational exposure to seawater. International Journal of Epidemiology, 47(2), 572–586. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx281
  • Merino, F., & Prats, M. A. (2020). Sustainable beach management and promotion of the local tourist industry: Can blue flags be a good driver of this balance? Ocean and Coastal Management, 198, 105359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105359
  • Merino, F., & Prats, M. A. (2022). Are blue flags a good indicator of the quality of sea water on beaches? An empirical analysis of the Western Mediterranean basin. Journal of Cleaner Production, 330, 129865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129865
  • Quilliam, R. S., Taylor, J., & Oliver, D. M. (2019). The disparity between regulatory measurements of E. coli in public bathing waters and the public expectation of bathing water quality. Journal of Environmental Management, 232, 868 874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.138
  • Regulation on Surface Water Quality. (2012). Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye, No: 28483. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=16806&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5
  • RMBWQ. (2019). Regulation on the Management of Bathing Water Quality. Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye, No:30899. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=33814&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5
  • Sönmez, V. Z., & Sivri, N. (2022). Temporal changes in water quality index of polluted lagoon ecosystems: a case study on the Küçükçekmece Lagoon. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09632-8
  • Tiwari, A., Oliver, D. M., Bivins, A., Sherchan, S. P., & Pitkänen, T. (2021). Bathing water quality monitoring practices in europe and the United States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 5513. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115513
  • TÜRÇEV. (2019). Blue Flag Beach Criteria and Explanatory Notes. Türkiye Çevre Eğitim Vakfı. https://www.mavibayrak.org.tr/userfiles/file/Plaj Kriterleri_2019_convert(1)(1).pdf
  • USEPA. (2012). Recreational Water Quality Criteria. Office of Water 820-F-12-058. Washington, DC. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-10/documents/rwqc2012.pdf
  • Uzun, B., & Celik, N. (2014). Sustainable management of coastal lands: A new approach for Turkish coasts. Ocean and Coastal Management, 95, 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.04.010
  • Wade, T. J., Arnold, B. F., Schiff, K., Colford, J. M., Weisberg, S. B., Griffith, J. F., & Dufour, A. P. (2022). Health risks to children from exposure to fecally-contaminated recreational water. PLoS ONE, 17(4 April), e0266749. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266749
  • World Health Organization. (2021). Guidelines on Recreational Water Quality. Volume 1: Coastal and Fresh Waters. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/342625/9789240031302-eng.pdf?sequence=1
  • Yüksek, A., Ediger, D., Altiok, H., Zeki Stumpfeldt S., Gürkan, Y., & Ak Öztürk, İ. D. (2021). Updating of Bathing Water Profiles Project, Final Report. Ankara, Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change.
  • Zeki, S., Aslan, A., Burak, S., & Rose, J. B. (2021). Occurrence of a human-associated microbial source tracking marker and its relationship with faecal indicator bacteria in an urban estuary. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 72(2), 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.13405

Marmara Denizi'nde yüzme suyu kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi (2022-2024) ve öneriler

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 2, 131 - 137, 15.06.2025

Sibel Zeki

Öz

Türkiye'de yarı kapalı bir iç deniz olan Marmara Denizi, antropojenik baskılardan giderek daha fazla etkilenen doğal olarak hassas bir ekosisteme sahiptir. Bu çalışma, İstanbul ve Çanakkale Boğazlarını da kapsayacak şekilde Marmara Denizi’nde yüzme suyu kalitesini değerlendirmiş ve izleme sonuçlarının yaygınlaştırılması için öneriler sunmuştur. Türkiye Sağlık Bakanlığı tarafından izlenen 176 yüzme alanının verileri, birbirini takip eden üç yüzme sezonu (2022-2024) boyunca analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçlarımız, izlenen plajların %66'sının 2024 yılında yüzme suyu kalitesi açısından mükemmel olarak sınıflandırıldığını ve bu oranın Avrupa Birliği ortalamasından daha düşük olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, bu plajların sadece %24'ü Mavi Bayrak sertifikası almıştır. Mekânsal analiz, iller arasında belirgin farklılıklar olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Balıkesir ve Çanakkale en yüksek yüzme suyu kalitesini sergilerken, Yalova ve Bursa yüzme sularının yaklaşık dörtte birinin kötü kalite olarak sınıflandırılmasıyla en kötü koşulları kaydetmiştir. Bu bulgular, özellikle düşük sınıflandırmaya sahip illerde yüzme suyu kalitesini iyileştirmek ve Türkiye'nin yüzme suyu kalitesini AB ile daha uyumlu hale getirmek için hedefe yönelik müdahalelere duyulan ihtiyacı göstermektedir. Buna ek olarak, çalışmamız izleme sonuçlarının kamuoyuna daha iyi duyurulmasının önemini vurgulamaktadır. Politika yapıcıları ve kamuoyunu yüzme suyu kalitesi hakkında daha iyi bilgilendirmek için, plajların kapatılmasına ilişkin veriler de dahil olmak üzere, kapsamlı ulusal ve bölgesel raporların hazırlanması önerilmektedir. Bu tür uygulamalar sadece halk sağlığını korumak için değil, aynı zamanda hedefe yönelik müdahaleleri kolaylaştırmak, sürdürülebilir plaj yönetimini teşvik etmek ve turizm gelişimini desteklemek için de çok önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yüzme suyu kalitesi Mavi Bayrak fekal indikatör bakteriler Marmara Denizi

