Effects of light, temperature, nutrients and salinity on the growth of Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reimann & J. Lewin, 1964 species isolated from Izmir Bay
Yıl 2020, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 2, 157 - 166, 15.06.2020Öz
Cylindrotheca closterium is one of the diatom species that is dominant particularly in spring and summer in Izmir Bay and Aegean Sea. In this study, growth kinetics of Cylindrotheca closterium have been studied under different temperature, light intensity, nutrient concentrations and salinity conditions. Initially, temperature-light experiments were carried out and optimum temperature is determined to be 18 °C for this species. Obtained results at 18 °C are µmax= 1.97±0.167 d-1 for the maximum specific growth rate and KI=0.048± 0.028 for the half saturation constant. Then, six light intensities (0.9, 0.88, 0.74, 0.46, 0.2, 0.07 *100 μmol photon/m2s) and seven salinity concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 ‰) were investigated on the growth rate of Cylindrotheca closterium under optimum temperature. The specific growth rate has been calculated to be 2.012 d-1 at 15 ‰ salinity which is determined to be the optimum concentration. Exponential growth rates are obtained in semi-batch culture by measuring Chl a values and corresponded nutrient concentrations which are statistically valid (p<0,05) in regard to Monod equation (µ=µmax*S/KS+S) and µmax values, a parameter of Monod equation, are calculated for different concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, reactive phosphate and reactive silica are 2.48±0.61 d-1, 1.92 ±0.3 d-1, 2.1± 0.05 d-1 and 1.97± 0.20 d-1, respectively. KS values, which are another parameter of Monod equation, that are obtained for each nutrient are 17.84±14.4 μM NH4 + -N, 27.3± 19.04 μM NO3 --N, 0.25±0.04 μM PO4-P and 0.3±0.24 μM Si, respectively. As a result of global warming, temperature is expected to be risen 6 °C in 2100 (Hallegraeff, 2010). The impacts of this increase on the growth rate of Cylindrotheca closterium species in Izmir Bay is calculated, considering this scenario. Nitrogen is determined to be the only restricting compound that inhibits growth during 52 weeks by a study that is conducted by Sunlu vd., (2007). Consequently, the growth rate of the species didn’t decline under 1.5 d-1 during this period of time.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Light, temperature, salinity, nutrient, Cylindrotheca closterium, Izmir Bay
Kaynakça
- Affan, A., Heo, S. J., Jeon, Y. J. & Lee, J. B. (2009). Optimal Growth Conditions and Antioxidative Activities of Cylindrotheca closterium (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology, 45(6), 1405–1415. DOI:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00763.x Aydın, H. (1993). İzmir Körfezi fitoplanktonunun gelişimi üzerine sınırlayıcı faktörler. Yüksek lisans tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1-94.
- Aydın, H. (1993). İzmir Körfezi fitoplanktonunun gelişimi üzerine sınırlayıcı faktörler (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir, Türkiye.
- Aydın, H. (1993). İzmir Körfezi fitoplanktonunun gelişimi üzerine sınırlayıcı faktörler, Yüksek lisans tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir. 94 s.
- Aydın Gençay, H. & Büyükışık, B. (2006). Dem Limanında (Çandarlı Körfezi, Ege Denizi) Fitoplankton Populasyon Dinamiği Üzerine Araştırmalar. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 23(1-2), 43-53.
- Aydın, G.Ş., Kocataş, A. & Büyükışık, B. (2009). Effects of light and temperature on the growth rate of potentially harmful marine diatom: Thalassiosira allenii Takano (Bacillariophyceae). African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol.8 (19): 4983-4990
- Aydın, G.Ş. & Büyükışık, B. (2014). Effects on The Species Specific Variables Nutrient Pulses: Thalassiosira allenii (Takano). Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty. 11(3): 82-90.
- Bergeijk, S.A.V., der Zee, C.V. & Stal, L.J. (2003). Uptake and Excretion of Dimethylsulphoniopropionate is Driven by Salinity Changes in the Marine Benthic Diatom Cylindrotheca closterium. European Journal of Phycology. 38, 341–349. DOI: 10.1080/09670260310001612600
- Burmaster, D.E. (1979). The Unsteady Continuous Culture of Phosphate-limited Monochrysis lutheri Droop: Experimental and Theoretical Analysis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 39(2), 167-186. DOI: 10.1016/0022-0981(79)90012-1
- Büyükışık, B., Gökpınar, Ş. & Parlak, H. (1995). İzmir Körfezi Planktonunu Kontrol Eden Faktörler ve Ekolojik Modellemesi, TÜBİTAK Proje No: DEBAG 33, 97s, İzmir.
