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Kültür koşullarında yetiştirilen Avrupa deniz levreklerinde (Dicentrarchus labrax) iskelet deformasyonları

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 4, 373 - 379, 25.11.2016
https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2016.33.4.11

Öz



Bu çalışmada yetiştiriciliği yoğun olarak
yapılan Avrupa deniz levreklerinin (Dicentrarchus
labrax
) kültür koşullarında, erken dönemlerinde (0-42 DAH) notokorda
bükülmesine bağlı olarak meydana gelen kemik ve kıkırdak yapı deformasyonları
incelenmiştir. Kemik ve kıkırdak yapıda meydana gelen deformasyonların tespiti
için 836 levrek larvası ikili boyama yöntemi kullanılarak, Alcian mavisi ve
Alizarin kırmızısı ile boyanmıştır. Yumurtadan yeni çıkmış levrek larvasının
ortalama toplam boyu 3,46±0,02 mm, olarak belirlenmiş, larval dönemin sonunda
ortalama 18,58±0,1 mm olarak tespit edilmiştir. İncelenen 836 adet larva
içinde, 270 adet deforme larva ve bu larvalarda toplam 1256 adet deformasyon
tespit edilmiştir. İskelet deformasyonu oranı %32 olarak belirlenmiştir. Levrek
larvalarında en fazla karşılaşılan deformasyon omurga malformasyonu olmuş
(%21,3) bunu omur erimesi (%18,6) ve lordosis (%12,7) takip etmiştir. Bu
çalışmada en fazla deformasyon notokorda bükülmesi sonrasında (%52,1) tespit
edilmiştir.



