Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2016,
Cilt: 33 Sayı: 4, 389 - 395, 25.11.2016
Öz
In this study,
antimicrobial activity of the possibility of using ethanol extracts obtained
from seaweeds Ulva rigida and Gracilaria verrucosa were examined. U. rigida and G. verrucosa were collected from the Coast of Inciraltı (Izmir,
Turkey). In the laboratory, the samples were cleaned by rinsing with tap and
distilled water, and then dried at 40 °C for 24 hours. Dried and pulverized
seaweed samples (10 g) were weighed into an amber Erlenmeyer flask, and 200 ml
of 95% (v/v) ethanol was added. The mixture was shaken and extracted in a water
bath shaker at temperatures of 30 °C, 45 °C and 60 °C for 30 min. The extracts
were filtered, and ethanol was removed using a rotary evaporator to obtain
extracts. Ethanolic extracts of U. rigida
and G. verrucosa obtained at
different temperatures were evaluated in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal
activity on six bacteria (Bacillus
subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two fungi (Aspergillus brasiliensis and Candida albicans) using the paper disk
agar diffusion method. All extract groups tested were found to have
antimicrobial activity against all bacteria and fungi, except for Aspergillus brasiliensis.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Antimicrobial activity seaweed Ulva rigida Gracilaria verrucosa
Kaynakça
- Akköz, C., Arslan, D., Ünver, A., Özcan, M.M. & Yilmaz, B. (2011). Chemical composition, total phenolic and mineral contents of Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) kütz. and Cladophora glomerata (L.) kütz seaweeds. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 35: 513-523. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00399.x
- Burtın, P. (2003). Nutritional value of seaweeds. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2 (4): 498-503. doi: 10.4236/oalib.1100752
- Cirik, Ş. & Cirik, S. (1999). Su Bitkileri (Deniz Bitkilerinin Biyolojisi Ekolojisi Yetiştirme Teknikleri). Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Yayınları,No:58 Ders Kitabı Dizini: 26, İzmir.
- Cirik, Ş. (2001). Gökova Körfezi Deniz Bitkileri. D.E.U. Deniz Bilimleri ve Teknolojisi Enstitüsü, Piri Reis Yayınları No:3, İzmir.
- Cox, S., Abu-Ghannam, N. &Gupta, S. (2009). An assessment of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of six species of edible Irish seaweeds. International Food Research Journal, 17 (1): 205-220.
- Christobel, G.J., Lipton, A.P., Aishwarya, M.S., Sarika, A.R. & Udayakumar, A. (2011). Antibacterial activity of aqueous extract from selected macroalgae of southwest coast of India. Seaweed Research and Utilization, 33 (1-2): 67-75.
- De Almeida Mendes, M.S. (2012). Functional activity of seaweed extracts from north Portuguese coast. Universidade CatÓlica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Mikrobiyoloji Bölümü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Eylül 2012, Porto/ Portekiz, 49 s.
- Denis, C., Morançais, M., Li, M., Deniaud, E., Gaudin, P., Wielgosz-Collin, G., Barnathan, G., Jaouen, P. & Fleurence, J. (2010). Study of the chemical composition of edible red macroalgae Grateloupia turuturu from Brittany (France). Food Chemistry, 119 (3): 913-917. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.07.047
- Düzgüneş, O., Kesici, T., Kavuncu, O. & Gürbüz, F. (1987). Araştırma ve Deneme Metodları (İstatistikII). Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, Yayın No:1021, Ankara, 381 s.
- El-Baky, H.H.A., El-Baz, F.K. & El-Baroty, G.S. (2009). Natural preservative ingredient from marine alga Ulva lactuca L. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 44 (9): 1688-1695. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2009.01926.x
- Elnabris, K.J., Elmanama, A.A.& Chihadeh, W.N. (2013). Antibacterial activity of four marine seaweeds collected from the coast of Gaza Strip, Palestine. Mesopotamian Journal of Marine Science, 28 (1):81-92.
- Espeche, M.E., Fraile, E.R. & Mayer, A.M.S. (1984). Screening of Argentine marine algae for antimicrobial activity. Hydrobiologia, 116/117: 525-528.
