Öz
Balıkçılıkta geri alım programları
dünyada yaklaşık elli yıldır uygulanmaktadır. Türkiye’de ise birinci kuşak geri
alım programı, 7 Mayıs 2012 tarih ve 28285 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan
Tarımsal Destekleme Tebliği ile 2012 yılında başlatılmış, sonrasında 2018
yılına kadar dört geri alım programı daha uygulamaya geçirilmiştir. Bu
çalışmanın amacı, ilgili programın sonuçlarını ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaçla,
programda alımı gerçekleşen 364 balıkçı gemisi arasından, basit tesadüfi
örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenen 76 balıkçı ile telefon anketi
yapılmıştır. Programdan yararlanan gemilerin; 323’ü (%88,7) 12-20 m boy
grubunda olan küçük ölçekli balıkçı gemilerinden, 41’i (%11,3) ise 21 m ve üstü
boy grubunda olan büyük ölçekli balıkçı gemilerinden oluşmuştur. Desteklemede toplam
62,1 milyon TL harcanarak (1 ABD $ = 1,9 TL), boyu 12 m üzerinde olan 1 868
balıkçı gemisinin %19,8’i filodan çıkarılmıştır. Bu gemilerden; 11 adedi
kontrol gemisi yapılmak üzere Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı
(09.07.2018’den beri Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı) il müdürlüklerine ve 18’i ise
araştırma gemisi yapılmak üzere üniversitelere hibe edilmiştir. Geriye kalan
335 gemi ise Makine Kimya Endüstri Kurumunun İzmir Aliağa Gemi Söküm
Tesislerinde ayrıştırma işlemine tabi tutulmuştur. Çalışmaya katılan balıkçıların
ortalama yaşı 50±12, ortalama tecrübeleri ise 33±12 yıldır. Balıkçıların
%91’nin birincil mesleği balıkçılıktır. Balıkçıların %91’i programı faydalı
bulmuştur, %95’i ise programın devam etmesi gerektiğini düşünmektedir. Programa
katılan balıkçıların %37’si trol, %24’ü gırgır, %22’si uzatma ağı ve %17’si ise
birden çok av aracı ile avcılık yapmaktadır. Balıkçıların %40’ı balıkçılığın
karsız hale gelmesinden dolayı balıkçılıktan çıkmak istediğini belirtmiştir.
Bunu %15 ile emekli olma isteği ve %12 ile programın cazip bir fırsat olarak
görülmesi takip etmektedir. Gemisini veren bireylerin %61’i balıkçılık
sektöründe çalışmaya devam edeceklerini, %17’si yeni bir balıkçı gemisi
alacağını bildirmiştir. %45’i ise zaten ikinci bir gemi sahibi ve geri alım
programına ellerindeki atıl ya da karsız çalışan ikinci gemilerini veren
balıkçılardır. Sonuç olarak, balıkçı gemisi geri satın alma programının
değerlendirilmesiyle ilgili bu çalışma, sadece balıkçılık kapasitesinin
düşürülmesi ve aşırı avcılıkla mücadele edilmesi açısından bilgi sunmakla
kalmayıp, aynı zamanda sektörün daha iyi anlaşılması, uygun politikalar
geliştirilmesi ve daha iyi yönetilmesi adına da önemlidir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Balıkçılık geri-alımları balıkçı gemisi devre dışı bırakma avcılık kapasitesinin azaltılması filo kapasitesinin azaltılması
Kaynakça
- BACL (1981). Evaluation of the British Columbia March 1981. Salmon vessel buyback programme, Burlington and Associates Consulting Ltd. Consultants Report. 224 p.
- Campbell, H.F. (1989). Fishery buy-back programs and economic welfare. Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 33, 20-31. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8489.1989.tb00478.x
- Curtis, R. & Squires, D. (2007). Fisheries Buybacks. Blackwell Publishing, 224 pp. DOI: 10.1002/9780470277836
- Daures, F. & Guyader, O. (2000). Economik Analysis of the Impact of Buyback Programs and the Role of Financial Incentives Shemes: Application to A Limited Entry French Fishery, 12th EAFE Annual Conference (pp:1-23). Denmark.
- DFO (1981). Lobster Vessel Certifcate Retirement Program. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada.
- Frazer, A.G. (1980). A Review of the Initial Salmon vessel Buy Back Program. Unpublished Report.
- Fox, K.J., Grafton, Q., Kompas, T. & Che, T.N. (2006). Capacity reduction, Quota Trading and Productivity: The Case of A Fishery, The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resourse Economics, 50, 89-206. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8489.2006.00331.x
- Funk, R.D. (1998). Economics Impacts of License Limitation and Buyback on the Texas Bay Shrimp Fishery, (Ph.D. thesis), Texas A&M University, USA.
