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Akut bakır konsantrasyonlarına maruz bırakılmış pangasus balıklarında (Pangasius hypophthalmus) saptanan hematolojik ve histolojik değişimler

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 4, 387 - 396, 15.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.36.4.10

Öz



Bu çalışmada, hematolojik ve histolojik değişiklikleri incelemek için pangasus balıkları (Pangasius hypophthalmus) 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg L-1 bakır sülfat konsantrasyonlarına 48 saat süreyle maruz bırakılmıştır. Ardından her akvaryumdan dörder balık seçilmiştir. İlk 24 saatte ve ikinci 24 saatte kan örnekleri alınmıştır. Sonrasında histolojik analiz için böbrek, karaciğer, dalak ve solungaç doku örnekleri toplanmıştır. Hematokrit, hemoglobin, eritrosit sayısı, MCHC, MCH ve MCV değerleri için kan örnekleri analiz edilmiştir. Histolojik değerlendirme içinde doku örnekleri hematoksilen ve eozin boyama yöntemi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bakır konsantrasyon artışlarına bağlı olarak pangasus balıklarında hematolojik ve histolojik bazı önemli değişiklikler saptanmıştır. ≥ 2.5 mg L-1 Cu konsantrasyonlarına maruz bırakılmış pangasusların hematokrit oranında, hemoglobin miktarlarında ve eritrosit sayısında 48 saat içinde önemli artışlar olmuştur. Fakat MCHC, MCH ve MCV değerlerinde istatiksel bir farklılık gözlenmemiştir. İlk 24 saatlik süreçte ≥ 2.5 mg L-1 Cu konsantrasyonları pangasuslarının solungaçlarında ödeme, hiperplaziye, ve füzyona yol açmıştır. 48 saat sonunda ≥ 2.5 mg L-1 konsantrasyonlar solungaçlarda yoğun hiperplaziye ve kıkırdak ve epitel dokuda dejenerasyonlara neden olmuştur. Karaciğer hücrelerinde piknotik nükleus ve dejenerasyonlar, dalakta nekroz ve hemosterin kümecikleri artışı, böbrek tübüllerinde dejenerasyon ve siyah lekeler görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak ≥ 2.5 mg L-1 akut bakır konsantrasyonları pangasus balıklarında 48 saat süre içinde yüksek mortaliteye ve histolojik bozukluklara neden olmuştur.




