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Genotoxicity assessment on presence of metal(loid)s in drinking water source and tap water

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 1, 33 - 40, 08.03.2025

Seda Kontaş Yalçınkaya , Derya Bostancı , Serdar Yedıer

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.42.1.05

Öz

It is important to quantify the concentrations of metalloids and heavy metals (metal(oid)s) in drinking water sources and tap water due to contamination of drinking water sources by natural processes and anthropogenic activities. In this study, the genotoxicity of drinking water sources (Kacalı River) and tap water (Perşembe district) was mainly investigated by comet assay. The effect of metal(loid)s was monitored in vivo using erythrocyte cells of Cyprinus carpio. The eight heavy metals (aluminium, nickel, cadmium, lead, manganese, iron, copper, zinc) and one metalloid (arsenic) were found in the water samples and the total content of metal(loid)s was determined seasonally. In general, the total metal(loid)s content of the Perşembe tap water was higher than that of the Kacalı River in all seasons. Especially in summer, tap water causes higher DNA damage in C. carpio erythrocytes. Water samples from the Kacalı River showed significantly higher genotoxicity compared to control groups in all seasons. Careful management of water supplies is needed to reduce the health risks associated with genotoxicity in drinking water.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Comet assay drinking water DNA damage metal(loid) content tap water Cyprinus carpio

Etik Beyan

All experimental procedures were approved by Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee, Ordu University (Approval number: 82678388/5).

Destekleyen Kurum

Ordu University Scientific Research Projects (SRP) Commission (Project Number G-2004)

Proje Numarası

G-2004

Teşekkür

The authors thank the Scientific Research Project Fund of Ordu University. The authors also thank Prof. Dr. Nazmi Polat, Prof. Dr. Evren Tunca and Prof. Dr. Salih Alkan their insightful feedback on this paper.

Kaynakça

  • Alam, M.G.M., Tanaka, A., Stagnitti, F., Allinson, G., & Maekawa, T. (2001). Observations on the effects of caged carp culture on water and sediment metal concentrations in lake Kasumigaura, Japan. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 48(1), 107-115.
  • Altunkaynak, F., Çavuşoğlu, K., & Yalçin, E. (2023). Detection of heavy metal contamination in Batlama Stream (Türkiye) and the potential toxicity profile. Scientific Reports, 13, 11727. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39050-4
  • Andrade, V.M., Freitas, T.R.O., & Silva, J. (2004). Comet assay using mullet (Mugil sp.) and sea catfish (Netuma sp.) erythrocytes for the detection of genotoxic pollutants in aquatic environment. Mutation Research, 560(1), 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.02.006
  • Barbosa, J.S., Cabral, T.M., Ferreira, D.N., Agnez-Lima, L.F., & Batistuzzo de Medeirosa, S.R. (2010). Genotoxicity assessment in aquatic environment impacted by the presence of heavy metals. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 73, 320 325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.10.008
  • Batley, G.E. (1998). Elements: Metalloids. In C.P. Marshall & C. Makowski (Eds.), Geochemistry. Encyclopedia of Earth Science (pp. 215–216). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4496-8_106
  • Boucard, C.V., Lee-Cruz, L., Mercier, L., Ramírez Orozco, M., Serrano Pinto, V., Anguiano, G., Cazares, L., & Díaz, D. (2017). A study of DNA damage in buccal cells of consumers of well- and/or tap-water using the comet assay: Assessment of occupational exposure to genotoxicants. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 58(8), 619-627. https://doi.org/10.1002/em.22111
  • Bozzo, S., Azimonti, G., Villa, S., Di Guardo, A., & Finizio, A. (2013). Spatial and temporal trend of groundwater contamination from terbuthylazine and desethyl-terbuthylazine in the Lombardy Region (Italy). Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 15(2), 366 372. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2em30536d
  • Cairncross, S. (2003). Drinking water and infectious disease: Establishing the links. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 96(6) (pp. 311–312). London: CRC Press. PMCID: PMC539522.
  • Ceretti, E., Moretti, M., Zerbini, I., Villarini, M., Zani, C., Monarca, S., & Feretti, D. (2016). Occurrence and control of genotoxins in drinking water: a monitoring proposal. Journal of Public Health Research, 5, 769. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2016.769
  • Chakrabarty, S., & Sarma, H.P. (2011). Heavy metal contamination of drinking water in Kamrup district, Assam, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 179(1–4), 479-486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1750-7
  • Chatha, A.M.M., Naz, S., Iqbal, S.S., Kiran, A., Lateef, M., Zahra, U., Yasmin, F., Amjad, N., & Javaid, A. (2024). Detection of DNA damage in fish using comet assay. Current Trends in OMICS, 4(1), 01-16. https://doi.org/10.32350/cto.41.01
  • Cortés, C., & Marcos, R. (2018). Genotoxicity of disinfection byproducts and disinfected waters: A review of recent literature. Mutation Research: Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 831, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.04.005
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  • Dağ, N., & Arıcı, Ö. K. (2021). Heavy metals in soils Pb (lead), Hg (mercury), Cd (cadmium), As (arsenic) effects on human health. Uluslararası Çevresel Eğilimler Dergisi, 5(2), 48-59.
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  • Doğan, M., Çavuşoğlu, K., Yalçin, E., & Acar, A. (2022). Comprehensive toxicity screening of Pazarsuyu stream water containing heavy metals and protective role of lycopene. Scientific Reports, 12, 16615. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21081-y
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İçme suyu kaynağı ve musluk suyunda metal(loid)lerin varlığına bağlı genotoksisite değerlendirmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 1, 33 - 40, 08.03.2025