- Ertürk, Ö. & Taş, B. (2011). Antibacterial and antifungal effects of some marine algae. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 17 (Supl A): S121-S124. doi: 10.9775/kvfd.2010.2539
- Gerasimenko, N.I., Chaykina, E.L., Busarova, N.G. & Anisimov, M.M. (2010). Antimicrobic and hemolityc activity of low-molecular metabolites of brown seaweed Laminaria cichorioides (Miyabe). Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, 46 (4): 426-430. doi: 10.1134/S0003683810040113
- Ghanthikumar, S., Vanila, D., Masillamani, A. & Kanthasamy, R. (2012). Antibacterial activity of some seaweeds. Applied Biology and Biotechnology, 1 (1): 1-5.
- Gupta, S., Rajauria, G. & Abu-Ghannam, N. (2010). Study of the microbial diversity and antimicrobial properties of Irish edible brown seaweeds. International Journal Food Science and Technology, 45: 482-489. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2009.02149.x
- Gupta, S., Cox, S., Rajauria, G., Jaiswal, A.K. & Abu-Ghannam, N. (2012). Growth inhibition of common food spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms in the presence of brown seaweed extracts. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 5 (5): 1907-1916. doi:10.1007/s11947-010-0502-6
- Horie, S., Tsutsumi, S., Takada, Y. & Kimura, J.(2008). Antibacterial quinone metabolites from the brown alga, Sargassum sagamianum. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 81 (9): 1125-1130. doi: 10.1246/bcsj.81.1125
- Hosokawa, M., Bhaskar, N., Sashima, T. & Miyashita, K. (2006). Fucoxanthin as a bioactive and nutritionally beneficial marine carotenoid: a review. Carotenoid Science, 10: 15-28.
- Kandhasamy, M. & Arunachalam, K.D. (2008). Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial property of seaweeds of southeast coast of India. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7 (12): 1958-1961.
- Kaykaç, G.O. (2007). Bazı alg türlerinin (Cystoseira barbata, Ulva rigida ve Gracilaria verrucosa) tatlarında etkili olan aminoasitlerin mevsimsel değişimi. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Su Ürünleri Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Eylül 2007, Çanakkale, 62 s.
- Kolanjinathan, K., Ganesh, P. & Govindarajan, M. (2009). Antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of seaweeds against fish bacterial pathogens. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 13 (3): 173-177.
- Mabeau, S. & Fleurence, J. (1993). Seaweed in food products: biochemical and nutritional aspects. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 4 (4): 103-107.
- Mansuya, P., Aruna, P., Sridhar, S., Kumar J.S. & Babu, S. (2010). Antibacterial activity and qualitative phytochemical analysis of selected seaweeds from Gulf of Mannar region. Journal of Experimental Sciences, 1 (8): 23-26.
- Matsukawa, R., Dubinsky, Z., Kishimoto, E., Masaki, K., Masuda, Y. & Takeuchi, T. (1997). A comparison of screening methods for antioxidant activity in seaweeds. Journal of Applied Phycology, 9: (1), 29-35. doi: 10.1023/A:1007935218120
- Nagayama, K., Iwamura, Y., Shibata, T., Hirayama, I. & Nakamura, T. 2002. Bactericidal activity of phlorotannins from the brown alga Ecklonia kurome. Journal of Antimicrobiology Chemother, 50 (6): 889-893. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkf222
- NCCLS (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) (1993). Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. Approved Standard NCCLS Publication M2-A5, Villanova, PA, USA.
- Padmini Sreenivasarao, P. (1991). Biological investigation of Indian marine algae and screening of some green, red and brown sea weeds for their antimicrobial activity. Seaweed Research Utilization, 14 (1):37-43.
- Priyadharshini, S., Bragadeeswaran, S., Prabhu, K. & Sophia Ran, S. (2011). Antimicrobial and hemolytic activity of seaweed extracts Ulva fasciata (Delile 1813) from Mandapam, Southeast coast of India. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1 (Supl 1): S38-S39. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60118-4
- Radhika, D., Veerabahu, C. & Priya, R. (2012). Antibacterial activity of some selected seaweeds from the Gulf of Mannar coast, South India. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 5 (4): 89-90.