Kaynakça

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  • Acker, L.A., Mcmahan, J.R. & Gawel, J.E. (2005). The effect of heavy metal pollution in aquatic environmentals on metallothionein production in Mytillus sp. Proceedings of the 2005 Puget Sound Georgia Basin Research.
  • Alkobaby, A., & Abd El-Wahed, R.K. (2017). The acute toxicity of copper to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings and its effects on gill and liver histology. Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development, 8(1), 1-6. DOI: 10.4172/2155-9546.1000465
  • Al-Tamimi, A.H., Al-Azzawi, A.J. & Al-A'dhmi M. A. (2015). Chronic toxicity assessment of histological changes and micronuclei in fish Cyprinus carpio L. After exposed to copper. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering Technology and Sciences, 13(1), 194-210.
  • Alwan, S. F., Hadi, A.A. & Shokr, A. E. (2009). Alterations in Hematological Parameters of Fresh Water Fish, Tilapia zillii , Exposed to Aluminum. Journal of Science and Its Applications, 3(1), 12-19.
  • Atabati, A., Keykhosravi, A., Askari-Hesni, M., Vatandost, J. & Motamedi, M. (2015). Effects of copper sulfate on gill histopathology of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 2(1), 35-42.
  • Bayhan, T. & Ünübol Aypak, S. (2016). Büyük Menderes Deltasından avlanan kefal ve levreklerde Cu, Zn ve Cd düzeylerinin belirlenmesi ve metalotiyonin ile ilişkisinin araştırılması. Gıda, 41(5), 359-365. DOI: 10.15237/gida.GD16034
  • Begum, A., Mustafa, A.I., Amin, M.N., Chowdhury, T.R., Quraihi, S.B. & Banu N. (2013). Levels of heavy metals in tissues of shingi fish (Heteropneustes fossilis) from Buriganga River, Bangladesh. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 185, 5461-5469. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2959-4
  • Çağdaş, B., Kocagöz, R., Onat, İ., Perçin, F., Özaydin, O. & Orhan, H. (2017). Periodic monitoring of persistent organic pollutants and molecular damage in Cyprinus carpio from Büyük Menderes River. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 4241-4251. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4848-1
  • Culling, A.F., Allison, T.R. & Barr, T.W. (1985). Cellulary Patholog Technique. Fourth Edition, London, UK. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-407-72903-2.50031-9
  • Cyriac, P.J., Antony, A. & Nambisan, P.N.K. (1989). Hemoglobin and haematocrit values in the fish, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) after short term exposure to copper and mercury. Bulletin of Environmantal Contamination and Toxicology, 43, 315-320. DOI: 10.1007/BF01701764
  • Çalta, M., Canpolat, Ö. & Nacar, A. (2000). Elazığ Keban Baraj Göl'nde yakalanan Capoeta trutta (HECKEL, 1843)'da bazı ağır metal düzeylerinin belirlenmesi, Doğu Anandolu Bölgesi IV. Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu, 28-30 Haziran 2000, Erzurum.
  • Çiftçi, N., Karayakar, F., Ay, Ö., Cicik, B. & Erdem, C. (2015). Effects of copper and lead on some hematological parameters of Oreochromis niloticus. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 24(9), 2771-2775.
  • Duman, S. & Şahan, A. (2014). Kangal (Sivas) balıklı Çermik Termal Kaplıcası ile Topardıç Deresi'nde (Sivas) yaşayan benekli sazan Cyprinion macrostomus (Heckel, 1843) da bazı hematolojik parametreler ve non-spesifik immün yanıtın belirlenmesi. Yunus Araştırma Bülteni, 4, 21-28. DOI: 10.17693/yunusae.v2014i21954.235727
  • Ebrahimpour, M., Alipour, H. & Rakhshah, S. (2010). Influence of water hardness on acute toxicity of copper and zinc on fish. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 26(6), 361-365. DOI: 10.1177/0748233710369123
  • Figueiredo-Fernandes, A., Ferreira-Cardoso, J., Garcia-Santos, S., Monteiro, S. M., Carrola, J., Matos, P. & Fontainhas-Fernandes, A. (2007). Histopathological changes in liver and gill epithelium of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, exposed to waterborne copper. Pesquisa Vetterinaria Brasileira, 27(3), 103-109. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-736X2007000300004
  • Gündoğdu, A. (2008). Acute toxicity of zinc and copper for rainbow trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss). Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 2, 711-721. DOI: 10.3153/jfscom.2008039
  • Hamer, D.H. (1986). Metallotionein. Annual Review Biochemistry, 55, 913-951. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.bi.55.070186.004405
  • Hassan, W., Abdullah, S., Afzal, M. & Hussain, M. (2018) . Assessment of acute metals toxicity in Catla catla through hematological and biochemical blood markers. Pakistan Journal Agricultural Sciences, 55(2), 449-454. DOI: 10.21162/PAKJAS/18.6002
  • Karan, V., Vitorovic, S., Tutundzic, V. & Poleksic, V. (1998). Functional enzymes activity and gill histology of carp after copper exposure and recovery. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 40, 49-55. DOI: 10.1006/eesa.1998.1641
  • Kalay, M. & Canlı, M. (2000). Elimination of essential (Cu, Zn) and non-essential (Cd, Pb) metals from tissues of a freshwater fish Tilapia zilli. Turkish Journal of Zoology. 24, 429-436.
  • Kousar, S. & Javed, M. (2012). Evaluation of acute toxicity of copper to four fresh water fish species. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 14(5), 801-804.
  • Kovarova, J., Kizek, R., Adam, V., Harustiakova, D., Celechovska, O. & Svobodova, Z. (2009). Effect of cadmium chloride on metallothionein levels in carp. Sensors, 9, 4789-4803. DOI: 10.3390/s90604789
  • Li, Y., Yang, H., Liu, N., Luo, J., Wang, Q. & Wang, L. (2015). Cadmium accumulation and metallothionein biosynthesis in cadmium-treated freshwater mussel Anodonta woodiana. Plos One, 10(2), 1-15. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117037
  • Linde, A.R., Sanchez-Galan, S., Valles-Mota, P. & GarciaVazquez, E. (2001). Metallothionein as bioindicator of freshwater of metal pollution: European eel and brown trout. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 49, 60- 63. DOI: 10.1006/eesa.2001.2042
  • Liu, J.-Y., Lu, T. & Zhao, N.-M. (2000). Classification and nomenclature of plant metallothionein-like proteins based on their cysteine arrangement patterns. Acta Botanica Sinica 42, 649-652.
  • Ma, W., Wang, L., He, Y. & Yan, Y. (2008). Tissue-specific cadmium and metallothionein levels in freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense during acute exposure to waterborne cadmium. Environmental Toxicology, 23(3), 393-400. DOI: 10.1002/tox.20339
  • Maharajan, A., Rufus Kitto, M., Paruruckumani, P. S. & Ganapiriya, V. ( 2016). Histopathology biomarker responses in Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch) exposed to copper. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 77, 21-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobaz.2016.02.001
  • Marcussen, H., Holm, P. E., Ha, L. T. & Dalsgaard, A. (2007). Food safety aspects of toxic element accumulation in fish from wastewater-fed ponds in Hanoi, Vietnam. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 12, 34-39. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01939.x
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Hematological and histological alterations detected in striped catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) exposed to acute copper concentrations

