Mogan Gölü’nü (Türkiye) besleyen derelerde ağır metallerden kaynaklanan sağlık risklerinin değerlendirilmesi
Öz
Ağır metallere potansiyel maruziyetten kaynaklanan kanserojenik olmayan ve kanserojenik sağlık riskleri, insan sağlığını olumsuz yönde tehdit etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, antropojenik baskı altındaki Mogan Gölü Havzası’ndaki dört dere (Sukesen Deresi, Başpınar Deresi, Yavrucak Deresi, Gölcük Deresi) sularında ağır metal (Hg, As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn) analizleri yapılmıştır. Havzadaki rekreaktif öneme sahip Mogan Gölü’nü de besleyen derelerden alınan su örneklerinde; a) Ağır metallere sindirim ve deriden emilim yoluyla maruz kalmanın, insan sağlığı üzerindeki kanserojenik olmayan riskleri (HQ) yetişkinler ve çocuklar bazında saptanmış, b) Yetişkinler ve çocuklarda toplam potansiyel kanserojenik olmayan sağlık riskleri tehlike katsayısı (HI) kullanarak belirlenmiştir. Toplam HI (THI) değeri; HIsindirim ile HIdermal değerlerinin toplamından elde edilmiştir, c) Kanserojenik sağlık risk değerleri (CR) ise üç ağır metal (Cr, Ni ve As) için hesaplanmıştır. Bulgular doğrultusunda; a) HQsindirim değerleri, As nedeniyle yetişkinler-çocuklarda, HQdermal değerlerinden daha yüksek bulunmuştur. HI kanserojenik sağlık değerine göre, Sukesen, Başpınar ve Gölcük Derelerinde ay ve yaş gruplarına göre değişmek üzere, ağır metaller açısından yüksek düzeyde kanserojenik olmayan sağlık riski söz konusudur. Yavrucak Deresi içinse yetişkinler-çocuklar açısından kanserojenik olmayan sağlık riski olası gözükmemektedir, b) Hesaplanan HQdermal ve HIdermal değerlerine göre, yetişkinler-çocuklar açısından dermal yolla maruziyetten dolayı belirgin bir olumsuz sağlık riski bulunmamıştır, c) Çocuklar için tehlike katsayısı değerleri yetişkinler için tehlike katsayısı değerlerinden daha yüksek bulunmuş olup, özellikle dikkate alınan ağır metallere karşı çocukların daha fazla sağlıksal riskle karşı karşıya kaldıkları belirlenmiştir, d) Sukesen ve Başpınar Deresi’ne ilişkin THI değerleri; yetişkinler ve çocuklar için örnekleme yapılan tüm aylarda, Gölcük Deresi’nde, yetişkinler için nisan ayında, çocuklar içinse örnekleme periyodu esnasında ciddi düzeyde kanserojenik-olmayan sağlıksal risk olasılığını ortaya koymuştur, e) Krom, nikel ve arsenik için hesaplanan CR değerleri, sindirim yoluyla maruziyetin dermal yola göre daha riskli olduğunu ve yetişkinlerde-çocuklarda kansere yakalanma olasılığını ifade etmektedir. Potansiyel sağlık tehlikeleri bağlamında, özellikle Başpınar ve Sukesen Dere’lerinde ağır metal kontaminasyonuna ilişkin yönetsel tedbirlerin alınması, halk sağlığının korunması yanında Mogan Gölü’nün sürdürülebilirliği açısından da önem taşımaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ağır metaller sağlık risk değerlendirmesi kirlilik dereler Mogan Gölü
Kaynakça
- Anonymous (2017). Lakes and Wetlands Action Plan, 2017-2023. Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry General Directorate of Water Management. Ankara (in Turkish).
- ATSDR (2018). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Exposure Dose Guidance for Dermal and Ingestion Exposure to Surface Water. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Sept 25.
