Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Seafood associated human pathogenic non-enveloped viruses

Yıl 2021, , 253 - 262, 15.06.2021

Bahar Tokur , Koray Korkmaz

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.38.2.16
Cited By: 1

Öz


Non-enveloped human pathogenic viruses, highly stable in the environment, can be transmitted by different routes, such as contaminated food and water. The waterborne transmission of non-enveloped viruses to humans causes illnesses when individuals are exposed to contaminated water resources such as agricultural water, drainage, outdoor water, field or subsurface water and even drinking water. In addition to waterborne transmission, viral foodborne transmission may consist because of contagious seafood, through infected food handlers due to inadequate hygienic activities, aerosol containing viruses produced by infected people. Most hazardous non enveloped enteric viruses assocated with water and seafood cause a significant and emerging food safety and public health problem and threat. In this review, norovirus (NoVs), hepatitis E virus (HEV) and hepatitis A (HAV), human adenovirus, rotavirus A and sapovirus are evaluated as seafood associated human pathogenic non-envoleped viruses.

Anahtar Kelimeler

waterborne transmission seafood borne transmission pathojenic non-enveloped viruses

Kaynakça

  • Adelodun, B., Ajibade, F. O., Ighalo, J. O., Odey, G., Ibrahim, R. G., Kareem, K. Y., & Adeniran, K. A. (2020). Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: a review. Environmental Research, 110309. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110309
  • Amoroso, M. G., Langellotti, A. L., Russo, V., Martello, A., Monini, M., Di Bartolo, I., .& Fusco, G. (2020). Accumulation and Depuration Kinetics of Rotavirus in Mussels Experimentally Contaminated. Food and Environmental Virology, 12(1), 48-57. DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09413-0
  • Asahina, A. Y., Lu, Y., Wu, C., Fujioka, R. S., & Loh, P. C. (2009). Potential biosentinels of human waste in marine coastal waters: Bioaccumulation of human noroviruses and enteroviruses from sewage-polluted waters by indigenous mollusks. Journal of Virological Methods, 158(1-2), 46-50. DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.01.013
  • Bachofen, C. (2018). Selected viruses detected on and in our food. Current Clinical Microbiology Reports, 5(2), 143-153. DOI: 10.1007/s40588-018-0087-9
  • Baert, L., Debevere, J., & Uyttendaele, M. (2009). The efficacy of preservation methods to inactivate foodborne viruses. International journal of food microbiology, 131(2-3), 83-94. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.03.007
  • Bellou, M., Kokkinos, P., & Vantarakis, A. (2013). Shellfish-borne viral outbreaks: a systematic review. Food and Environmental Virology, 5(1), 13-23. DOI: 10.1007/s12560-012-9097-6
  • Benabbes, L., Ollivier, J., Schaeffer, J., Parnaudeau, S., Rhaissi, H., & Nourlil, J. (2013). Norovirus and other human enteric viruses in Moroccan shellfish. Food and Environmental Virology, 5(1), 35-40. DOI: 10.1007/s12560-012-9095-8
  • Benabbes, L., Anga, L., Faouzi, A., Rhaissi, H., & Nourlil, J. (2021). Detection of human enterovirus and adenovirus in shellfish collected in Morocco Mediterranean Coast. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 2020, 97-100.
  • Blumenthal, U. J., Mara, D. D., Peasey, A., Ruiz-Palacios, G., & Stott, R. (2000). Guidelines for the microbiological quality of treated wastewater used in agriculture: recommendations for revising WHO guidelines. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78, 1104-1116.
  • Bonadonna, L., & La Rosa, G. (2019). A review and update on waterborne viral diseases associated with swimming pools. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(2), 166. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16020166
  • Bosch, A., (1998). Human enteric viruses in the water environment. A minireview. Int. Microbiol. 1, 191–196.
  • Bosch, A., Abad, F. X., & Pintó, R. M. (2005). Human pathogenic viruses in the marine environment. In oceans and health: pathogens in the marine environment (pp. 109-131). Springer, Boston, MA. DOI: 10.1007/0-387-23709-7_5
  • Bosch, A., (2007). Human viruses in water. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  • Burkhardt, W., & Calci, K. R. (2000). Selective accumulation may account for shellfish-associated viral illness. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66(4), 1375-1378. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.66.4.1375-1378.2000
  • Butt, A. A., Aldridge, K. E., & Sanders, C. V. (2004). Infections related to the ingestion of seafood Part I: viral and bacterial infections. The Lancet infectious diseases, 4(4), 201-212. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(04)00969-7
  • Campos, C. J., & Lees, D. N. (2014). Environmental transmission of human noroviruses in shellfish waters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 80(12), 3552-3561. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.04188-13
  • Carter, M.J., (2005). Enterically infecting viruses: pathogenicity, transmission and significance for food and waterborne infection. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 98, 1354-1380. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02635.x
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2010) Norovirus: Technical fact sheet. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/gastro/norovirus.htm. Accessed 01 March 2011
  • Ceylan, A., Ertem, M., Ilcin, E., & Ozekinci, T. (2003). A special risk group for hepatitis E infection: Turkish agricultural workers who use untreated waste water for irrigation. Epidemiology & Infection, 131(1), 753-756. DOI: 10.1017/S0950268803008719