Kaynakça

  • Ahlstrom, E. H. (1974). The diverse patterns of metamorphosis in gonostomatid fishes an aid to classification. In The Early Life History of Fish. Ed. by J. H. S. Blaxter. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 659-674
  • Andrades, J.A., Becerra, J. & Fernández-Lebrez, P. (1996) Skeletal deformities in larval, juvenile and adult stages of cultures gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). Aquaculture, 141: 1–11. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(95)01226-5
  • Aulstad, D. & Kittelsen, A. (1971) Abnormal Body Curvatures of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Inbred Fry. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 26: 1918–1920. doi: 10.1139/f71-290
  • Backiel, T., Kokurewicz, B. & Ogorzalek, A. (1984). High incidence of skeletal anomalies in carp, Cyprinus carpio, reared in cages in flowing water. Aquaculture, 43: 369–380. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(84)90245-X
  • Boglione, C., Marino, G., Bertolini, B., Rossi, A., Ferreri, F. & Cataudella, S. (1993). Larval and postlarval monitoring in sea bass: morphological approach to evaluate finfish seed quality. In: Barnabe, G., Kestemont, P. Eds., Production, Environment and Quality. European Aquaculture Society, Special Publication no. 18, pp. 189–204, Ghent, Belgium
  • Boglione, C., Marino, G., Fusari, A., Ferreri, A., Finoja, M.G., Cataudella, S. (1995). Skeletal anomalies in Dicentrarchus labrax juveniles selected for functional swimbladder. ICES Marine Science Symposium, 201: 163-169
  • Boglione, C., Gagliardi, F., Scardi, M. & Cataudella, S. (2001). Skeletal descriptors and quality assessment in larvae and post-larvae of wild-caught and hatchery-reared gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L. 1758). Aquaculture, 192: 1–22. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00446-4
  • Boglione, C., Costa, C., Di Dato, P., Ferzini, G., Scardi, M. & Cataudella, S. (2003). Skeletal quality assessment of reared and wild sharpsnout sea bream and pandora juveniles. Aquaculture, 227: 373-394.
  • Boglione, C., Gisbert, E., Gavaia, P., Witten, P.E., Moren, M., Fontagne, S. & Koumoundouros, G. (2013). Skeletal anomalies in reared European fish larvae and juveniles. Part 2: main typologies, occurrences and causative factors. Rev. Aquac. 5: 121–167. doi: 10.1111/raq.12016
  • Cahu, C. L., Zambonino Infante, J. L. & Takeushi, T. (2003). Nutritional components affecting skeletal development in fish larvae. Aquaculture 227: 245–258. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00507-6
  • Chatain, B. (1994). Abnormal swimbladder development and lordosis in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture, 119: 371– 379. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(94)90301-8
  • Çoban, D., Suzer, C., Kamacı, H.O., Saka, Ş. & Fırat, K. (2009). Early osteological development of the fins in the hatcheryreared red porgy, Pagrus pagrus (L. 1758). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 25: 26-32.
  • Çoban, D., Suzer, C., Kamacı, H.O., Yıldırım, Ş., Saka, Ş. & Fırat, K. (2010). Sivriburun karagöz (Diplodus puntazzo) larvalarında omurga ve kaudal yüzgecin osteolojik gelişimi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Veterinerlik Fakültesi Dergisi, 57: 119-124
  • Dabrowski, K., El-Fiki, N., Kock, G., Frig,g M. & Wieser, W. (1990). Requirement and utilization of ascorbic acid and ascorbic sulfate in juvenile rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Aquaculture, 91: 317– 337. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(90)90197-U
  • Daoulas, Ch., Economou, A.N. & Bantavas, I. (1991). Osteological abnormalities in laboratory reared sea-bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fingerlings. Aquaculture, 97: 169-180.
  • Furuichi, M., Furusho, Y., Matsui, S. & Kitajima, C. (1997). Essentiality of mineral mixture supplement to white fish meal diet for tiger puffer. Journal Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University. 42, 77– 85
  • Gapasin, R.S.J. & Duray, M.N. (2001). Effects of DHA-enriched live food on growth, survival and incidence of opercular deformities in milkfish (Chanos chanos). Aquaculture, 193: 49–63. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00469-5
  • Fowler, L.A., 1970, Control of vertebral number in teleosts an embryological problem. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 45: 148– 167. doi: 10.1086/406492
  • Gavaia, P.J., Dinis, M.T. & Cancela, M.L. (2002). Osteological development and abnormalities of the vertebral column and caudal skeleton in larval and juvenile stages of hatchery-reared Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis). Aquaculture, 211: 305–323. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00167-9
  • Geurden, I., Marion, D., Charlon, N., Coutteau, P. & Bergot, P. (1998). Comparison of different soybean phospholipid fractions as dietary supplements for common carp, Cyprinus carpio, larvae. Aquaculture, 161: 225–235.doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00272-X