- Bat, L., & Arıcı, E. (2018). Heavy metal levels in fish, molluscs, and crustacea from Turkish seas and potential risk of human health. In Holban AM, Grumezescu AM. (Eds.), Handbook of Food Bioengineering, Food Quality: Balancing Health and Disease (pp. 159-196). Elsevier, Academic Press.
- Canpolat, Ö., Varol, M., Öztekin, Ö., Okan, C., Eris, K.K., & Çaglar, M. (2020). A comparison of trace element concentrations in surface and deep water of the Keban Dam Lake (Turkey) and associated health risk assessment. Environmental Research, 110012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110012
- Castresana, G.P., Roldán, E.C., Suastegui, W.A.G., Perales, J. S.L.M., Montalvo, A.C., & Silva, A.H. (2019). Evaluation of health risks due to heavy metals in a rural population exposed to Atoyac River pollution in Puebla, Mexico. Water, 11, 277. https://doi:10.3390/w11020277
- Custodio, M., Cuadrado, W., Peñaloza, R., Montalvo, R., Ochoa, S. & Quispe, J. (2020). Human Risk from Exposure to Heavy Metals and Arsenic in Water from Rivers with Mining Influence in the Central Andes of Peru. Water, 12, 1946. https://doi:10.3390/w12071946
- Joseph, A., Edet, U., Iwok, E., & Ekanem, S. (2022). Health implications of the oral and dermal exposure to heavy metals in borehole water from a poorly remediated Ikot Ada Udo community, Akwa Ibom State, South-South Nigeria. Scientific African, 8, e01416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01416 2468-2276
- Kolassa, J. E. (2020). An introduction to nonparametric statistics. Chapman and Hall/CRC Press.
- Kumar, V., Parihar, R.D., Sharma, A., Bakshi, P., Singh Sidhu, G.P., Bali, A.S., Karaouzas, I., Bhardwaj, R., Thukral, A.K., Gyasi-Agyei, Y., & Rodrigo-Comino, J. (2019). Global evaluation of heavy metal content in surface water bodies: A meta-analysis using heavy metal pollution indices and multivariate statistical analyses. Chemosphere, 236, 124364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124364
- Kutlu, B., & Sarıgül, A. (2023). The assessment of health risk from heavy metals with water indices for irrigation and the portability of Munzur Stream: A case study of the Ovacık area (Ramsar site), Türkiye. Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies, 52(1), 111-123. https://doi.org/10.26881/oahs-2023.1.09
- Li, S., & Zhang, Q. (2010). Risk assessment and seasonal variations of dissolved trace elements and heavy metals in the Upper Han River, China. J. Hazard Mater., 181, 1051 1059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.05.120
- Mazel, I.G., Mpissi, D., Flora, Z., Mafoumba, B., Claude, J., & Laurent, M. (2022). Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Water of the Loutété River, Mfouati District, Southeast Congo. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 10, 77-86. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2022.1012006
- Mohammadi, A.A., Zarei, A., Majidi, S., Ghaderpoury, A., Hashempour, Y., Saghi, M.H., Alinejad, A., Yousefi, M., Hosseingholizadeh, N., & Ghaderpoori, M. (2019). Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water of Khorramabad, Iran. MethodsX, 6, 1642–1651. https://doi:10.1016/j.mex.2019. 07.017
- Pulatsü, S., & Topçu, A. (2015). Review of 15 years of research on sediment heavy metal contents and sediment nutrient release in inland aquatic ecosystems, Turkey. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 7, 85-100. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2015.72007
- Qu, L., Huang, H., Xia, F., Liu, Y., Dahlgren, R. A., Zhang, M., & Mei, K. (2018). Risk analysis of heavy metal concentration in surface waters across the rural-urban interface of the Wen-Rui Tang River, China. Environmental Pollution, 237, 639 649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.020 0269-7491
- Saleem, M., Iqbal, J., & Shah, M.H. (2019). Seasonal variations, risk assessment and multivariate analysis of trace metals in the freshwater reservoirs of Pakistan. Chemosphere, 216 715 724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.173
- Selvam, S., Jesuraja, K., Roy, P.D., Venkatramanan, S., Khan, R., Shukla, S., Manimaran, D., & Muthukumar, P. (2022). Human health risk assessment of heavy metal and pathogenic contamination in surface water of the Punnakayal estuary, South India. Chemosphere, 298, 134027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134027
- Shil, S., & Singh, U. K. (2019). Health risk assessment and spatial variations of dissolved heavy metals and metalloids in a tropical river basin system. Ecological Indicators, 106, 1 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105455
- Tokatlı, C., & Ustaoğlu, F. (2020). Health risk assessment of toxicants in Meriç River delta wetland, Thrace region, Turkey. Environmental Earth Sciences, 79(18), 426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09171-4
- USEPA. (1989). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A), interim final, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. EPA/540/1-89/002
- USEPA. (2004). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part E, Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk Assessment) Final. OSWER 9285.7-02EP.July 2004.