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 4, 387 - 396, 15.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.36.4.10

Öz



In this study, to examine hematological and histological alterations, striped catfish exposed to 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg L-1 copper concentrations for 48 hours. After that, four fish were selected per aquarium. First 24 and second 24 h, blood samples were taken. And then, their gills, liver, kidney, and spleen samples were collected. The blood samples were analyzed for hematocrit, hemoglobin, number of erythrocytes, MCHC, MCH and MCV. The tissue samples stained with standart tecnique of haematoxylin and eosin for histological assessment. Copper depending on concentrations increase caused some important hematological and histological alterations on striped catfish. Number of erythroryte, hematocrit and hemoglobin of striped catfish exposed to ≥ 2.5 mg L-1 of Cu concentrations increased in 48 h. Within first 24 h ≥ 2.5 mg L-1 of Cu caused edema, hyperplasia and fusion in gills. After 48 h, ≥ 2.5 mg L-1 of Cu formed very intense hyperplasia and degeneration of cartilage and epithelium tissue in the gills. Pyknotic nuclei and degenation in liver; necrosis and increase number of hemosterin clustering in spleen; degeneration of renal tubules and black spots in kidney were seen. As a result of that, ≥ 2.5 mg L-1 of Cu caused high mortality and histological disorders within 48 h.