- Coutteau, P. (1996). Micro-algae. In P. Lavens, P. Sorgeloos (Eds.) Manual on the Production and Use of Live Food for Aquaculture (pp. 7-47). Rome, Italy: FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 361
- Demirel, Z. (2016). Identification and Fatty Acid Composition of Coccolithophore and Diatom Species Isolated from Aegean Sea. Romanian Biotechnological Letters. 21(4), 11746- 11753.
- Demirel, Z., Tok, R., İlter, I., Akyıl, S., Erdoğan, A., Koç, M., Kaymak Ertekin, F. & Conk Dalay, M. (2018). Biyokütle için Mikroalg ve Siyanobakteri’nin Büyük Ölçekli Üretimi. Aquatic Research, 1(2), 64-76. DOI: 10.3153/AR18008
- Doney, S.C., Ruckelshaus, M., Duffy, J.E., Barry, J.P., Chan, F., English, C.A., Galindo, H.M., Grebmeier, J.M., Hollowed, A.B., Knowlton, N., Polovina, J., Rabalais, N.N., Sydeman, W.J. & Talley, L.D., (2012). Climate Change Impacts on Marine Ecosystems. Annual Reviews of Marine Science, 4, 11-37. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-041911-111611
- Egemen, Ö. (2011). Su kalitesi. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi. 153 s.
- Erdik, E. (1971). Mekanik ve maddenin özellikleri problemleri. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi. 337 s.
- Erdoğan, Ş. (2016). Impacts of eutrophication and climate change on phytoplankton community structure, size diversity and phytoplankton based ecological status (Doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University Fen Bilimleri Institute). 176 pp.
- Erdoğan, Ş. (2016). Impacts of eutrophication and climate change on phytoplankton community structure, size diversity and phytoplankton based ecological status (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12620592/index.pdf
- Erdoğan, Ş. (2016). Impacts of eutrophication and climate change on phytoplankton community structure, size diversity and phytoplankton based ecological status. Doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, 1-176.
- Friligos, N. & Gotsis-Skretas, O. (1989). Eutrophication and Red Ride in Aegean Coastal Waters, Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 24, 171–180.
- Guillard, R.R.L. (1973). Division rates. In J.R. Stein (Ed.), Handbook of Phycological Methods (pp. 289–311). New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Guillard, R.R.L. (1975). Culture of phytoplankton for feeding marine invertebrates. In W. L. Smith, M. H. Chanley (Ed.), Culture of Marine Invertebrate Animals (pp. 29–60). New York: Plenum Press.
- Hallegraeff, G.M. (2010). Ocean Climate Change, Phytoplankton Community Responses, and Harmful Algal Blooms: A Formidable Predictive Challenge. Journal of Phycology, 46(2), 220–235. DOI:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2010.00815.x
- Harford, A. J., Hogan, A. C., Tsang, J. J., Parry, D. L., Negri, A. P., Adams, M. S., Stauber, J. & van Dam, R. A. (2011). Effects of Alumina Refinery Wastewater and Signature Metal Constituents at the Upper Thermal Tolerance of: 1. The Tropical Diatom Nitzschia closterium. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(3), 466–473. DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.013
- Harrison, P.J., Thompson, P.A., Guo, M. & Taylor F.J.R., (1993). Effects of Light, Temperature and Salinity on the Growth Rate of Harmful Marine Diatoms, Chaetoceros convolutus and C. concavicornis that Kill Netpen Salmon, Journal of Applied Phycology, 5, 259-265.
- Hemalatha, A., Karthikeyan, P., Girija, K., Saranya, C., Anantharaman P. & Sampathkumar, P. (2014). Effect of Nutrients on the Growth and Biochemical Composition of the Marine Diatom, Chaetoceros simplex (Ostenfeld, 1901). International Journal of Phytopharmacy Research, 5(1), 30-35.