- Varol, M. (2019). Arsenic and trace metals in a large reservoir: seasonal and spatial variations, source identification and risk assessment for both residential and recreational users. Chemosphere, 228, 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.126
- Varol, M., Karakaya, G., & Sünbül, M. R. (2021). Spatiotemporal variations, health risks, pollution status and possible sources of dissolved trace metal (loid)s in the Karasu River, Turkey. Environmental Research, 202, 111733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111733
- Varol, M., &Tokatlı, C. (2023). Evaluation of the water quality of a highly polluted stream with water quality indices and health risk assessment methods. Chemosphere, 311, 137096. https://doi.org/0.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137096
- Wang, J., Liu, G., Liu, H., & Lam, P.K.S. (2017). Multivariate statistical evaluation of dissolved trace elements and a water quality assessment in the middle reaches of Huaihe River, Anhui, China. Science of the Total Environment, 583, 421 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.088
- Wu, B., Zhao, D.Y., Jia, H.Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X.X., & Cheng, S.P. (2009). Preliminary Risk Assessment of Trace Metal Pollution in Surface Water from Yangtze River in Nanjing Section, China. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 82, 405 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-008-9497-3
- Xiao, J., Wang, L., Deng, L. & Jin, Z. (2019). Characteristics, sources, water quality and health risk assessment of trace elements in river water and well water in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Science of the Total Environment, 650, 2004 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.322
- Zhang, Z., Guo, Y., Wu, J., & Su, F. (2022). Surface water quality and health risk assessment in Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province (China). Exposure and Health, 14, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-021-00408-6
Öz
The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks arising from potential exposure to heavy metals pose a negative threat to human health. In this study, heavy metals (Hg, As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn) analyses were conducted in the waters of four creeks in the Mogan Lake Basin (Sukesen Creek, Başpınar Creek, Yavrucak Creek, Gölcük Creek) under anthropogenic pressure. In the water samples taken from the creeks that also contribute to Mogan Lake, which has significant recreational importance in the basin: a) The non-carcinogenic health risks (HQ) of exposure to heavy metals through ingestion and dermal routes were identified for adults and children, b) The total potential non-carcinogenic health risks for adults and children were determined using the hazard index (HI). The total HI (THI) value was calculated as the sum of individual HIs (HIingestion + HIdermal), c) Carcinogenic health risk (CR) values were calculated for three heavy metals (Cr, Ni and As). According to the findings: a) Ingestion HQ values were found to be higher in adults and children due to As compared to dermal HQ values. According to the HI values, there was a high level of non-carcinogenic health risk in terms of heavy metals in Sukesen, Başpınar, and Gölcük Creeks, varying according to the month and age group. However, for Yavrucak Creek, there has not been appeared to be a non-carcinogenic health risk for adults and children, b) According to the calculated HQdermal and HIdermal values, there was no significant adverse health risk due to dermal exposure for adults and children, c) Children hazard index values were found to be higher than adult hazard index values, highlighting that children were at higher health risk most particularly when it comes to the considered heavy metals, d) The THI values for Sukesen and Başpınar Creeks indicated a significant non-carcinogenic health risk possibility for both adults and children in all sampled months. In Gölcük Creek, a serious non-carcinogenic health risk probability was observed for adults in April and for children during the sampling period, e) The calculated CR values for chromium, nickel, and arsenic indicated that the ingestion pathway poses a higher risk compared to the dermal route, expressing the likelihood of cancer incidence in adults and children. In the context of potential health hazards, to take administrative measures regarding heavy metal contamination, particularly in Başpınar and Sukesen Creeks, is important not only for the protection of public health but also for the sustainability of Mogan Lake.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Heavy metals health risk assessment pollution creeks Mogan Lake
Etik Beyan
There are no ethical issues with the publication of this manuscript
Kaynakça
- Anonymous (2017). Lakes and Wetlands Action Plan, 2017-2023. Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry General Directorate of Water Management. Ankara (in Turkish).