Kaynakça

  • Akoglu, E., Saygu, İ., & Demirel, N. (2024). Decadal changes in the Sea of Marmara indicate degraded ecosystem conditions and unsustainable fisheries. Frontiers in Marine Science, 11, 1412656. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1412656
  • Albaladejo-García, J. A., & Zabala, J. A. (2023). Does the Blue Flag program contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals? In M.A. Prats, F. Merino (Eds.), Blue Flag Beaches: Economic Growth, Tourism and Sustainable Management (pp. 69–84). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003323570-6
  • Altuğ, G., & Hulyar, O. (2020). The Bacteriological risk transported to seas by rivers; the example of Çırpıcı River, the Sea of Marmara. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 7(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.704260
  • Aslan, A., Jones, J., Nazaruk, D., & Zeki, S. (2023). Is the public aware of water quality monitoring and safety notifications on beaches? Journal of the Georgia Public Health Association, 9(1), 44 49. https://doi.org/10.20429/jgpha.2023.090106
  • Basili, M., Campanelli, A., Frapiccini, E., Luna, G. M., & Quero, G. M. (2021). Occurrence and distribution of microbial pollutants in coastal areas of the Adriatic Sea influenced by river discharge. Environmental Pollution, 285, 117672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117672
  • Blue Flag. (n.d.). Blue Flag Global Web Page. https://www.blueflag.global
  • Blue Flag Türkiye. (n.d.). Blue Flag Türkiye Web Page. https://www.mavibayrak.org.tr
  • Bruschi, A., Lisi, I., De Angelis, R., Querin, S., Cossarini, G., Di Biagio, V., Salon, S., Solidoro, C., Fassina, D., Ancona, S., & Silvestri, C. (2021). Indexes for the assessment of bacterial pollution in bathing waters from point sources: The northern Adriatic Sea CADEAU service. Journal of Environmental Management, 293, 112878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112878
  • Castillo-Manzano, J. I., Castro-Nuño, M., López-Valpuesta, L., & Zarzoso, Á. (2021). Measuring the role of Blue Flags in attracting sustainable ‘sun-and-sand’ tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(15), 2204–2222. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1844642
  • Çelik, S., & Zeki, S. (2024). Back and forth in the health of urban-front Golden Horn Estuary: Fecal indicator bacteria levels during dry and wet environmental conditions. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 78, 103730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103730
  • DeFlorio-Barker, S., Wade, T. J., Jones, R. M., Friedman, L. S., Wing, C., & Dorevitch, S. (2017). Estimated costs of sporadic gastrointestinal illness associated with surface water recreation: A combined analysis of data from NEEAR and CHEERS studies. Environmental Health Perspectives, 125(2), 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP130
  • Demirel, N., Akoglu, E., Ulman, A., Ertor-Akyazi, P., Gül, G., Bedikoğlu, D., Yıldız, T., & Yilmaz, I. N. (2023). Uncovering ecological regime shifts in the Sea of Marmara and reconsidering management strategies. Marine Environmental Research, 183, 105794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105794
  • Devane, M. L., Moriarty, E., Weaver, L., Cookson, A., & Gilpin, B. (2020). Fecal indicator bacteria from environmental sources; strategies for identification to improve water quality monitoring. Water Research, 185, 116204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116204
  • European Commission. (2006). Directive 2006/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 February 2006 concerning the management of bathing water quality and repealing Directive 76/160/EEC.
  • European Environment Agency. (2024). European bathing water quality in 2023. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/european-bathing-water-quality-in-2023
  • Ferrarin, C., Penna, P., Penna, A., Spada, V., Ricci, F., Bilić, J., Krzelj, M., Ordulj, M., Šikoronja, M., Ðuračić, I., Iagnemma, L., Bućan, M., Baldrighi, E., Grilli, F., Moro, F., Casabianca, S., Bolognini, L., & Marini, M. (2021). Modelling the quality of bathing waters in the adriatic sea. Water (Switzerland), 13(11), 1525. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13111525
  • Fewtrell, L., & Kay, D. (2015). Recreational water and infection: A review of recentfindings. Current Environmental Health Reports, 2(1), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-014-0036-6
  • Foundation for Environmental Education. (2024). Blue Flag beach criteria and explanatory notes 2024. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55371ebde4b0e49a1e2ee9f6/t/65cdeaee3c0cee32bf475dd2/1707993840562/Beach+Criteria+and+Explanatory+Notes+2024.pdf
  • Holcomb, D. A., & Stewart, J. R. (2020). Microbial indicators of fecal pollution: Recent progress and challenges in assessing water quality. Current Environmental Health Reports, 7(3), 311 324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-020-00278-1
  • İşinibilir, M., Kıdeyş, A. E., & Malej, A. . (2024). Ecological Changes in the Sea of Marmara. Istanbul University Press. https://doi.org/10.26650/B/LSB21LSB37.2024.023
  • Jones, J., Aslan, A., Nazaruk, D., & Zeki, S. (2024). Beachgoers’ responses to beach health advisories. Journal of Water and Health, 22(3), 565–571. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2024.306