  • Gluckmann, I., Huraiaux, F., Focant, B. & Vandewalle, P. (1999). Postembryonic development of the cephalic skeleton in Dicentrarchus labrax (pisces, Perciformes, Serranidae). Bulletin of Marine Science, 65:11-36.
  • Hattori, M., Sawada, Y., Takagi, Y., Suzuki, R., Okada, T. & Kumai, H. (2003). Vertebral deformities in cultured red sea bream, Pagrus major, Temminck and Schlegel. Aquaculture Research, 34: 1129–1137.
  • Kanazawa, A., Teshima, S., Tobayashi, T., Takae, M., Iwashita, T. & Uehara, R. (1983). Necessity of dietary phospholipids for growth of larval Ayu. Memoirs of Faculty of Fisheries Kagoshima University, 32: 115–120.
  • Kihara, M., Ogata, S., Kawano, N., Kubota, I. & Yamaguchi, R. (2002). Lordosis induction in juvenile red sea bream, Pagrus major, by high swimming activity. Aquaculture, 212 (1–4): 149–158. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00871-7
  • Kingsford, M.J., Suthers, I.M. & Gray, C.A. (1996). Exposure to sewage plumes and the incidence of deformities in larval fishes. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 33: 201–212. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00166-X
  • Koumoundouros, G., Gagliardi, F., Divanach, P., Boglione, C., Cataudella, S. & Kentouri, M. (1997a). Normal and abnormal osteological development of caudal fin in Sparus aurata L fry. Aquaculture, 149: 215–226. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(96)01443-3
  • Koumoundouros, G., Oran, G., Divanach, P., Stefanakis, S. & Kentouri, M. (1997b). The opercular complex deformity in intensive gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata L larviculture. Moment of apparition and description. Aquaculture 156: 165–177. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(97)89294-0
  • Koumoundouros, G., Divanach, P. & Kentouri, M. (2001). The effect of rearing conditions on development of saddleback syndrome and caudal fin deformities in Dentex dentex L. Aquaculture, 200: 285–304. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(97)89294-0
  • Koumoundouros, G., Maingot, E., Divanach, P. & Kentouri, M. (2002) Kyphosis in reared sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.): ontogeny and effects on mortality. Aquaculture, 209: 49–58. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00821-3
  • Langdon, J.S. (1987). Spinal curvatures and an encephalotropic myxosporean, Triangula percae sp. nov. (Myxozoa: Ortholineidae), enzootic in redfin perch, Perca fluviatilis L., in Australia. Journal of Fish Diseases, 10: 425–434.doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.1987.tb01093.x
  • Lemly, A.D. (1993). Teratogenic effects of selenium in natural populations of the freshwater fish. Ecotoxical and Environmental Safety, 26:181-204.
  • Lom, J., Pike, A. & Dykova, I. (1991). Myxobolus sandrae, Reuss, 1906, the agent of vertebral column deformities of perch Perca fluviatilis in Northeast Scotland. Disease of Aquatic Organisms, 12: 49–53.
  • Mahajan, C.L. & Agrawal, N.K. (1980). Nutritional requirement of ascorbic acid by Indian major carp, Cirrhina mrigala, during early growth. Aquaculture, 19: 37–48.doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(80)90005-8
  • Marino, G., Boglione, C., Bertolini, B., Rossi, A., Ferreri, F. & Cataudella, S. (1993). Observations on development and anomalies in the appendicular skeleton of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L. 1758, larvae and juveniles. Aquaculture Research, 24: 445–456. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.1993.tb00568.x
  • Matsuoka, M. (1987). Development of skeletal tissue and skeletal muscle in the Red sea bream, Pagrus major. Jpanese Journal of Ichthyology, 65: (65), 1–114.
  • Paperna, I. (1978). Swimbladder and skeletal deformaties in hatchery bred Sparus aurata. Journal of Fish Biology, 12:109-114.
  • Pohl, C. (1990). Skeletal deformities and trace metal contents of European smelt, Osmerus eperlanus, in the Elbe Estuary. Meeresforschung, 33: 76–89.
  • Potthoff, T., Kelley, S., Moe, M., Young, F. (1984). Description of porkfish larvae (Anisotremus virginicus, Haemulidae) and their osteological development. Bulletin Marine Science, 34: 21–59.
  • Sfakianakis, D.G., Koumoundouros, G., Divanach, P. & Kentoui, M., 2004, Osteological development of the vertebral column and of the fins in Pagellus erythrinus. Temperature effect on the developmental plasticity and morpho-anatomical abnormalities. Aquaculture, 232: 407–424. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.08.014
  • Soliman, A. K., Jauncey, K. & Roberts, R. J. (1986). The effect of varying forms of dietary ascorbic acid on the nutrition of juvenile tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture 52, 1 –10.doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(86)90101-8
  • Potthoff, T. (1983). Ontogeny and systematics of fisheries. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetogists. Special publication, 1: 223-229.
  • Treasurer, J. (1992) Vertebrae anomalies associated with Myxobolus sp. in perch, Perca fluviatilis L., in a Scottish loch. Bulletin of European Associaton Fish Pathology, 12:61-63.