- Funk, R.D., Griffin, J.W., Mjelde, J.W. & Ward, J.M. (2003). A Simulation Model of License Buyback in the Texas Bay Shrimp Fishery. Marine Resource Economics, 18, 33-35. DOI: 10.1086/mre.18.1.42629382
- Grafton, R.Q. & Nelson, H. (2007). The Effects of Buyback Programs in the British Columbia Salmon Fishery. In: Fisheries Buybacks (eds. R. Curtis and D. Squires) Fisheries Buybacks. Blackwell Publishing, pp 191–202.
- Groves, T. & Squires, D. (2007). Lessons from fisheries buybacks. In: Fisheries Buybacks (eds. R. Curtis and D. Squires) Fisheries Buybacks. Blackwell Publishing, 267p.
- GTHB (2012). Resmi gazetenin 2012 tarihli ve 28328 sayısında yayımlanmış olan “Balıkçı Gemisini Avcılıktan Çıkaranlara Yapılacak Destekleme Tebliği” (2012/51).
- GTHB (2013). Resmi gazetenin 2013 tarihli ve 28612 sayısında yayımlanmış olan “Balıkçı Gemisini Avcılıktan Çıkaranlara Yapılacak Destekleme Tebliği” (2013/25).
- GTHB (2014). Resmi gazetenin 2014 tarihli ve 29023 sayısında yayımlanmış olan “Balıkçı Gemisini Avcılıktan Çıkaranlara Yapılacak Destekleme Tebliği” (2014/26).
- Hannesson, R. (1986). The regulation of fleet capacity in Norwegian Purse Seining, In N Mollet, ed, Fishery Access Control Programs Worldwide, 1986, Alaska Seagrant Report no. 86-4.
- Holland, D., Gudmundsson, E. & Gates, J. (1999). Do Fishing Vessel Buyback Programs Work: A Survey of the Evidence, Marine Policy, 23(1), 47-69. DOI: 10.1016/S0308-597X(98)00016-5
- James, M. (1996). Final Report on the 1996 Voluntary Fleet Reduction License Retirement Program. Program Planning and Economics Branch, Pacific Region, Department of Fisheries and Oceans. December. 16 pp.
- Larkin, S.L., Keithly, W., Adams, C.M. & Zazmierczak, H. (2004). Buyback Programs for Capacity Reduction in the U.S. Atlantic Shark Fishery. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 36(2), 317-332. DOI: 10.1017/S1074070800026614
- Lindebo, E,. & Vestergaard, N. (2007). Vessel decommissioning in Danish fisheries. In: Fisheries Buybacks (eds R. Curtis and D. Squires). Fisheries Buybacks. Blackwell Publishing, pp. 81–104.
- Miran, B. (2003). Temel istatistik. Bornova, İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi. ISBN: 975-9308800.
- Pringle, J.D. & Burke, D.L., (1993). ‘The Canadian Lobster Fishery and its Management, with emphasis on the Scotian Shelf and the Gulf of Maine’, in: L S Parsons and W H Lear, eds, Perspectives on Canadian marine fisheries management, Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 226, 91-121 pp.
- Schelle, K. & Ben, M. (1984). Buyback of Fishing Rights In The U.S. and Canada: Implications for Alaska. Presented at the 114th Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Society. August 15, 1984. Ithaca, New York, USA.
- Sun, J.C.H. (2007). Effectiveness of vessel buyback programs on the offshore fishery in Taiwan. In: Fisheries Buybacks (eds. R. Curtis and D.Squires) Fisheries Buybacks. Blackwell Publishing, 267p.
- Spagnolo, M. (2007). The decommissioning scheme for the Italian clam fishery: a case of success. In: Fisheries Buybacks (eds R. Curtis and D. Squires). Fisheries Buybacks. Blackwell Publishing, pp. 133–144.
- Squires, D. (2010). Fisheries buybacks: a review and guidelines. Fish and Fisheries. 11, 366-387. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00365.x
- TÜİK (2014). Su Ürünleri İstatistikleri 2013. Yayın No: 4349, ISSN: 1013-6177. 75 s.
- Ünal, V., Göncüoğlu, H. & Sarı, H.M. (2011). Ege Bölgesi İçsu Kooperatiflerinin Mevcut Durumu, Problemleri ve İleriye Yönelik Projeleri, Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 28(2), 47-52s.
- Üstündağ, E. (2010). Geçmişten Günümüze Balıkçılık Uygulamaları ve Hamsi Avcılığına Etkileri, 1. Ulusal Hamsi Çalıştayı. 67-72.