Kaynakça

  • Abdel-Warith, A.A., Younis, E.M., Al-Asgah, N.A. & Wahbi, O.M. (2011). Effect of zinc toxicity on liver histology of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Scientific Research and Essays, 6(17), 3760-3769. DOI: 10.5897/SRE11.883
  • Acker, L.A., Mcmahan, J.R. & Gawel, J.E. (2005). The effect of heavy metal pollution in aquatic environmentals on metallothionein production in Mytillus sp. Proceedings of the 2005 Puget Sound Georgia Basin Research.
  • Alkobaby, A., & Abd El-Wahed, R.K. (2017). The acute toxicity of copper to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings and its effects on gill and liver histology. Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development, 8(1), 1-6. DOI: 10.4172/2155-9546.1000465
  • Al-Tamimi, A.H., Al-Azzawi, A.J. & Al-A'dhmi M. A. (2015). Chronic toxicity assessment of histological changes and micronuclei in fish Cyprinus carpio L. After exposed to copper. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering Technology and Sciences, 13(1), 194-210.
  • Alwan, S. F., Hadi, A.A. & Shokr, A. E. (2009). Alterations in Hematological Parameters of Fresh Water Fish, Tilapia zillii , Exposed to Aluminum. Journal of Science and Its Applications, 3(1), 12-19.
  • Atabati, A., Keykhosravi, A., Askari-Hesni, M., Vatandost, J. & Motamedi, M. (2015). Effects of copper sulfate on gill histopathology of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 2(1), 35-42.
  • Bayhan, T. & Ünübol Aypak, S. (2016). Büyük Menderes Deltasından avlanan kefal ve levreklerde Cu, Zn ve Cd düzeylerinin belirlenmesi ve metalotiyonin ile ilişkisinin araştırılması. Gıda, 41(5), 359-365. DOI: 10.15237/gida.GD16034
  • Begum, A., Mustafa, A.I., Amin, M.N., Chowdhury, T.R., Quraihi, S.B. & Banu N. (2013). Levels of heavy metals in tissues of shingi fish (Heteropneustes fossilis) from Buriganga River, Bangladesh. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 185, 5461-5469. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2959-4
  • Çağdaş, B., Kocagöz, R., Onat, İ., Perçin, F., Özaydin, O. & Orhan, H. (2017). Periodic monitoring of persistent organic pollutants and molecular damage in Cyprinus carpio from Büyük Menderes River. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 4241-4251. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4848-1
  • Culling, A.F., Allison, T.R. & Barr, T.W. (1985). Cellulary Patholog Technique. Fourth Edition, London, UK. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-407-72903-2.50031-9
  • Cyriac, P.J., Antony, A. & Nambisan, P.N.K. (1989). Hemoglobin and haematocrit values in the fish, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) after short term exposure to copper and mercury. Bulletin of Environmantal Contamination and Toxicology, 43, 315-320. DOI: 10.1007/BF01701764
  • Çalta, M., Canpolat, Ö. & Nacar, A. (2000). Elazığ Keban Baraj Göl'nde yakalanan Capoeta trutta (HECKEL, 1843)'da bazı ağır metal düzeylerinin belirlenmesi, Doğu Anandolu Bölgesi IV. Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu, 28-30 Haziran 2000, Erzurum.
  • Çiftçi, N., Karayakar, F., Ay, Ö., Cicik, B. & Erdem, C. (2015). Effects of copper and lead on some hematological parameters of Oreochromis niloticus. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 24(9), 2771-2775.
  • Duman, S. & Şahan, A. (2014). Kangal (Sivas) balıklı Çermik Termal Kaplıcası ile Topardıç Deresi'nde (Sivas) yaşayan benekli sazan Cyprinion macrostomus (Heckel, 1843) da bazı hematolojik parametreler ve non-spesifik immün yanıtın belirlenmesi. Yunus Araştırma Bülteni, 4, 21-28. DOI: 10.17693/yunusae.v2014i21954.235727
  • Ebrahimpour, M., Alipour, H. & Rakhshah, S. (2010). Influence of water hardness on acute toxicity of copper and zinc on fish. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 26(6), 361-365. DOI: 10.1177/0748233710369123
  • Figueiredo-Fernandes, A., Ferreira-Cardoso, J., Garcia-Santos, S., Monteiro, S. M., Carrola, J., Matos, P. & Fontainhas-Fernandes, A. (2007). Histopathological changes in liver and gill epithelium of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, exposed to waterborne copper. Pesquisa Vetterinaria Brasileira, 27(3), 103-109. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-736X2007000300004
  • Gündoğdu, A. (2008). Acute toxicity of zinc and copper for rainbow trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss). Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 2, 711-721. DOI: 10.3153/jfscom.2008039