- Horner, R. A. (2002). A taxonomic guide to some common phytoplankton. Dorchester, Dorset Press.
- IPCC, (2007). Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. In M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden, C.E. Hanson, (Eds.), Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 976). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007. Kale, A. & Karthick, B. (2015). The Diatoms- Big Significance of Tiny Glass Houses, Resonance, 20(10), 919-930.
- Koray, T. (1992). Noxious blooms in the Bay of Izmir, Aegean Sea. UNESCO, IOC Newsletter on Toxic Algae and Algal Blooms, Suppl. to ims Newsletter, No.63, 2, 1-2.
- Kükrer, S., Sunlu, F. S., Buyukisik, B., Aydin, H. & Sunlu, U. (2010). Growth kinetics of two diatoms Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira sp. from Izmir Bay (Eastern Aegean Sea /Turkey). In: CIESM 39th Congress, Venice, Italy, May 2010, Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit. 39, 379. DOI: 10.13140/2.1.2370.5280
- Maddux, W.S. & Jones, R.F. (1964). Some Interactions of Temperature, Light Intensity, and Nutrient Concentration During the Continuous Culture of Nitzschia closterium and Tetraselmis sp, Limnology and Oceanography, 9, 79–86.
- Ohgai, M., Iwano, H. & Hoshijima, M. (1986). The Effect of the Environmental Factors on the Growth of Diatom Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reimann et Lewin. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. DOI: 10.2331/suisan.52.1635
- Özkan, E.Y. & Büyükışık, B. (2012). Examination of Reactive Phosphate Fluxes in an Eutrophicated Coastal Area. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(6), 3443-3454. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2198-0
- Ramirez, E.E., Gonzalez, M.A., Cifuentes, A.S., Inostroza, I. & Urrutia, R.E. (2015). Culture and Growth of Two Benthic Diatoms Species Isolated from the Salar del Huasco (North of Chile, 20° S) at Different Conditions of Temperature, Light and Nutrient. Gayana Botanica, 72(2), 165-176. DOI: 10.4067/S0717-66432015000200001
- Round, F.E., Crawford, R.M. & Mann, D.G. (1990). The diatoms- Biology and morphology of the genera. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Ruivo, M., Amorim, A. & Cartaxana, P. (2011). Effects of Growth Phase and Irradiance on Phytoplankton Pigment Ratios: Implications for Chemotaxonomy in Coastal Waters. Journal of Plankton Research, 33(7), 1012-1022. DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbr019
- Sabancı, F.Ç. & Koray, T. (2011). Annual Variation in the Diversity, Species Richness and Composition of the Phytoplankton Assemblages in the Izmir Bay (Eastern Aegean). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 11, 303-313. DOI: 10.4194/trjfas.2011.215
- Sisman Aydin, G. (2012). Interval Nutrient Pulses Responses of Compatitive Culture Experiment: Chaetoceros sp. Thallassiosira allenii (Takano), Gomphosphaeria sp. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 11: 799-802.
- Stanbury, F.A. (1931). The Effect of Light of Different Intensities, Reduced Selectively and Non-selectively, upon the Rate of Growth of Nitzschia closterium. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 17, 633-653.
- Stock, W., Vanelslander, B., Rüdiger, F., Sabbe, K., Vyverman, W. & Karsten, U. (2019). Thermal Niche Differentiation in the Benthic Diatom Cylindrotheca closterium (Bacillariophyceae) Complex. Frontiers in Microbiology. 10, 1395. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01395
- Sunlu, F.S., Büyükışık, B., Koray, T. & Sunlu, U. (2006). Growth Kinetics of Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reimann and Lewin Isolated From Aegean Sea Coastal Water (İzmir Bay/Türkiye). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 9(1), 15-21. DOI:10.3923/pjbs.2006.15.21
- Sunlu, U., Büyükışık, H.B., Koray, T., Bröckel, K., Sunlu, F.S., Sever, T.M., Aydın, H.G., Aksu, M., Aydın, A. & Orçun, E. (2007). Büyük Kanal Projesinin Aktif Hale Geçirilmesinin İzmir Körfezi Sularında Alt Besinsel Seviyeler Üzerine Etkileri, TÜBİTAK Proje No: 102Y116, 253s, Ankara.