- ATSDR (2018). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Exposure Dose Guidance for Dermal and Ingestion Exposure to Surface Water. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Sept 25.
- Bat, L., & Arıcı, E. (2018). Heavy metal levels in fish, molluscs, and crustacea from Turkish seas and potential risk of human health. In Holban AM, Grumezescu AM. (Eds.), Handbook of Food Bioengineering, Food Quality: Balancing Health and Disease (pp. 159-196). Elsevier, Academic Press.
- Canpolat, Ö., Varol, M., Öztekin, Ö., Okan, C., Eris, K.K., & Çaglar, M. (2020). A comparison of trace element concentrations in surface and deep water of the Keban Dam Lake (Turkey) and associated health risk assessment. Environmental Research, 110012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110012
- Castresana, G.P., Roldán, E.C., Suastegui, W.A.G., Perales, J. S.L.M., Montalvo, A.C., & Silva, A.H. (2019). Evaluation of health risks due to heavy metals in a rural population exposed to Atoyac River pollution in Puebla, Mexico. Water, 11, 277. https://doi:10.3390/w11020277
- Custodio, M., Cuadrado, W., Peñaloza, R., Montalvo, R., Ochoa, S. & Quispe, J. (2020). Human Risk from Exposure to Heavy Metals and Arsenic in Water from Rivers with Mining Influence in the Central Andes of Peru. Water, 12, 1946. https://doi:10.3390/w12071946
- Joseph, A., Edet, U., Iwok, E., & Ekanem, S. (2022). Health implications of the oral and dermal exposure to heavy metals in borehole water from a poorly remediated Ikot Ada Udo community, Akwa Ibom State, South-South Nigeria. Scientific African, 8, e01416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01416 2468-2276
- Kolassa, J. E. (2020). An introduction to nonparametric statistics. Chapman and Hall/CRC Press.