  • Hamer, D.H. (1986). Metallotionein. Annual Review Biochemistry, 55, 913-951. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.bi.55.070186.004405
  • Hassan, W., Abdullah, S., Afzal, M. & Hussain, M. (2018) . Assessment of acute metals toxicity in Catla catla through hematological and biochemical blood markers. Pakistan Journal Agricultural Sciences, 55(2), 449-454. DOI: 10.21162/PAKJAS/18.6002
  • Karan, V., Vitorovic, S., Tutundzic, V. & Poleksic, V. (1998). Functional enzymes activity and gill histology of carp after copper exposure and recovery. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 40, 49-55. DOI: 10.1006/eesa.1998.1641
  • Kalay, M. & Canlı, M. (2000). Elimination of essential (Cu, Zn) and non-essential (Cd, Pb) metals from tissues of a freshwater fish Tilapia zilli. Turkish Journal of Zoology. 24, 429-436.
  • Kousar, S. & Javed, M. (2012). Evaluation of acute toxicity of copper to four fresh water fish species. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 14(5), 801-804.
  • Kovarova, J., Kizek, R., Adam, V., Harustiakova, D., Celechovska, O. & Svobodova, Z. (2009). Effect of cadmium chloride on metallothionein levels in carp. Sensors, 9, 4789-4803. DOI: 10.3390/s90604789
  • Li, Y., Yang, H., Liu, N., Luo, J., Wang, Q. & Wang, L. (2015). Cadmium accumulation and metallothionein biosynthesis in cadmium-treated freshwater mussel Anodonta woodiana. Plos One, 10(2), 1-15. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117037
  • Linde, A.R., Sanchez-Galan, S., Valles-Mota, P. & GarciaVazquez, E. (2001). Metallothionein as bioindicator of freshwater of metal pollution: European eel and brown trout. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 49, 60- 63. DOI: 10.1006/eesa.2001.2042
  • Liu, J.-Y., Lu, T. & Zhao, N.-M. (2000). Classification and nomenclature of plant metallothionein-like proteins based on their cysteine arrangement patterns. Acta Botanica Sinica 42, 649-652.
  • Ma, W., Wang, L., He, Y. & Yan, Y. (2008). Tissue-specific cadmium and metallothionein levels in freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense during acute exposure to waterborne cadmium. Environmental Toxicology, 23(3), 393-400. DOI: 10.1002/tox.20339
  • Maharajan, A., Rufus Kitto, M., Paruruckumani, P. S. & Ganapiriya, V. ( 2016). Histopathology biomarker responses in Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch) exposed to copper. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 77, 21-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobaz.2016.02.001
  • Marcussen, H., Holm, P. E., Ha, L. T. & Dalsgaard, A. (2007). Food safety aspects of toxic element accumulation in fish from wastewater-fed ponds in Hanoi, Vietnam. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 12, 34-39. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01939.x
  • Margoshes M. & Vallee B. L. (1957). A cadmium protein from equine kidney cortex. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 79, 4813-4814. DOI: 10.1021/ja01574a064
  • Moksnes, P.O., Lindahl, U. & Haux, C. (1995). Metallothionein as a bioindicator of heavy metal exposure in the tropical shrimp, Penaeus vannamei: a study of dose-dependent induction. Marine Environmental Research, 39, 143-146. DOI: 10.1016/0141-1136(94)00057-V
  • Mol, S., Özden, Ö. & Oymak, S. A. (2010). Trace metal contents in fish species from Atatürk Dam Lake (Euphrates, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 10, 209-213. DOI: 10.4194/trjfas.2010.0208
  • Naseem, A., Ullah, A. & Haider, J. (2015). Determination of acute toxicity of copper and cobalt for Tilapia nilotica. Journal of Biosource Management. 2(1), 16-25. DOI: 10.35691/JBM.5102.0012
  • Olsson, P.E. (1998). Disorders associated with heavy metal pollution. In J.F. Leatherlaand and P.T.K. Woo (Eds.), Fish Diseases and Disorders, Wallingford, UK.
  • Overnell, J. & Abdullah, M.I. (1988). Metallothionein and metal levels in flounder Platichthys flesus from four field sites and in flounder dosed with water-borne copper. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 46, 71-74. DOI: 10.3354/meps046071
  • Özkan, E., Taşlıpınar, M.Y. & Yeşilkaya, Ş. (2018) Ağır Metal Zehirlenmeleri. http://www.jcam.com.tr/files/KATD-1599.pdf. (15 Aralık, 2018).
  • Perçin, F., Söğüt, Ö., Altınelataman, C. & Soylak, M. (2011). Some trace elements in front and rear dorsal ordinary muscles of wild and farmed bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus L. 1758) in the Turkish part of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49, 1006-1010. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.01.007