- Ramalingam, A. & Amutha, C. (2013). Antibacterial activity of four seaweeds collected from Thondi Coast, Tamilnadu, India. International Journal of Research in Biological Sciences, 3 (1): 60-64.
- Rodriguez-Bernaldo De Quiros, A., Frecha-Ferreiro, S., Vidal-Perez, A.M. & Lopez-Hernandez, J. (2010). Antioxidant compounds in edible brown seaweeds. European Food Research Technology, 231: 495-498. doi: 10.1007/s00217-010-1295-6
- Salem, W.M., Galal, H. & Nasr El-Deen, F. (2011). Screening for antibacterial activities in some marine algae from the red sea (Hurghada, Egypt). African Journal Microbiology Research, 5 (15): 2160-2167.
- Sastry, V.M.V.S. & Rao, G.R.K. (1994). Antibacterial substances from marine algae: successive extraction using benzene, chloroform and methanol. Botanica Marina, 37 (4): 357-360. doi: 10.1515/botm.1994.37.4.357
- Seenivasan, R., Indu, H., Archana, I.G. & Geetha, S. (2010). The antibacterial activity of some marine algae from South East coast of India. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environment Sciences, 9 (5): 480-489.
- Srivastava, N., Saurav, K., Mohanasrinivasan, V., Kannabiran, K. & Singh, M. (2010). Antibacterial potential of macroalgae collected from the Madappam coast, India. British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1 (2): 72-76.
- Tüney, İ., Çadirci, B.H., Ünal, D. & Sukatar, A. (2006). Antimicrobial activities of the extracts of marine algae from the coast of Urla (İzmir, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Biology, 30: 171-175.
- Varier, K.M., Milton, M.C.J., Arulvasu, C. & Gajendran, B. (2013). Evaluation of antibacterial properties of selected red seaweeds from Rameshwaram, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Academia and Industrial Research, 1 (11): 667-670.
- Venugopal, V. (2009). Marine products for healthcare. Functional and bioactive nutraceutical compounds from the ocean. CRS press, Taylor and Francis group, pp. 527, Boca Raton, FL.
- Watson, S.B. & Cruz-Rivera, E. (2003). Algal chemical ecology: an introduction to the special issue. Phycologia, 42 (4): 319-323. doi: 10.2216/i0031-8884-42-4-319.1
- Ye, H., Zhou, C., Sun, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Hu, Q. and Zeng, X. 2009. Antioxidant activities in vitro of ethanol extract from brown seaweed Sargassum pallidum. European Food Research Technology, 230: 101-109.
- Yerlikaya, P. & Gökoğlu, N. (2010). Effect of previous plant extract treatment on sensory and physical properties of frozen bonito (Sarda sarda) fillets. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 10: 341-349. doi: 10.4194/trjfas.2010.0306
- Yuan, Y.V. (2008). Marine Algal Constituents. In: C. Barrow and F. Shahidi (Eds.), Marine Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, CRC Taylor and Francis Press Inc., pp. 259-296, Boca Raton, FL.
- Zaragoza, M.C., Lopez, D., Saiz, M.P., Poquet, M., Perez, J., Puig-Parellada, P., Marmol, F., Simonetti, P., Gardana, C., Lerat, Y., Burtin, P., Inisan, C., Rousseau, I., Besnard, M. & Mitjavila, M.T. (2008). Toxicity and antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo of two Fucus vesiculosus extracts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56 (17): 7773-7780. doi: 10.1021/jf8007053
- Zbakh, H., Chiheb, H., Bouziane, H., Sánchez, V.M. & Riadi, H. (2012). Antibacterial activity of benthic marine algae extracts from the Mediterranean coast of Morocco. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 2 (1): 219-228.