Seda Kontaş Yalçınkaya , Derya Bostancı , Serdar Yedıer

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.42.1.05

Öz

İçme suyu kaynaklarının doğal süreçler ve antropojenik aktivitelerle kirlenmesi nedeniyle içme suyu kaynakları ve musluk sularındaki metaloid ve ağır metal (metal(oid)lerin) konsantrasyonlarının ölçülmesi önem kazanmıştır. Bu çalışmada esas olarak içme suyu kaynağı (Kacalı Deresi) ve musluk suyunun (Perşembe İlçesi) genotoksisitesi comet analizi yöntemi ile araştırılmıştır. Metal(oid)lerin etkisi Cyprinus carpio’nun eritrosit hücreleri kullanılarak in vivo izlenmiştir. Su örneklerinde sekiz ağır metal (alüminyum, nikel, kadmiyum, kurşun, manganez, demir, bakır, çinko) ve bir metaloid (arsenik) bulunmuş ve toplam metal(oid) içerikleri mevsimsel olarak belirlenmiştir. Genel olarak Perşembe musluk suyunun toplam metal(oid) içeriği tüm mevsimlerde Kacalı Deresi'nden daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Özellikle yaz aylarında musluk suyu C. carpio eritrositlerinde daha fazla DNA hasarına neden olmuştur. Kacalı Nehri'nden alınan su örnekleri, tüm mevsimlerde kontrol gruplarıyla karşılaştırıldığında önemli ölçüde daha yüksek genotoksisite göstermiştir. İçme suyundaki genotoksisite ile ilişkili sağlık risklerini azaltmak için su kaynaklarının dikkatli bir şekilde yönetilmesi gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Comet analizi içme suyu DNA hasarı metal(loid) içeriği musluk suyu Cyprinus carpio