- Kumar, V., Parihar, R.D., Sharma, A., Bakshi, P., Singh Sidhu, G.P., Bali, A.S., Karaouzas, I., Bhardwaj, R., Thukral, A.K., Gyasi-Agyei, Y., & Rodrigo-Comino, J. (2019). Global evaluation of heavy metal content in surface water bodies: A meta-analysis using heavy metal pollution indices and multivariate statistical analyses. Chemosphere, 236, 124364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124364
- Kutlu, B., & Sarıgül, A. (2023). The assessment of health risk from heavy metals with water indices for irrigation and the portability of Munzur Stream: A case study of the Ovacık area (Ramsar site), Türkiye. Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies, 52(1), 111-123. https://doi.org/10.26881/oahs-2023.1.09
- Li, S., & Zhang, Q. (2010). Risk assessment and seasonal variations of dissolved trace elements and heavy metals in the Upper Han River, China. J. Hazard Mater., 181, 1051 1059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.05.120
- Mazel, I.G., Mpissi, D., Flora, Z., Mafoumba, B., Claude, J., & Laurent, M. (2022). Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Water of the Loutété River, Mfouati District, Southeast Congo. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 10, 77-86. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2022.1012006
- Mohammadi, A.A., Zarei, A., Majidi, S., Ghaderpoury, A., Hashempour, Y., Saghi, M.H., Alinejad, A., Yousefi, M., Hosseingholizadeh, N., & Ghaderpoori, M. (2019). Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water of Khorramabad, Iran. MethodsX, 6, 1642–1651. https://doi:10.1016/j.mex.2019. 07.017
- Pulatsü, S., & Topçu, A. (2015). Review of 15 years of research on sediment heavy metal contents and sediment nutrient release in inland aquatic ecosystems, Turkey. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 7, 85-100. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2015.72007
- Qu, L., Huang, H., Xia, F., Liu, Y., Dahlgren, R. A., Zhang, M., & Mei, K. (2018). Risk analysis of heavy metal concentration in surface waters across the rural-urban interface of the Wen-Rui Tang River, China. Environmental Pollution, 237, 639 649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.020 0269-7491
- Saleem, M., Iqbal, J., & Shah, M.H. (2019). Seasonal variations, risk assessment and multivariate analysis of trace metals in the freshwater reservoirs of Pakistan. Chemosphere, 216 715 724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.173
- Selvam, S., Jesuraja, K., Roy, P.D., Venkatramanan, S., Khan, R., Shukla, S., Manimaran, D., & Muthukumar, P. (2022). Human health risk assessment of heavy metal and pathogenic contamination in surface water of the Punnakayal estuary, South India. Chemosphere, 298, 134027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134027
- Shil, S., & Singh, U. K. (2019). Health risk assessment and spatial variations of dissolved heavy metals and metalloids in a tropical river basin system. Ecological Indicators, 106, 1 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105455
- Tokatlı, C., & Ustaoğlu, F. (2020). Health risk assessment of toxicants in Meriç River delta wetland, Thrace region, Turkey. Environmental Earth Sciences, 79(18), 426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09171-4
- USEPA. (1989). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A), interim final, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. EPA/540/1-89/002
- USEPA. (2004). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part E, Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk Assessment) Final. OSWER 9285.7-02EP.July 2004.
- Varol, M. (2019). Arsenic and trace metals in a large reservoir: seasonal and spatial variations, source identification and risk assessment for both residential and recreational users. Chemosphere, 228, 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.126
- Varol, M., Karakaya, G., & Sünbül, M. R. (2021). Spatiotemporal variations, health risks, pollution status and possible sources of dissolved trace metal (loid)s in the Karasu River, Turkey. Environmental Research, 202, 111733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111733
- Varol, M., &Tokatlı, C. (2023). Evaluation of the water quality of a highly polluted stream with water quality indices and health risk assessment methods. Chemosphere, 311, 137096. https://doi.org/0.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137096
- Wang, J., Liu, G., Liu, H., & Lam, P.K.S. (2017). Multivariate statistical evaluation of dissolved trace elements and a water quality assessment in the middle reaches of Huaihe River, Anhui, China. Science of the Total Environment, 583, 421 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.088
- Wu, B., Zhao, D.Y., Jia, H.Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X.X., & Cheng, S.P. (2009). Preliminary Risk Assessment of Trace Metal Pollution in Surface Water from Yangtze River in Nanjing Section, China. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 82, 405 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-008-9497-3
- Xiao, J., Wang, L., Deng, L. & Jin, Z. (2019). Characteristics, sources, water quality and health risk assessment of trace elements in river water and well water in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Science of the Total Environment, 650, 2004 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.322
- Zhang, Z., Guo, Y., Wu, J., & Su, F. (2022). Surface water quality and health risk assessment in Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province (China). Exposure and Health, 14, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-021-00408-6
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Limnoloji |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 15 Eylül 2023 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 15 Eylül 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 26 Haziran 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023Cilt: 40 Sayı: 3 |