Yıl 2016,
Cilt: 33 Sayı: 4, 389 - 395, 25.11.2016
Öz
Bu çalışmada, Ulva rigida ve Gracilaria
verrucosa makroalglerinden elde edilen etanol özütlerinin antimikrobiyal
aktivitesi incelenmiştir. U. rigida
ve G. verrucosa makroalgleri
İnciraltı (İzmir, Türkiye)sahilinden toplanmıştır.Laboratuarda örnekler ilk
önce musluk suyu ile daha sonra saf su ile yıkanarak temizlenmiş ve 40 °C’de 24
saat süre ile kurutulmuştur. Kurutulan ve toz haline getirilen örnekler (10 g)
amber renkli erlene tartılmış ve üzerine 200 ml %95’lik etanol eklenmiştir. Bu
karışımlar çalkalamalı su banyosunda, farklı ekstraksiyon sıcaklıklarında (30
°C, 45 °C ve 60 °C) 30 dakika süre ile ekstrakte edilmiştir. Bu özütler filtre
edildikten sonra döner buharlaştırıcı kullanılarak çözgen uzaklaştırılmıştır.
Farklı sıcaklıklarda U. rigida ve G. verrucosa makroalglerinden sağlanan
etanol özütlerinin kağıt disk difüzyon agar metodu kullanılarak 6 bakteri (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus
faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes,
Escherichia coli ve Pseudomonas aeruginosa) ve 2 mantar (Aspergillus brasiliensis ve Candida albicans) için antibakteriyel ve
antifungal aktiviteleri in-vitro olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Test edilen tüm
özütlerin A. brasiliensis hariç tüm
bakteri ve mantarlara karşı antimikrobiyal etkiye sahip olduğu tespit
edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Antimikrobiyal aktivite makroalg Ulva rigida Gracilaria verrucosa
Kaynakça
- Akköz, C., Arslan, D., Ünver, A., Özcan, M.M. & Yilmaz, B. (2011). Chemical composition, total phenolic and mineral contents of Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) kütz. and Cladophora glomerata (L.) kütz seaweeds. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 35: 513-523. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00399.x
- Burtın, P. (2003). Nutritional value of seaweeds. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2 (4): 498-503. doi: 10.4236/oalib.1100752
- Cirik, Ş. & Cirik, S. (1999). Su Bitkileri (Deniz Bitkilerinin Biyolojisi Ekolojisi Yetiştirme Teknikleri). Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Yayınları,No:58 Ders Kitabı Dizini: 26, İzmir.
- Cirik, Ş. (2001). Gökova Körfezi Deniz Bitkileri. D.E.U. Deniz Bilimleri ve Teknolojisi Enstitüsü, Piri Reis Yayınları No:3, İzmir.
- Cox, S., Abu-Ghannam, N. &Gupta, S. (2009). An assessment of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of six species of edible Irish seaweeds. International Food Research Journal, 17 (1): 205-220.
- Christobel, G.J., Lipton, A.P., Aishwarya, M.S., Sarika, A.R. & Udayakumar, A. (2011). Antibacterial activity of aqueous extract from selected macroalgae of southwest coast of India. Seaweed Research and Utilization, 33 (1-2): 67-75.
- De Almeida Mendes, M.S. (2012). Functional activity of seaweed extracts from north Portuguese coast. Universidade CatÓlica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Mikrobiyoloji Bölümü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Eylül 2012, Porto/ Portekiz, 49 s.
- Denis, C., Morançais, M., Li, M., Deniaud, E., Gaudin, P., Wielgosz-Collin, G., Barnathan, G., Jaouen, P. & Fleurence, J. (2010). Study of the chemical composition of edible red macroalgae Grateloupia turuturu from Brittany (France). Food Chemistry, 119 (3): 913-917. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.07.047
- Düzgüneş, O., Kesici, T., Kavuncu, O. & Gürbüz, F. (1987). Araştırma ve Deneme Metodları (İstatistikII). Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, Yayın No:1021, Ankara, 381 s.
- El-Baky, H.H.A., El-Baz, F.K. & El-Baroty, G.S. (2009). Natural preservative ingredient from marine alga Ulva lactuca L. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 44 (9): 1688-1695. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2009.01926.x
- Elnabris, K.J., Elmanama, A.A.& Chihadeh, W.N. (2013). Antibacterial activity of four marine seaweeds collected from the coast of Gaza Strip, Palestine. Mesopotamian Journal of Marine Science, 28 (1):81-92.