Skeletal deformities in hatchery reared European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 4, 373 - 379, 25.11.2016
https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2016.33.4.11

Öz



In this study, skeletal deformities were investigated during
early life stages according to notochord flexion in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae under
intensive culture conditions. In order to detect the skeletal deformities,
total 836 larvae were stained by Alcian blue and Alizarin Red S. Total length
of Newly hatched larvae length were 3.46±0.02 mm and end of the study it was
18.58±0.1 mm. Totally, 836 specimens were examined during the experiment but
1256 deformities were recorded in 270 deformed larvae. Also, skeletal deformity
rate was calculated as 32% at the end of the study. Most viewed skeletal
deformities were recorded as vertebral malformations (21.3%) and followed by
vertebral fusion (18.6%) and lordosis (12.7). The highest amount of skeletal
deformity was determined after notochord flexion stage (52.1%) in the study.



Kaynakça

  • Ahlstrom, E. H. (1974). The diverse patterns of metamorphosis in gonostomatid fishes an aid to classification. In The Early Life History of Fish. Ed. by J. H. S. Blaxter. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 659-674
  • Andrades, J.A., Becerra, J. & Fernández-Lebrez, P. (1996) Skeletal deformities in larval, juvenile and adult stages of cultures gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). Aquaculture, 141: 1–11. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(95)01226-5
  • Aulstad, D. & Kittelsen, A. (1971) Abnormal Body Curvatures of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Inbred Fry. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 26: 1918–1920. doi: 10.1139/f71-290
  • Backiel, T., Kokurewicz, B. & Ogorzalek, A. (1984). High incidence of skeletal anomalies in carp, Cyprinus carpio, reared in cages in flowing water. Aquaculture, 43: 369–380. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(84)90245-X
  • Boglione, C., Marino, G., Bertolini, B., Rossi, A., Ferreri, F. & Cataudella, S. (1993). Larval and postlarval monitoring in sea bass: morphological approach to evaluate finfish seed quality. In: Barnabe, G., Kestemont, P. Eds., Production, Environment and Quality. European Aquaculture Society, Special Publication no. 18, pp. 189–204, Ghent, Belgium
  • Boglione, C., Marino, G., Fusari, A., Ferreri, A., Finoja, M.G., Cataudella, S. (1995). Skeletal anomalies in Dicentrarchus labrax juveniles selected for functional swimbladder. ICES Marine Science Symposium, 201: 163-169
  • Boglione, C., Gagliardi, F., Scardi, M. & Cataudella, S. (2001). Skeletal descriptors and quality assessment in larvae and post-larvae of wild-caught and hatchery-reared gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L. 1758). Aquaculture, 192: 1–22. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00446-4
  • Boglione, C., Costa, C., Di Dato, P., Ferzini, G., Scardi, M. & Cataudella, S. (2003). Skeletal quality assessment of reared and wild sharpsnout sea bream and pandora juveniles. Aquaculture, 227: 373-394.
  • Boglione, C., Gisbert, E., Gavaia, P., Witten, P.E., Moren, M., Fontagne, S. & Koumoundouros, G. (2013). Skeletal anomalies in reared European fish larvae and juveniles. Part 2: main typologies, occurrences and causative factors. Rev. Aquac. 5: 121–167. doi: 10.1111/raq.12016
  • Cahu, C. L., Zambonino Infante, J. L. & Takeushi, T. (2003). Nutritional components affecting skeletal development in fish larvae. Aquaculture 227: 245–258. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00507-6
  • Chatain, B. (1994). Abnormal swimbladder development and lordosis in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture, 119: 371– 379. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(94)90301-8
  • Çoban, D., Suzer, C., Kamacı, H.O., Saka, Ş. & Fırat, K. (2009). Early osteological development of the fins in the hatcheryreared red porgy, Pagrus pagrus (L. 1758). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 25: 26-32.
  • Çoban, D., Suzer, C., Kamacı, H.O., Yıldırım, Ş., Saka, Ş. & Fırat, K. (2010). Sivriburun karagöz (Diplodus puntazzo) larvalarında omurga ve kaudal yüzgecin osteolojik gelişimi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Veterinerlik Fakültesi Dergisi, 57: 119-124
  • Dabrowski, K., El-Fiki, N., Kock, G., Frig,g M. & Wieser, W. (1990). Requirement and utilization of ascorbic acid and ascorbic sulfate in juvenile rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Aquaculture, 91: 317– 337. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(90)90197-U
  • Daoulas, Ch., Economou, A.N. & Bantavas, I. (1991). Osteological abnormalities in laboratory reared sea-bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fingerlings. Aquaculture, 97: 169-180.
  • Furuichi, M., Furusho, Y., Matsui, S. & Kitajima, C. (1997). Essentiality of mineral mixture supplement to white fish meal diet for tiger puffer. Journal Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University. 42, 77– 85
  • Gapasin, R.S.J. & Duray, M.N. (2001). Effects of DHA-enriched live food on growth, survival and incidence of opercular deformities in milkfish (Chanos chanos). Aquaculture, 193: 49–63. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00469-5
  • Fowler, L.A., 1970, Control of vertebral number in teleosts an embryological problem. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 45: 148– 167. doi: 10.1086/406492
  • Gavaia, P.J., Dinis, M.T. & Cancela, M.L. (2002). Osteological development and abnormalities of the vertebral column and caudal skeleton in larval and juvenile stages of hatchery-reared Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis). Aquaculture, 211: 305–323. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00167-9