  • Roberts, R.J. (2012). Fish Pathology. Fourth Edition. Chapter 12. Laboratory Methods, DOI: 10.1002/9781118222942
  • Salman, N.A., Ullman, J.L., Snekvik, K. & Lu, X. Q. (2012). Histopatological markers for copper toxicity in rainbow trout fry (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 25(2), 26-39.
  • Singh, H. S. & Reddy, T.V. (1990). Effect of copper sulfate on hematology, blood chemistry and hepato-somatic index of an Indian catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), and its recovery. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 20, 30-35. DOI: 10.1016/0147-6513(90)90043-5
  • Şener, Ş. & Şener, E. (2015). Kovada Gölü (Isparta) dip sedimanlarında ağır metal dağılımı ve kirliliğinin değerlendirilmesi. Süleyman Demirel Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19(2), 86-96.
  • Thangam, Y. (2016). Copper toxicity and bioassay studies on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio. International Journal of Science and Reasearch, 5(9), 1742-1745.
  • Topic Popovic, N., Strunjak-Perovic, I., Coz-Rakovac, R., Barisic, J., Jadan, M., Persin Berakovic, A. & Sauerborn Klobucar, R. (2012). Review: Trivaine methane-sulfonate (MS-222) application in fish anaesthesia. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 28, 553-564. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2012.01950.x
  • Ünlü, E., Cengiz, E. İ., Akba, O. & Gümgüm, B. (1995). Dicle Nehrindeki Capoeta trutta Heckel, 1843'da ağır metal birikimi. II.Ulusal Ekoloji ve Çevre Kongresi Bildirileri, 11-13 Eylül, Ankara.
  • Vasak, M. (2005). Advances in metallotionein structure and functions. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 19, 13-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2005.03.003
  • Van Vuren, J. H. J., Van der Menwe, M. & Du Preez, H. H. (1994). The effect of copper on the blood chemistry of Clarias gariepinus (Claridae). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 29, 187-199. DOI: 10.1016/0147-6513(94)90019-1
  • Velcheva, I., Georgieva, E. & Atanassova, P. (2013). Gill tissue recovery after copper exposure in Carassius gibelio (Pisces:Cyprinidae). Central European Journal of Biology, 8(11), 1112-1118. DOI: 10.2478/s11535-013-0233-6
  • Wani, A.A., Sikdar-Bar, M., Borana, K., Khan, H.A., Andrabi, S.S.M. & Pervaiz, P.A. (2011). Histopathological alterations ınduced in gill epithelium of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, exposed to copper sulphate. Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences, 2(2), 278-282.
  • Wu, J.P. & Chen, H.C. (2005). Metallothionein induction and heavy metal accumulation in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei exposed to cadmium and zinc. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C, 140, 383-394. DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.03.006
  • Wurts, W.A. & Perschbacher, P. W. (1994). Effects of bicarbonate alkalinity and calcium on the acute toxicity of copper to juvenile channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Aquaculture, 125, 73-79. DOI: 10.1016/0044-8486(94)90284-4
  • Yıldız, M., Cenkci, S. & Terzi, H. (2012). Fitoşelatinler ve metallotiyoninler: moleküler yaklaşımlar. AKÜ FEBİD 12, 1-16.
  • Younis, E. M., Abdel-Warith, A.A., Al-Asgah, N.A., Ebaid, H. & Mubarak, M. (2013). Histological changes in the liver and intestine of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, exposed to sublethal concentrations of cadmium. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 45(3), 833-841.
  • Yu, L.H., Umeda, M., Liu, J.Y., Zhao, N.M. & Uchimiya, H. (1998). A novel MT gene of rice plants is strongly expressed in the node portion of the stem. Gene, 206, 29-35. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00577-5
  • Yu, L.H., Liu, J.Y., Umeda, M., Uchimiya, H. & Zhao, N.M. (2000). Cloning and sequence characteristics of the genomic gene of a rice metallothionein. China Science Bulletin, 45, 153-155. DOI: 10.1007/BF02884663
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hidrobiyoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Semra Küçük 0000-0002-9299-5986

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Mayıs 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019Cilt: 36 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Küçük, S. (2019). Akut bakır konsantrasyonlarına maruz bırakılmış pangasus balıklarında (Pangasius hypophthalmus) saptanan hematolojik ve histolojik değişimler. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 36(4), 387-396. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.36.4.10