- Espeche, M.E., Fraile, E.R. & Mayer, A.M.S. (1984). Screening of Argentine marine algae for antimicrobial activity. Hydrobiologia, 116/117: 525-528.
- Ertürk, Ö. & Taş, B. (2011). Antibacterial and antifungal effects of some marine algae. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 17 (Supl A): S121-S124. doi: 10.9775/kvfd.2010.2539
- Gerasimenko, N.I., Chaykina, E.L., Busarova, N.G. & Anisimov, M.M. (2010). Antimicrobic and hemolityc activity of low-molecular metabolites of brown seaweed Laminaria cichorioides (Miyabe). Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, 46 (4): 426-430. doi: 10.1134/S0003683810040113
- Ghanthikumar, S., Vanila, D., Masillamani, A. & Kanthasamy, R. (2012). Antibacterial activity of some seaweeds. Applied Biology and Biotechnology, 1 (1): 1-5.
- Gupta, S., Rajauria, G. & Abu-Ghannam, N. (2010). Study of the microbial diversity and antimicrobial properties of Irish edible brown seaweeds. International Journal Food Science and Technology, 45: 482-489. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2009.02149.x
- Gupta, S., Cox, S., Rajauria, G., Jaiswal, A.K. & Abu-Ghannam, N. (2012). Growth inhibition of common food spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms in the presence of brown seaweed extracts. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 5 (5): 1907-1916. doi:10.1007/s11947-010-0502-6
- Horie, S., Tsutsumi, S., Takada, Y. & Kimura, J.(2008). Antibacterial quinone metabolites from the brown alga, Sargassum sagamianum. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 81 (9): 1125-1130. doi: 10.1246/bcsj.81.1125
- Hosokawa, M., Bhaskar, N., Sashima, T. & Miyashita, K. (2006). Fucoxanthin as a bioactive and nutritionally beneficial marine carotenoid: a review. Carotenoid Science, 10: 15-28.
- Kandhasamy, M. & Arunachalam, K.D. (2008). Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial property of seaweeds of southeast coast of India. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7 (12): 1958-1961.
- Kaykaç, G.O. (2007). Bazı alg türlerinin (Cystoseira barbata, Ulva rigida ve Gracilaria verrucosa) tatlarında etkili olan aminoasitlerin mevsimsel değişimi. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Su Ürünleri Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Eylül 2007, Çanakkale, 62 s.
- Kolanjinathan, K., Ganesh, P. & Govindarajan, M. (2009). Antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of seaweeds against fish bacterial pathogens. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 13 (3): 173-177.
- Mabeau, S. & Fleurence, J. (1993). Seaweed in food products: biochemical and nutritional aspects. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 4 (4): 103-107.
- Mansuya, P., Aruna, P., Sridhar, S., Kumar J.S. & Babu, S. (2010). Antibacterial activity and qualitative phytochemical analysis of selected seaweeds from Gulf of Mannar region. Journal of Experimental Sciences, 1 (8): 23-26.
- Matsukawa, R., Dubinsky, Z., Kishimoto, E., Masaki, K., Masuda, Y. & Takeuchi, T. (1997). A comparison of screening methods for antioxidant activity in seaweeds. Journal of Applied Phycology, 9: (1), 29-35. doi: 10.1023/A:1007935218120
- Nagayama, K., Iwamura, Y., Shibata, T., Hirayama, I. & Nakamura, T. 2002. Bactericidal activity of phlorotannins from the brown alga Ecklonia kurome. Journal of Antimicrobiology Chemother, 50 (6): 889-893. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkf222
- NCCLS (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) (1993). Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. Approved Standard NCCLS Publication M2-A5, Villanova, PA, USA.
- Padmini Sreenivasarao, P. (1991). Biological investigation of Indian marine algae and screening of some green, red and brown sea weeds for their antimicrobial activity. Seaweed Research Utilization, 14 (1):37-43.