Proje Numarası

G-2004

Kaynakça

  • Alam, M.G.M., Tanaka, A., Stagnitti, F., Allinson, G., & Maekawa, T. (2001). Observations on the effects of caged carp culture on water and sediment metal concentrations in lake Kasumigaura, Japan. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 48(1), 107-115.
  • Altunkaynak, F., Çavuşoğlu, K., & Yalçin, E. (2023). Detection of heavy metal contamination in Batlama Stream (Türkiye) and the potential toxicity profile. Scientific Reports, 13, 11727. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39050-4
  • Andrade, V.M., Freitas, T.R.O., & Silva, J. (2004). Comet assay using mullet (Mugil sp.) and sea catfish (Netuma sp.) erythrocytes for the detection of genotoxic pollutants in aquatic environment. Mutation Research, 560(1), 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.02.006
  • Barbosa, J.S., Cabral, T.M., Ferreira, D.N., Agnez-Lima, L.F., & Batistuzzo de Medeirosa, S.R. (2010). Genotoxicity assessment in aquatic environment impacted by the presence of heavy metals. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 73, 320 325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.10.008
  • Batley, G.E. (1998). Elements: Metalloids. In C.P. Marshall & C. Makowski (Eds.), Geochemistry. Encyclopedia of Earth Science (pp. 215–216). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4496-8_106
  • Boucard, C.V., Lee-Cruz, L., Mercier, L., Ramírez Orozco, M., Serrano Pinto, V., Anguiano, G., Cazares, L., & Díaz, D. (2017). A study of DNA damage in buccal cells of consumers of well- and/or tap-water using the comet assay: Assessment of occupational exposure to genotoxicants. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 58(8), 619-627. https://doi.org/10.1002/em.22111
  • Bozzo, S., Azimonti, G., Villa, S., Di Guardo, A., & Finizio, A. (2013). Spatial and temporal trend of groundwater contamination from terbuthylazine and desethyl-terbuthylazine in the Lombardy Region (Italy). Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 15(2), 366 372. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2em30536d
  • Cairncross, S. (2003). Drinking water and infectious disease: Establishing the links. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 96(6) (pp. 311–312). London: CRC Press. PMCID: PMC539522.
  • Ceretti, E., Moretti, M., Zerbini, I., Villarini, M., Zani, C., Monarca, S., & Feretti, D. (2016). Occurrence and control of genotoxins in drinking water: a monitoring proposal. Journal of Public Health Research, 5, 769. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2016.769
  • Chakrabarty, S., & Sarma, H.P. (2011). Heavy metal contamination of drinking water in Kamrup district, Assam, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 179(1–4), 479-486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1750-7
  • Chatha, A.M.M., Naz, S., Iqbal, S.S., Kiran, A., Lateef, M., Zahra, U., Yasmin, F., Amjad, N., & Javaid, A. (2024). Detection of DNA damage in fish using comet assay. Current Trends in OMICS, 4(1), 01-16. https://doi.org/10.32350/cto.41.01
  • Cortés, C., & Marcos, R. (2018). Genotoxicity of disinfection byproducts and disinfected waters: A review of recent literature. Mutation Research: Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 831, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.04.005
  • da Silva, E.P.D., Benvindo-Souza, M., Cotrim, C.F.C., Motta, A.G.C., Lucena, M.M., Antoniosi Filho, N.R., Pereira, J., Formiga, K.T.M., & Silva, M.E. (2020). Genotoxic effect of heavy metals on Astyanax lacustris in an urban stream. Heliyon, 6(9), e05034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05034
  • Dağ, N., & Arıcı, Ö. K. (2021). Heavy metals in soils Pb (lead), Hg (mercury), Cd (cadmium), As (arsenic) effects on human health. Uluslararası Çevresel Eğilimler Dergisi, 5(2), 48-59.
  • de Flora, S., Vigano, L., D'Agostini, F., Camoriano, A., Bagnasco, M., Bennicelli, C., Melodia, F., & Arillo, A. (1993). Multiple genotoxicity biomarkers in fish exposed in situ to polluted river water. Mutation Research, 3198, 167-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(93)90076-P
  • de Lapuente, J., Lourenço, J., Mendo, S.A., Borràs, M., Martins, M.G., Costa, P.M., & Pacheco, M. (2015). The comet assay and its applications in the field of ecotoxicology: a mature tool that continues to expand its perspectives. Frontiers in Genetics, 6, 180. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2015.00180
  • Doğan, M., Çavuşoğlu, K., Yalçin, E., & Acar, A. (2022). Comprehensive toxicity screening of Pazarsuyu stream water containing heavy metals and protective role of lycopene. Scientific Reports, 12, 16615. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21081-y
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  • Glei, M., Schneider, T., & Schlörmann, W. (2016). Comet assay: an essential tool in toxicological research. Archives of Toxicology, 90(10), 2315-2336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-016-1767-y