- Şişman Aydın,G., Büyükışık, B. & Kocataş, A. (2013). Farklı Azot Kaynağının (NO3 ve NH4) Zararlı Denizel Diyatomu Thalassiosira allenii Takano (Bacillariophyceae) Büyümesi Üzerine Etkisi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(3): 90-96.
- Şişman Aydın, G., Büyükışık, B. & Kocataş, A. (2014). Fosfat ve Silikatın Zararlı Denizel Diyatom Büyümesi Üzerine Etkisi: Thalassiosira allenii Takano (Bacillariophyceae). Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1): 44-52.
- Treydte, K. S., Schleser, G. H., Helle, G., Frank, D. C., Winiger, M., Haug, G. H. & Esper, J. (2006). The Twentieth Century was the Wettest Period in Northern Pakistan over the Past Millennium. Nature, 440, 1179-1182. DOI: 10.1038/nature04743
- Tümer, T. (2012). Günlük fitoplankton değişimi İnciraltı, İzmir Körfezi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir, 108.
- Walther, G.R., Post, E., Convey, P., Menzel, A., Parmesan, C., Beebee, T. J., Fromentin, J.M., Hoegh-Guldberg, O. & Bairlein, F. (2002). Ecological Responses to Recent Climate Change. Nature, 416, 389-395. DOI:10.1038/416389a
- Ying Du, G., Oak, H.,J., Li, H. & Chung, I.K. (2010). Effect of Light and Sediment Grain Size on the Vertical Migration of Benthic Diatoms. Algae. 25(3), 133-140. DOI: 10.4490/algae.2010.25.3.133
İzmir Körfezi’nden izole edilen Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reimann & J. Lewin, 1964 türünün büyümesi üzerine ışık, sıcaklık, nütrient ve tuzluluğun etkileri
Yıl 2020, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 2, 157 - 166, 15.06.2020Öz
Cylindrotheca closterium özellikle ilkbahar ve yaz mevsimlerinde İzmir Körfezi ve Ege Denizi’nde baskın olan diatom türlerinden biridir. Bu çalışmada C. closterium türünün farklı sıcaklık, ışık şiddeti, nutrient konsantrasyonları ve tuzluluklar altındaki büyüme kinetikleri üzerine çalışılmıştır. Öncelikle sıcaklık-ışık denemeleri yapılmış ve türün optimum sıcaklığı 18°C olarak belirlenmiştir. 18°C’de maksimum spesifik büyüme hızı μmax= 1,97±0,17 gün-1 ve yarı doygunluk sabiti KI=0,05± 0,03 olarak elde edilmiştir. Daha sonra, optimum sıcaklıkta 0,9, 0,88, 0,74, 0,46, 0,2 ve, 0,07 *100 μmol foton/m2s olmak üzere altı farklı ışık şiddetinin, ‰ 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 ve 35 olmak üzere yedi farklı tuzluluğun Cylindrotheca closterium türünün büyüme hızı üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır. Optimum olarak belirlenen ‰ 15 tuzlulukta spesifik büyüme hızı 2,012 gün-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Farklı amonyum (NH4 +), nitrat (NO3 -), reaktif fosfat (RP) ve reaktif silis (RSi) konsantrasyonlarından yarı kesikli kültür denemesiyle ölçülen Chl a değerlerinden bulunan üstel büyüme hızları ve tekabül eden nutrient konsantrasyonlarından elde edilen istatistiksel olarak (p<0,05) geçerli Monod denkleminin (µ=µmax*S/KS+S) parametrelerinden biri olan µmax değerleri sırasıyla 2,48±0,61 gün-1 , 1,92 ±0,3 gün-1 , 2,1± 0,05 gün-1 ve 1,97± 0,2 gün-1 ’dir. Her bir nutrient için bulunan Monod denkleminin diğer parametreleri (KS) sırasıyla 17,84±14,4 μM NH4 + -N, 27,3± 19,04 μM NO3 --N, 0,25±0,04 μM PO4-P ve 0,3±0,24 μM Si’dir. Küresel ısınmanın sonucu olarak 2100 yılında sıcaklıkların 6 °C artması beklenmektedir (Hallegraeff, 2010). Bu senaryo göz önünde bulundurularak İzmir Körfezi’nde Cylindrotheca closterium‘un büyüme hızı üzerindeki etkileri hesaplanmıştır. Sunlu vd. (2007) tarafından yapılan bir çalışmada İzmir Körfezi’nde 52 hafta boyunca azotun büyümeyi sınırlayan tek bileşen olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, türün bu süre boyunca büyüme hızı 1,5 gün-1 ‘in altına düşmemiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Işık, sıcaklık, tuzluluk, nütrient, Cylindrotheca closterium, İzmir Körfezİ
Kaynakça
- Affan, A., Heo, S. J., Jeon, Y. J. & Lee, J. B. (2009). Optimal Growth Conditions and Antioxidative Activities of Cylindrotheca closterium (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology, 45(6), 1405–1415. DOI:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00763.x Aydın, H. (1993). İzmir Körfezi fitoplanktonunun gelişimi üzerine sınırlayıcı faktörler. Yüksek lisans tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1-94.