  • Geurden, I., Marion, D., Charlon, N., Coutteau, P. & Bergot, P. (1998). Comparison of different soybean phospholipid fractions as dietary supplements for common carp, Cyprinus carpio, larvae. Aquaculture, 161: 225–235.doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00272-X
  • Gluckmann, I., Huraiaux, F., Focant, B. & Vandewalle, P. (1999). Postembryonic development of the cephalic skeleton in Dicentrarchus labrax (pisces, Perciformes, Serranidae). Bulletin of Marine Science, 65:11-36.
  • Hattori, M., Sawada, Y., Takagi, Y., Suzuki, R., Okada, T. & Kumai, H. (2003). Vertebral deformities in cultured red sea bream, Pagrus major, Temminck and Schlegel. Aquaculture Research, 34: 1129–1137.
  • Kanazawa, A., Teshima, S., Tobayashi, T., Takae, M., Iwashita, T. & Uehara, R. (1983). Necessity of dietary phospholipids for growth of larval Ayu. Memoirs of Faculty of Fisheries Kagoshima University, 32: 115–120.
  • Kihara, M., Ogata, S., Kawano, N., Kubota, I. & Yamaguchi, R. (2002). Lordosis induction in juvenile red sea bream, Pagrus major, by high swimming activity. Aquaculture, 212 (1–4): 149–158. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00871-7
  • Kingsford, M.J., Suthers, I.M. & Gray, C.A. (1996). Exposure to sewage plumes and the incidence of deformities in larval fishes. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 33: 201–212. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00166-X
  • Koumoundouros, G., Gagliardi, F., Divanach, P., Boglione, C., Cataudella, S. & Kentouri, M. (1997a). Normal and abnormal osteological development of caudal fin in Sparus aurata L fry. Aquaculture, 149: 215–226. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(96)01443-3
  • Koumoundouros, G., Oran, G., Divanach, P., Stefanakis, S. & Kentouri, M. (1997b). The opercular complex deformity in intensive gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata L larviculture. Moment of apparition and description. Aquaculture 156: 165–177. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(97)89294-0
  • Koumoundouros, G., Divanach, P. & Kentouri, M. (2001). The effect of rearing conditions on development of saddleback syndrome and caudal fin deformities in Dentex dentex L. Aquaculture, 200: 285–304. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(97)89294-0
  • Koumoundouros, G., Maingot, E., Divanach, P. & Kentouri, M. (2002) Kyphosis in reared sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.): ontogeny and effects on mortality. Aquaculture, 209: 49–58. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00821-3
  • Langdon, J.S. (1987). Spinal curvatures and an encephalotropic myxosporean, Triangula percae sp. nov. (Myxozoa: Ortholineidae), enzootic in redfin perch, Perca fluviatilis L., in Australia. Journal of Fish Diseases, 10: 425–434.doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.1987.tb01093.x
  • Lemly, A.D. (1993). Teratogenic effects of selenium in natural populations of the freshwater fish. Ecotoxical and Environmental Safety, 26:181-204.
  • Lom, J., Pike, A. & Dykova, I. (1991). Myxobolus sandrae, Reuss, 1906, the agent of vertebral column deformities of perch Perca fluviatilis in Northeast Scotland. Disease of Aquatic Organisms, 12: 49–53.
  • Mahajan, C.L. & Agrawal, N.K. (1980). Nutritional requirement of ascorbic acid by Indian major carp, Cirrhina mrigala, during early growth. Aquaculture, 19: 37–48.doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(80)90005-8
  • Marino, G., Boglione, C., Bertolini, B., Rossi, A., Ferreri, F. & Cataudella, S. (1993). Observations on development and anomalies in the appendicular skeleton of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L. 1758, larvae and juveniles. Aquaculture Research, 24: 445–456. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.1993.tb00568.x
  • Matsuoka, M. (1987). Development of skeletal tissue and skeletal muscle in the Red sea bream, Pagrus major. Jpanese Journal of Ichthyology, 65: (65), 1–114.
  • Paperna, I. (1978). Swimbladder and skeletal deformaties in hatchery bred Sparus aurata. Journal of Fish Biology, 12:109-114.
  • Pohl, C. (1990). Skeletal deformities and trace metal contents of European smelt, Osmerus eperlanus, in the Elbe Estuary. Meeresforschung, 33: 76–89.
  • Potthoff, T., Kelley, S., Moe, M., Young, F. (1984). Description of porkfish larvae (Anisotremus virginicus, Haemulidae) and their osteological development. Bulletin Marine Science, 34: 21–59.
  • Sfakianakis, D.G., Koumoundouros, G., Divanach, P. & Kentoui, M., 2004, Osteological development of the vertebral column and of the fins in Pagellus erythrinus. Temperature effect on the developmental plasticity and morpho-anatomical abnormalities. Aquaculture, 232: 407–424. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.08.014
  • Soliman, A. K., Jauncey, K. & Roberts, R. J. (1986). The effect of varying forms of dietary ascorbic acid on the nutrition of juvenile tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture 52, 1 –10.doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(86)90101-8
  • Potthoff, T. (1983). Ontogeny and systematics of fisheries. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetogists. Special publication, 1: 223-229.
  • Treasurer, J. (1992) Vertebrae anomalies associated with Myxobolus sp. in perch, Perca fluviatilis L., in a Scottish loch. Bulletin of European Associaton Fish Pathology, 12:61-63.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Deniz Çoban

Cüneyt Suzer

Şükrü Yıldırım

Şahin Saka

M. Kürşat Fırat

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Kasım 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Ağustos 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016Cilt: 33 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Çoban, D., Suzer, C., Yıldırım, Ş., Saka, Ş., vd. (2016). Skeletal deformities in hatchery reared European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 33(4), 373-379. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2016.33.4.11