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  • Hussain, B., Sultana, T., Sultana, S., Masoud, M.S., Ahmed, Z., & Mahboob, S. (2018). Fish eco-genotoxicology: Comet and micronucleus assay in fish erythrocytes as in situ biomarker of freshwater pollution. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 25(2), 393 398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.11.048
  • Jannetto, P.J., & Cowl, C.T. (2023). Elementary overview of heavy metals. Clinical Chemistry, 69(4), 336 349. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvad022
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  • Khan, S., Shah, I.A., Muhammad, S., Malik, R.N., & Shah, M.T. (2015). Arsenic and heavy metal concentrations in drinking water in Pakistan and risk assessment: a case study. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 21(4), 1020 1031. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2014.950925
  • Kılıç, Z. (2021). Water pollution: Causes, negative effects and prevention methods. İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 3(2), 129 132. https://doi.org/10.47769/izufbed.862679
  • Kontaş, S. (2022). In vivo assessment of genotoxic effects in Cyprinus carpio L., 1758 (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) exposed to selected metal(oid)s. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 38(5), 277-286. https://doi.org/10.1177/07482337221092319
  • Kontaş, S., & Bostancı, D. (2020). Genotoxic effects of environmental pollutant heavy metals on Alburnus chalcoides (Pisces: Cyprinidae) inhabiting lower Melet River (Ordu, Turkey). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 104(6), 763-769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-02857-2
  • Kumaravel, T.S., & Jha, A.N. (2006). Reliable Comet assay measurements for detecting DNA damage induced by ionising radiation and chemicals. Mutation Research, 605(1-2), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.03.002
  • Lan, J., Rahman, S.M., Gou, N., Jiang, T., Plewa, M.J., Alshawabkeh, A., & Gu, A.Z. (2018). Genotoxicity assessment of drinking water disinfection byproducts by DNA damage and repair pathway profiling analysis. Environmental Science & Technology, 52(11), 6565-6575. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b06389
  • Lovinskaya, A., Kolumbayeva, S., & Suvorova, M. (2022). Screening of natural surface waters of the Almaty region of the Republic of Kazakhstan for toxic and mutagenic activity. Science of The Total Environment, 849, 157909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157909
  • Luo, Y., Rao, J., & Jia, Q. (2022). Heavy metal pollution and environmental risks in the water of Rongna river caused by natural AMD around tiegelongnan copper deposit, Northern Tibet, China. PLoS One, 17, e0266700. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266700
  • Lushchak, V.I. (2011). Environmentally induced oxidative stress in aquatic animals. Aquatic Toxicology, 101, 13 30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.10.006
  • Mao, Y., Tan, H., Wang, M., Jiang, T., Wei, H., Xu, W., Jiang, Q., Bao, H., Ding, Y., Wang, F., & Zhu, C. (2022). Research progress of soil microorganisms in response to heavy metals in rice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ACS Publications, 70, 8513 8522. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01437
  • Matcar (2025). What is a slow city (Cittaslow)? Retrieved January 17, 2025, from https://www.matcarrental.com/en/blog/what-is-a-slow-city-cittaslow
  • Matos, L.A., Cunha, A.C.S., Sousa, A.A., Maranhão, J.P.R., Santos, N.R.S., Gonçalves, M. de M.C., Dantas, S.M.M. de M., Sousa, J.M. de C.E., Peron, A.P., da Silva, F.C.C., de Alencar, M.V.O.B., Islam, Md.T., de Aguiar, R.P.S., Melo-Cavalcante, A.A. de C., Bonecker, C.C., & Junior, H.F.J. (2017). The influence of heavy metals on toxicogenetic damage in a Brazilian tropical river. Chemosphere, 185, 852e859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.103
  • Mawari, G., Kumar, N., Sarkar, S., Frank, A.L., Daga, M.K., Singh, M.M., Joshi, T.K., & Singh I. (2022). Human health risk assessment due to heavy metals in ground and surface water and association of diseases with drinking water sources: a study from Maharashtra, India. Environmental Health Insights, 16, 11786302221146020. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786302221146020
  • Minitab 17 Statistical Software (2000) Computer Software. Minitab, Inc., State College, PA. http://www.minitab.com/
  • Mitra, S., Chakraborty, A.J., Tareq, A.M., Emran, T.B., Nainu, F., Khusro, A., Idris, A.M., Khandaker, M.U., Osman, H., Alhumaydhi, F.A., & Simal-Gandara, J. (2022). Impact of heavy metals on the environment and human health: novel therapeutic insights to counter the toxicity. Journal of King Saud University Science, 34(3), 101865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2022.101865