- Yarcı, G. (2009). Osmanlı avcılık yasakları (Türkiye). Tematik Türkoloji Dergisi, “Türk Kültüründe Av”. Yıl 1, Sayı 1.
- WDF, (1985). Annual Report. Washington Department of Fisheries Commercial Fishing Fleet Adjustment Program.
- Weninger, O. & McConnel, K.E. (2000). Buyback programs in commercial fisheries: efficiency versus transfers. Canadian Journal of Economics. 33, 394-412. DOI: 10.1111/0008-4085.00021
Öz
Buy-back programs have been implemented in the world for almost fifty years. However, first generation buy-back program was started in 2012 in Turkey through the “agricultural support” which was published in the Official Gazette dated 7 May 2012 and numbered 28285; afterwards four more buy-back programs were put into practice until 2018. The aim of this study is to reveal the results of the related program. Therefore, a telephone survey was applied to 76 fishermen determined among 364 fishing vessels, which had been bought in the program, through the simple random sampling method. 323 (88.7%) of the vessels benefiting from the program consisted of small-scale fishing vessels within the size group of 12-20 m, and 41 (11.3%) of them consisted of large-scale fishing vessels in the size group of 21 m and above. About 62.1 million TL (1 US $ = 1.9 TL) in total was spend in the support and 20% of 1868 fishing vessels with a height above 12 meters were removed from the fleet. 11 of these vessels were granted to provincial directorates Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry since 09.07.2018) as control vessels, and 18 of them were granted to universities as research vessels. The remaining 335 vessels were subjected to the process of decomposition in Izmir Aliağa Ship Dismantling Facilities of Machine Chemistry Industry Institution. The average age of the fishers participating in the study is 50±12 and their average experience is 33±12 years. The main profession of 91% of the fishers is fishing, 91% of them found the program beneficial and 95% of them think that the program should continue. 37% of the fishers participating in the program use trawl nets, 24% purse seines, 22% gill nets, and 17% more than one fishing tools. 40% of the fishermen stated that they want to quit fishing as it became unprofitable. This is followed by considering retirement (15%), and considering the program as an appealing opportunity (12%). 61% of the individuals who gave their vessels stated that they will continue working in the fishing industry, and 17% of them stated that they will buy a new fishing vessel. 45% of them are fishermen who already have a second vessel and gave the inactive or unprofitable vessels to the buy-back program. As a result, this study on the evaluation of the fishing vessel buy-back program is important in that it does not only provide information on decreasing the fishing capacity and fighting with overfishing, but also contributes to the better understanding of the sector, development of appropriate policies and the better management of the fisheries.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Fisheries buy-backs fishing vessels decommissioning reducing fishing capacity reducing fleet capacity Turkish fishing fleet
Kaynakça
- BACL (1981). Evaluation of the British Columbia March 1981. Salmon vessel buyback programme, Burlington and Associates Consulting Ltd. Consultants Report. 224 p.
- Campbell, H.F. (1989). Fishery buy-back programs and economic welfare. Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 33, 20-31. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8489.1989.tb00478.x
- Curtis, R. & Squires, D. (2007). Fisheries Buybacks. Blackwell Publishing, 224 pp. DOI: 10.1002/9780470277836
- Daures, F. & Guyader, O. (2000). Economik Analysis of the Impact of Buyback Programs and the Role of Financial Incentives Shemes: Application to A Limited Entry French Fishery, 12th EAFE Annual Conference (pp:1-23). Denmark.
- DFO (1981). Lobster Vessel Certifcate Retirement Program. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada.
- Frazer, A.G. (1980). A Review of the Initial Salmon vessel Buy Back Program. Unpublished Report.
- Fox, K.J., Grafton, Q., Kompas, T. & Che, T.N. (2006). Capacity reduction, Quota Trading and Productivity: The Case of A Fishery, The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resourse Economics, 50, 89-206. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8489.2006.00331.x
- Funk, R.D. (1998). Economics Impacts of License Limitation and Buyback on the Texas Bay Shrimp Fishery, (Ph.D. thesis), Texas A&M University, USA.
- Funk, R.D., Griffin, J.W., Mjelde, J.W. & Ward, J.M. (2003). A Simulation Model of License Buyback in the Texas Bay Shrimp Fishery. Marine Resource Economics, 18, 33-35. DOI: 10.1086/mre.18.1.42629382
- Grafton, R.Q. & Nelson, H. (2007). The Effects of Buyback Programs in the British Columbia Salmon Fishery. In: Fisheries Buybacks (eds. R. Curtis and D. Squires) Fisheries Buybacks. Blackwell Publishing, pp 191–202.