  • Karabas, N., Tas, S., Erguven, G. O., & Bayhan, H. (2018). A research on coliform bacteria in the golden Horn Estuary (Sea of Marmara, Turkey). Desalination and Water Treatment, 115, 199–206. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.22497
  • Karaman Baş, S. D., & Altuğ, G. (2022). Investigation of the levels of bio-ındicator bacteria in the Kınalıada Coastal Area, Istanbul, Turkey. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 9(4), 78–86. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1069839
  • Kataržytė, M., Vaičiūtė, D., & Nasvytis, P. (2019). Excellent bathing waters in coastal areas: is microbial pollution the only important parameter? Ocean and Coastal Management, 182, 104922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104922
  • Kraus, R., Baljak, V., Vukić Lušić, D., Kranjčević, L., Cenov, A., Glad, M., Kauzlarić, V., Lušić, D., Grbčić, L., Alvir, M., Pećarević, M., & Jozić, S. (2022). Impacts of atmospheric and anthropogenic factors on microbiological pollution of the recreational coastal beaches neighboring shipping ports. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), 8552. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148552
  • Leonard, A. F. C., Singer, A., Ukoumunne, O. C., Gaze, W. H., & Garside, R. (2018). Is it safe to go back into the water? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the risk of acquiring infections from recreational exposure to seawater. International Journal of Epidemiology, 47(2), 572–586. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx281
  • Merino, F., & Prats, M. A. (2020). Sustainable beach management and promotion of the local tourist industry: Can blue flags be a good driver of this balance? Ocean and Coastal Management, 198, 105359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105359
  • Merino, F., & Prats, M. A. (2022). Are blue flags a good indicator of the quality of sea water on beaches? An empirical analysis of the Western Mediterranean basin. Journal of Cleaner Production, 330, 129865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129865
  • Quilliam, R. S., Taylor, J., & Oliver, D. M. (2019). The disparity between regulatory measurements of E. coli in public bathing waters and the public expectation of bathing water quality. Journal of Environmental Management, 232, 868 874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.138
  • Regulation on Surface Water Quality. (2012). Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye, No: 28483. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=16806&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5
  • RMBWQ. (2019). Regulation on the Management of Bathing Water Quality. Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye, No:30899. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=33814&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5
  • Sönmez, V. Z., & Sivri, N. (2022). Temporal changes in water quality index of polluted lagoon ecosystems: a case study on the Küçükçekmece Lagoon. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09632-8
  • Tiwari, A., Oliver, D. M., Bivins, A., Sherchan, S. P., & Pitkänen, T. (2021). Bathing water quality monitoring practices in europe and the United States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 5513. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115513
  • TÜRÇEV. (2019). Blue Flag Beach Criteria and Explanatory Notes. Türkiye Çevre Eğitim Vakfı. https://www.mavibayrak.org.tr/userfiles/file/Plaj Kriterleri_2019_convert(1)(1).pdf
  • USEPA. (2012). Recreational Water Quality Criteria. Office of Water 820-F-12-058. Washington, DC. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-10/documents/rwqc2012.pdf
  • Uzun, B., & Celik, N. (2014). Sustainable management of coastal lands: A new approach for Turkish coasts. Ocean and Coastal Management, 95, 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.04.010
  • Wade, T. J., Arnold, B. F., Schiff, K., Colford, J. M., Weisberg, S. B., Griffith, J. F., & Dufour, A. P. (2022). Health risks to children from exposure to fecally-contaminated recreational water. PLoS ONE, 17(4 April), e0266749. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266749
  • World Health Organization. (2021). Guidelines on Recreational Water Quality. Volume 1: Coastal and Fresh Waters. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/342625/9789240031302-eng.pdf?sequence=1
  • Yüksek, A., Ediger, D., Altiok, H., Zeki Stumpfeldt S., Gürkan, Y., & Ak Öztürk, İ. D. (2021). Updating of Bathing Water Profiles Project, Final Report. Ankara, Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change.
  • Zeki, S., Aslan, A., Burak, S., & Rose, J. B. (2021). Occurrence of a human-associated microbial source tracking marker and its relationship with faecal indicator bacteria in an urban estuary. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 72(2), 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.13405
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hidrobiyoloji, Çevre Yönetimi (Diğer), Sucul Kültür ve Balıkçılık (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sibel Zeki 0000-0002-9001-4996

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 14 Haziran 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 7 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025Cilt: 42 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Zeki, S. (2025). Assessment of bathing water quality in the Sea of Marmara (2022-2024) and recommendations. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 42(2), 131-137.