- Priyadharshini, S., Bragadeeswaran, S., Prabhu, K. & Sophia Ran, S. (2011). Antimicrobial and hemolytic activity of seaweed extracts Ulva fasciata (Delile 1813) from Mandapam, Southeast coast of India. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1 (Supl 1): S38-S39. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60118-4
- Radhika, D., Veerabahu, C. & Priya, R. (2012). Antibacterial activity of some selected seaweeds from the Gulf of Mannar coast, South India. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 5 (4): 89-90.
- Ramalingam, A. & Amutha, C. (2013). Antibacterial activity of four seaweeds collected from Thondi Coast, Tamilnadu, India. International Journal of Research in Biological Sciences, 3 (1): 60-64.
- Rodriguez-Bernaldo De Quiros, A., Frecha-Ferreiro, S., Vidal-Perez, A.M. & Lopez-Hernandez, J. (2010). Antioxidant compounds in edible brown seaweeds. European Food Research Technology, 231: 495-498. doi: 10.1007/s00217-010-1295-6
- Salem, W.M., Galal, H. & Nasr El-Deen, F. (2011). Screening for antibacterial activities in some marine algae from the red sea (Hurghada, Egypt). African Journal Microbiology Research, 5 (15): 2160-2167.
- Sastry, V.M.V.S. & Rao, G.R.K. (1994). Antibacterial substances from marine algae: successive extraction using benzene, chloroform and methanol. Botanica Marina, 37 (4): 357-360. doi: 10.1515/botm.1994.37.4.357
- Seenivasan, R., Indu, H., Archana, I.G. & Geetha, S. (2010). The antibacterial activity of some marine algae from South East coast of India. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environment Sciences, 9 (5): 480-489.
- Srivastava, N., Saurav, K., Mohanasrinivasan, V., Kannabiran, K. & Singh, M. (2010). Antibacterial potential of macroalgae collected from the Madappam coast, India. British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1 (2): 72-76.
- Tüney, İ., Çadirci, B.H., Ünal, D. & Sukatar, A. (2006). Antimicrobial activities of the extracts of marine algae from the coast of Urla (İzmir, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Biology, 30: 171-175.
- Varier, K.M., Milton, M.C.J., Arulvasu, C. & Gajendran, B. (2013). Evaluation of antibacterial properties of selected red seaweeds from Rameshwaram, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Academia and Industrial Research, 1 (11): 667-670.
- Venugopal, V. (2009). Marine products for healthcare. Functional and bioactive nutraceutical compounds from the ocean. CRS press, Taylor and Francis group, pp. 527, Boca Raton, FL.
- Watson, S.B. & Cruz-Rivera, E. (2003). Algal chemical ecology: an introduction to the special issue. Phycologia, 42 (4): 319-323. doi: 10.2216/i0031-8884-42-4-319.1
- Ye, H., Zhou, C., Sun, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Hu, Q. and Zeng, X. 2009. Antioxidant activities in vitro of ethanol extract from brown seaweed Sargassum pallidum. European Food Research Technology, 230: 101-109.
- Yerlikaya, P. & Gökoğlu, N. (2010). Effect of previous plant extract treatment on sensory and physical properties of frozen bonito (Sarda sarda) fillets. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 10: 341-349. doi: 10.4194/trjfas.2010.0306
- Yuan, Y.V. (2008). Marine Algal Constituents. In: C. Barrow and F. Shahidi (Eds.), Marine Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, CRC Taylor and Francis Press Inc., pp. 259-296, Boca Raton, FL.
- Zaragoza, M.C., Lopez, D., Saiz, M.P., Poquet, M., Perez, J., Puig-Parellada, P., Marmol, F., Simonetti, P., Gardana, C., Lerat, Y., Burtin, P., Inisan, C., Rousseau, I., Besnard, M. & Mitjavila, M.T. (2008). Toxicity and antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo of two Fucus vesiculosus extracts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56 (17): 7773-7780. doi: 10.1021/jf8007053
- Zbakh, H., Chiheb, H., Bouziane, H., Sánchez, V.M. & Riadi, H. (2012). Antibacterial activity of benthic marine algae extracts from the Mediterranean coast of Morocco. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 2 (1): 219-228.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
|---|---|
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 25 Kasım 2016 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 25 Kasım 2016 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2016Cilt: 33 Sayı: 4 |