- Groves, T. & Squires, D. (2007). Lessons from fisheries buybacks. In: Fisheries Buybacks (eds. R. Curtis and D. Squires) Fisheries Buybacks. Blackwell Publishing, 267p.
- GTHB (2012). Resmi gazetenin 2012 tarihli ve 28328 sayısında yayımlanmış olan “Balıkçı Gemisini Avcılıktan Çıkaranlara Yapılacak Destekleme Tebliği” (2012/51).
- GTHB (2013). Resmi gazetenin 2013 tarihli ve 28612 sayısında yayımlanmış olan “Balıkçı Gemisini Avcılıktan Çıkaranlara Yapılacak Destekleme Tebliği” (2013/25).
- GTHB (2014). Resmi gazetenin 2014 tarihli ve 29023 sayısında yayımlanmış olan “Balıkçı Gemisini Avcılıktan Çıkaranlara Yapılacak Destekleme Tebliği” (2014/26).
- Hannesson, R. (1986). The regulation of fleet capacity in Norwegian Purse Seining, In N Mollet, ed, Fishery Access Control Programs Worldwide, 1986, Alaska Seagrant Report no. 86-4.
- Holland, D., Gudmundsson, E. & Gates, J. (1999). Do Fishing Vessel Buyback Programs Work: A Survey of the Evidence, Marine Policy, 23(1), 47-69. DOI: 10.1016/S0308-597X(98)00016-5
- James, M. (1996). Final Report on the 1996 Voluntary Fleet Reduction License Retirement Program. Program Planning and Economics Branch, Pacific Region, Department of Fisheries and Oceans. December. 16 pp.
- Larkin, S.L., Keithly, W., Adams, C.M. & Zazmierczak, H. (2004). Buyback Programs for Capacity Reduction in the U.S. Atlantic Shark Fishery. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 36(2), 317-332. DOI: 10.1017/S1074070800026614
- Lindebo, E,. & Vestergaard, N. (2007). Vessel decommissioning in Danish fisheries. In: Fisheries Buybacks (eds R. Curtis and D. Squires). Fisheries Buybacks. Blackwell Publishing, pp. 81–104.
- Miran, B. (2003). Temel istatistik. Bornova, İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi. ISBN: 975-9308800.
- Pringle, J.D. & Burke, D.L., (1993). ‘The Canadian Lobster Fishery and its Management, with emphasis on the Scotian Shelf and the Gulf of Maine’, in: L S Parsons and W H Lear, eds, Perspectives on Canadian marine fisheries management, Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 226, 91-121 pp.
- Schelle, K. & Ben, M. (1984). Buyback of Fishing Rights In The U.S. and Canada: Implications for Alaska. Presented at the 114th Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Society. August 15, 1984. Ithaca, New York, USA.
- Sun, J.C.H. (2007). Effectiveness of vessel buyback programs on the offshore fishery in Taiwan. In: Fisheries Buybacks (eds. R. Curtis and D.Squires) Fisheries Buybacks. Blackwell Publishing, 267p.
- Spagnolo, M. (2007). The decommissioning scheme for the Italian clam fishery: a case of success. In: Fisheries Buybacks (eds R. Curtis and D. Squires). Fisheries Buybacks. Blackwell Publishing, pp. 133–144.
- Squires, D. (2010). Fisheries buybacks: a review and guidelines. Fish and Fisheries. 11, 366-387. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00365.x
- TÜİK (2014). Su Ürünleri İstatistikleri 2013. Yayın No: 4349, ISSN: 1013-6177. 75 s.
- Ünal, V., Göncüoğlu, H. & Sarı, H.M. (2011). Ege Bölgesi İçsu Kooperatiflerinin Mevcut Durumu, Problemleri ve İleriye Yönelik Projeleri, Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 28(2), 47-52s.
- Üstündağ, E. (2010). Geçmişten Günümüze Balıkçılık Uygulamaları ve Hamsi Avcılığına Etkileri, 1. Ulusal Hamsi Çalıştayı. 67-72.
- Yarcı, G. (2009). Osmanlı avcılık yasakları (Türkiye). Tematik Türkoloji Dergisi, “Türk Kültüründe Av”. Yıl 1, Sayı 1.
- WDF, (1985). Annual Report. Washington Department of Fisheries Commercial Fishing Fleet Adjustment Program.
- Weninger, O. & McConnel, K.E. (2000). Buyback programs in commercial fisheries: efficiency versus transfers. Canadian Journal of Economics. 33, 394-412. DOI: 10.1111/0008-4085.00021
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 15 Aralık 2018 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 28 Haziran 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018Cilt: 35 Sayı: 4 |