- Aydın, H. (1993). İzmir Körfezi fitoplanktonunun gelişimi üzerine sınırlayıcı faktörler (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir, Türkiye.
- Aydın, H. (1993). İzmir Körfezi fitoplanktonunun gelişimi üzerine sınırlayıcı faktörler, Yüksek lisans tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir. 94 s.
- Aydın Gençay, H. & Büyükışık, B. (2006). Dem Limanında (Çandarlı Körfezi, Ege Denizi) Fitoplankton Populasyon Dinamiği Üzerine Araştırmalar. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 23(1-2), 43-53.
- Aydın, G.Ş., Kocataş, A. & Büyükışık, B. (2009). Effects of light and temperature on the growth rate of potentially harmful marine diatom: Thalassiosira allenii Takano (Bacillariophyceae). African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol.8 (19): 4983-4990
- Aydın, G.Ş. & Büyükışık, B. (2014). Effects on The Species Specific Variables Nutrient Pulses: Thalassiosira allenii (Takano). Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty. 11(3): 82-90.
- Bergeijk, S.A.V., der Zee, C.V. & Stal, L.J. (2003). Uptake and Excretion of Dimethylsulphoniopropionate is Driven by Salinity Changes in the Marine Benthic Diatom Cylindrotheca closterium. European Journal of Phycology. 38, 341–349. DOI: 10.1080/09670260310001612600
- Burmaster, D.E. (1979). The Unsteady Continuous Culture of Phosphate-limited Monochrysis lutheri Droop: Experimental and Theoretical Analysis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 39(2), 167-186. DOI: 10.1016/0022-0981(79)90012-1
- Büyükışık, B., Gökpınar, Ş. & Parlak, H. (1995). İzmir Körfezi Planktonunu Kontrol Eden Faktörler ve Ekolojik Modellemesi, TÜBİTAK Proje No: DEBAG 33, 97s, İzmir.
- Coutteau, P. (1996). Micro-algae. In P. Lavens, P. Sorgeloos (Eds.) Manual on the Production and Use of Live Food for Aquaculture (pp. 7-47). Rome, Italy: FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 361
- Demirel, Z. (2016). Identification and Fatty Acid Composition of Coccolithophore and Diatom Species Isolated from Aegean Sea. Romanian Biotechnological Letters. 21(4), 11746- 11753.
- Demirel, Z., Tok, R., İlter, I., Akyıl, S., Erdoğan, A., Koç, M., Kaymak Ertekin, F. & Conk Dalay, M. (2018). Biyokütle için Mikroalg ve Siyanobakteri’nin Büyük Ölçekli Üretimi. Aquatic Research, 1(2), 64-76. DOI: 10.3153/AR18008
- Doney, S.C., Ruckelshaus, M., Duffy, J.E., Barry, J.P., Chan, F., English, C.A., Galindo, H.M., Grebmeier, J.M., Hollowed, A.B., Knowlton, N., Polovina, J., Rabalais, N.N., Sydeman, W.J. & Talley, L.D., (2012). Climate Change Impacts on Marine Ecosystems. Annual Reviews of Marine Science, 4, 11-37. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-041911-111611
- Egemen, Ö. (2011). Su kalitesi. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi. 153 s.