  • Picinini, J., Oliveira, R.F., Garcia, A.L.H., da Silva, G.N., Sebben, V.C., de Souza, G.M.S., Dias, J.F., Corrêa, D.S., & da Silva, J. (2022). In vitro genotoxic and mutagenic effects of water samples from Sapucaia and Esteio streams (Brazil) under the influence of different anthropogenic activities. Mutation Research- Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 878, 503484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503484
  • Richardson, S.D., Thruston, A.D., Jr Rav-Acha, C., Groisman, L., Popilevsky, I., Juraev, O., Glezer, V., McKague, A.B., Plewa, M.J., & Wagner, E.D. (2003). Tribromopyrrole, brominated acids, and other disinfection byproducts produced by disinfection of drinking water rich in bromide. Environmental Science & Technology, 37(17), 3782-3793. https://doi.org/10.1021/es030339w
  • Rocco, L., Frenzilli, G., Zito, G., Archimandritis, A., Peluso, C., & Stingo, V. (2012). Genotoxic effects in fish induced by pharmacological agents present in the sewage of some Italian water-treatment plants. Environmental Toxicology, 27(1), 18 25. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20607
  • Scalon, M., Rechenmacher, C., Siebel, A., Kayser, M., Rodrigues, M., Maluf, S., Rodrigues, M., & Silva, L. (2010). Evaluation of Sinos River water genotoxicity using the comet assay in fish. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 70(4), 1217-1222. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842010000600011
  • Şengür, Ş., & Atabeyoğlu, Ö. (2018). Slow city movement: A case study Perşembe-Ordu. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 4(1), 25-33.
  • Song, X., Zhang, G., Zhou, Y., & Li, W. (2023). Behaviors and mechanisms of microbially-induced corrosion in metal-based water supply pipelines: A review. Science of The Total Environment, 895, 165034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165034
  • Sorlini, S., Gialdini, F., & Collivignarelli, C. (2014). Metal leaching in drinking water domestic distribution system: an Italian case study. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 24(6), 497-514. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2013.865715
  • Sunjog, K., Gačić, Z., Kolarević, S., Višnjić-Jeftić, Ž., Jarić, I., Knežević-Vukčević, J., Vuković-Gačić, B., & Lenhardt, M. (2012). Heavy metal accumulation and the genotoxicity in barbel (Barbus barbus) as indicators of the Danube River pollution. Scientific World Journal, 2012 (2012), 351074. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/351074
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  • Turan, F., Eken, M., Ozyilmaz, G., Karan, S., & Uluca, H. (2020). Heavy metal bioaccumulation, oxidative stress and genotoxicity in African catfish Clarias gariepinus from Orontes River. Ecotoxicology, 29, 1522-1537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-020-02253-w
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  • Yeo, K.F.H., Li, C., Zhang, H., Chen, J., Wang, W., & Dong, Y. (2021). Arsenic removal from contaminated water using natural adsorbents: A review. Coatings, 11, 1407. https://doi.org/10.3390/COATINGS11111407
  • Žegura, B., & Filipič, M. (2019). The application of the comet assay in fish cell lines. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 842, 72 84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.01.011
  • Žegura, B., Heath, E., Černoša, A., & Filipič, M. (2009). Combination of in vitro bioassays for the determination of cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of wastewater, surface water and drinking water samples. Chemosphere, 75, 1453 1460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.041
  • Zeng, Y., Yang, Y., Li, Y., Zou, J., Wang, Q., Jin, Z., Zeng, J., & Hou, S. (2019). Health risk assessment and source apportionment for heavy metals in a southern chinese reservoir Impacted by stone mining activities. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 16(3), 342-352. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4230
  • Zhang, C., Yu, Z., Zeng, G., Jiang, M., Yang, Z., Cui, F., Zhu, M., Shen, L., & Hu, L. (2014). Effects of sediment geochemical properties on heavy metal bioavailability. Environment International, 73, 270-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.010
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hidrobiyoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Seda Kontaş Yalçınkaya 0000-0002-6582-6722

Derya Bostancı 0000-0003-3052-9805

Serdar Yedıer 0000-0003-0017-3502

Proje Numarası G-2004
Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Mart 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi 3 Şubat 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025Cilt: 42 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kontaş Yalçınkaya, S., Bostancı, D., & Yedıer, S. (2025). Genotoxicity assessment on presence of metal(loid)s in drinking water source and tap water. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 42(1), 33-40. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.42.1.05