- Erdik, E. (1971). Mekanik ve maddenin özellikleri problemleri. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi. 337 s.
- Erdoğan, Ş. (2016). Impacts of eutrophication and climate change on phytoplankton community structure, size diversity and phytoplankton based ecological status (Doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University Fen Bilimleri Institute). 176 pp.
- Erdoğan, Ş. (2016). Impacts of eutrophication and climate change on phytoplankton community structure, size diversity and phytoplankton based ecological status (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12620592/index.pdf
- Erdoğan, Ş. (2016). Impacts of eutrophication and climate change on phytoplankton community structure, size diversity and phytoplankton based ecological status. Doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, 1-176.
- Friligos, N. & Gotsis-Skretas, O. (1989). Eutrophication and Red Ride in Aegean Coastal Waters, Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 24, 171–180.
- Guillard, R.R.L. (1973). Division rates. In J.R. Stein (Ed.), Handbook of Phycological Methods (pp. 289–311). New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Guillard, R.R.L. (1975). Culture of phytoplankton for feeding marine invertebrates. In W. L. Smith, M. H. Chanley (Ed.), Culture of Marine Invertebrate Animals (pp. 29–60). New York: Plenum Press.
- Hallegraeff, G.M. (2010). Ocean Climate Change, Phytoplankton Community Responses, and Harmful Algal Blooms: A Formidable Predictive Challenge. Journal of Phycology, 46(2), 220–235. DOI:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2010.00815.x
- Harford, A. J., Hogan, A. C., Tsang, J. J., Parry, D. L., Negri, A. P., Adams, M. S., Stauber, J. & van Dam, R. A. (2011). Effects of Alumina Refinery Wastewater and Signature Metal Constituents at the Upper Thermal Tolerance of: 1. The Tropical Diatom Nitzschia closterium. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(3), 466–473. DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.013
- Harrison, P.J., Thompson, P.A., Guo, M. & Taylor F.J.R., (1993). Effects of Light, Temperature and Salinity on the Growth Rate of Harmful Marine Diatoms, Chaetoceros convolutus and C. concavicornis that Kill Netpen Salmon, Journal of Applied Phycology, 5, 259-265.
- Hemalatha, A., Karthikeyan, P., Girija, K., Saranya, C., Anantharaman P. & Sampathkumar, P. (2014). Effect of Nutrients on the Growth and Biochemical Composition of the Marine Diatom, Chaetoceros simplex (Ostenfeld, 1901). International Journal of Phytopharmacy Research, 5(1), 30-35.
- Horner, R. A. (2002). A taxonomic guide to some common phytoplankton. Dorchester, Dorset Press.
- IPCC, (2007). Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. In M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden, C.E. Hanson, (Eds.), Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 976). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007. Kale, A. & Karthick, B. (2015). The Diatoms- Big Significance of Tiny Glass Houses, Resonance, 20(10), 919-930.
- Koray, T. (1992). Noxious blooms in the Bay of Izmir, Aegean Sea. UNESCO, IOC Newsletter on Toxic Algae and Algal Blooms, Suppl. to ims Newsletter, No.63, 2, 1-2.
- Kükrer, S., Sunlu, F. S., Buyukisik, B., Aydin, H. & Sunlu, U. (2010). Growth kinetics of two diatoms Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira sp. from Izmir Bay (Eastern Aegean Sea /Turkey). In: CIESM 39th Congress, Venice, Italy, May 2010, Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit. 39, 379. DOI: 10.13140/2.1.2370.5280
- Maddux, W.S. & Jones, R.F. (1964). Some Interactions of Temperature, Light Intensity, and Nutrient Concentration During the Continuous Culture of Nitzschia closterium and Tetraselmis sp, Limnology and Oceanography, 9, 79–86.
- Ohgai, M., Iwano, H. & Hoshijima, M. (1986). The Effect of the Environmental Factors on the Growth of Diatom Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reimann et Lewin. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. DOI: 10.2331/suisan.52.1635
- Özkan, E.Y. & Büyükışık, B. (2012). Examination of Reactive Phosphate Fluxes in an Eutrophicated Coastal Area. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(6), 3443-3454. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2198-0
- Ramirez, E.E., Gonzalez, M.A., Cifuentes, A.S., Inostroza, I. & Urrutia, R.E. (2015). Culture and Growth of Two Benthic Diatoms Species Isolated from the Salar del Huasco (North of Chile, 20° S) at Different Conditions of Temperature, Light and Nutrient. Gayana Botanica, 72(2), 165-176. DOI: 10.4067/S0717-66432015000200001
- Round, F.E., Crawford, R.M. & Mann, D.G. (1990). The diatoms- Biology and morphology of the genera. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Ruivo, M., Amorim, A. & Cartaxana, P. (2011). Effects of Growth Phase and Irradiance on Phytoplankton Pigment Ratios: Implications for Chemotaxonomy in Coastal Waters. Journal of Plankton Research, 33(7), 1012-1022. DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbr019
- Sabancı, F.Ç. & Koray, T. (2011). Annual Variation in the Diversity, Species Richness and Composition of the Phytoplankton Assemblages in the Izmir Bay (Eastern Aegean). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 11, 303-313. DOI: 10.4194/trjfas.2011.215
- Sisman Aydin, G. (2012). Interval Nutrient Pulses Responses of Compatitive Culture Experiment: Chaetoceros sp. Thallassiosira allenii (Takano), Gomphosphaeria sp. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 11: 799-802.
- Stanbury, F.A. (1931). The Effect of Light of Different Intensities, Reduced Selectively and Non-selectively, upon the Rate of Growth of Nitzschia closterium. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 17, 633-653.
- Stock, W., Vanelslander, B., Rüdiger, F., Sabbe, K., Vyverman, W. & Karsten, U. (2019). Thermal Niche Differentiation in the Benthic Diatom Cylindrotheca closterium (Bacillariophyceae) Complex. Frontiers in Microbiology. 10, 1395. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01395
- Sunlu, F.S., Büyükışık, B., Koray, T. & Sunlu, U. (2006). Growth Kinetics of Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reimann and Lewin Isolated From Aegean Sea Coastal Water (İzmir Bay/Türkiye). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 9(1), 15-21. DOI:10.3923/pjbs.2006.15.21
- Sunlu, U., Büyükışık, H.B., Koray, T., Bröckel, K., Sunlu, F.S., Sever, T.M., Aydın, H.G., Aksu, M., Aydın, A. & Orçun, E. (2007). Büyük Kanal Projesinin Aktif Hale Geçirilmesinin İzmir Körfezi Sularında Alt Besinsel Seviyeler Üzerine Etkileri, TÜBİTAK Proje No: 102Y116, 253s, Ankara.
- Şişman Aydın,G., Büyükışık, B. & Kocataş, A. (2013). Farklı Azot Kaynağının (NO3 ve NH4) Zararlı Denizel Diyatomu Thalassiosira allenii Takano (Bacillariophyceae) Büyümesi Üzerine Etkisi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(3): 90-96.
- Şişman Aydın, G., Büyükışık, B. & Kocataş, A. (2014). Fosfat ve Silikatın Zararlı Denizel Diyatom Büyümesi Üzerine Etkisi: Thalassiosira allenii Takano (Bacillariophyceae). Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1): 44-52.
- Treydte, K. S., Schleser, G. H., Helle, G., Frank, D. C., Winiger, M., Haug, G. H. & Esper, J. (2006). The Twentieth Century was the Wettest Period in Northern Pakistan over the Past Millennium. Nature, 440, 1179-1182. DOI: 10.1038/nature04743
- Tümer, T. (2012). Günlük fitoplankton değişimi İnciraltı, İzmir Körfezi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir, 108.
- Walther, G.R., Post, E., Convey, P., Menzel, A., Parmesan, C., Beebee, T. J., Fromentin, J.M., Hoegh-Guldberg, O. & Bairlein, F. (2002). Ecological Responses to Recent Climate Change. Nature, 416, 389-395. DOI:10.1038/416389a
- Ying Du, G., Oak, H.,J., Li, H. & Chung, I.K. (2010). Effect of Light and Sediment Grain Size on the Vertical Migration of Benthic Diatoms. Algae. 25(3), 133-140. DOI: 10.4490/algae.2010.25.3.133
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Hidrobiyoloji |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar |
|
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 15 Haziran 2020 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 27 Mayıs 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020Cilt: 37 Sayı: 2 |