  • Chan, J. S. H., Chao, A. C. W., Cheung, V. C. H., Wong, S. S. K., Tang, W., Wu, J. C. Y. & Ng, S. C. (2019). Gastrointestinal disease burden and mortality: A public hospital‐based study from 2005 to 2014. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 34(1), 124-131. DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14377
  • Chang, A. C., Page, A. L., Asano, T., & World Health Organization. (1995). Developing human health-related chemical guidelines for reclaimed wastewater and sewage sludge applications in agriculture (No. WHO/EOS/95.20). World Health Organization.
  • Cheesbrough, J. S., Green, J., Gallimore, C. I., Wright, P. A., & Brown, D. W. G. (2000). Widespread environmental contamination with Norwalk-like viruses (NLV) detected in a prolonged hotel outbreak of gastroenteritis. Epidemiology & Infection, 125(1), 93-98. DOI: 10.1017/S095026889900432X
  • Chia, G., Ho, H. J., Ng, C. G., Neo, F. J. X., Win, M. K., Cui, L. & Chow, A. (2018). An unusual outbreak of rotavirus G8P [8] gastroenteritis in adults in an urban community, Singapore, 2016. Journal of Clinical Virology, 105, 57-63. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.06.004
  • Choo, Y. J., & Kim, S. J. (2006). Detection of human adenoviruses and enteroviruses in Korean oysters using cell culture, integrated cell culture-PCR, and direct PCR. The Journal of Microbiology, 44(2), 162-170.
  • Cook, N., Bridger, J., Kendall, K., Gomara, M. I., El-Attar, L., & Gray, J. (2004). The zoonotic potential of rotavirus. Journal of Infection, 48(4), 289-302. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.01.018
  • Crabtree, K. D., Gerba, C. P., Rose, J. B., & Haas, C. N. (1997). Waterborne adenovirus: a risk assessment. Water Science and Technology, 35(11-12), 1-6. DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00225-4
  • Crance, J. M., Gantzer, C., Schwartzbrod, L., & Deloince, R. (1998). Effect of temperature on the survival of hepatitis A virus and its capsidal antigen in synthetic seawater. Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality: An International Journal, 13(1), 89-92. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1998)13:1<89::AID-TOX7>3.0.CO;2-3
  • Crawford, S. E., Ramani, S., Tate, J. E., Parashar, U. D., Svensson, L., & Hagbom, M. (2017). Rotavirus infection. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 3(1), 1-16. DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.83
  • Crossan, C., Baker, P. J., Craft, J., Takeuchi, Y., Dalton, H. R., & Scobie, L. (2012). Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 in shellfish, United Kingdom. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 2085. DOI: 10.3201/eid1812.120924
  • Das, O., Lekshmi, M., Kumar, S., & Nayak, B. B. (2020). Incidence of norovirus in tropical seafood harbouring fecal indicator bacteria. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 150, 110777. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110777
  • De Moraes Tavares, T., De Paula Cardoso, D. D. D., & De Brito, W. M. E. D. (2005). Vírus Entérıcos Veıculados Por Água: Aspectos Mıcrobıológıcos E Decontrole De Qualıdade Da Água. Revista De Patologia Tropical/Journal of Tropical Pathology, 34(2), 85-104
  • Di Cola, G., Fantilli, A. C., Pisano, M. B., & Ré, V. E. (2020). Foodborne transmission of hepatitis A and hepatitis E viruses: a literature review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 108986. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108986
  • Doré, W. J., Henshilwood, K., & Lees, D. N. (1998). The development of management strategies for control of virological quality in oysters. Water Science and Technology, 38(12), 29-35. DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1223(98)00796-3
  • Doré, B., Keaveney, S., Flannery, J., & Rajko-Nenow, P. (2010). Management of health risks associated with oysters harvested from a norovirus contaminated area, Ireland, February–March 2010. Eurosurveillance, 15(19), 19567.
  • DuPont, H. L. (1986). Consumption of raw shellfish—is the risk now unacceptable?.The New England Journal of Medicine, 314, 707-708. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198603133141109 Elbashir, S., Parveen, S., Schwarz, J., Rippen, T., Jahncke, M., & DePaola, A. (2018). Seafood pathogens and information on antimicrobial resistance: A review. Food Microbiology, 70, 85-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.09.011
  • Emerson, S. U., Arankalle, V. A., & Purcell, R. H. (2005). Thermal stability of hepatitis E virus. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 192(5), 930-933. DOI: 10.1086/432488
  • Enriquez, C. E., Hurst, C. J., & Gerba, C. P. (1995). Survival of the enteric adenoviruses 40 and 41 in tap, sea, and waste water. Water Research, 29(11), 2548-2553. DOI: 10.1016/0043-1354(95)00070-2
  • Estes, M K. (2001). Rotaviruses and their replication. Fields Virology. 4edn, pp. 1747–1785. (Eds) Knipe D M, Howley P M, Grifûn D E, Lamb R A, Martin M A, Roizman B.. Philadelphia
  • Eterpi, M., McDonnell, G., & Thomas, V. (2010). Virucidal activity of disinfectants against parvoviruses and reference viruses. Applied Biosafety, 15(4), 165-171. DOI: 10.1177/153567601001500402
  • Evans, MR, Meldrum R, Lane W, Gardner D, Ribeiro CD, Gallimore CI & Westmoreland D (2002). An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis following environmental contamination at a concert hall. Epidemiology and Infection, 129(2), 355-360. DOI:10.1017/S0950268802007446
  • Fenaux, H., Chassaing, M., Berger, S., Gantzer, C., Bertrand, I., & Schvoerer, E. (2019). Transmission of hepatitis E virus by water: An issue still pending in industrialized countries. Water research, 151, 144-157. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.014
  • Feng, Z., Hensley, L., McKnight, K. L., Hu, F., Madden, V., Ping, L., ... & Lemon, S. M. (2013). A pathogenic picornavirus acquires an envelope by hijacking cellular membranes. Nature, 496(7445), 367-371. DOI: 10.1038/nature12029
  • Formiga-Cruz, M., Tofino-Quesada, G., Bofill-Mas, S., Lees, D. N., Henshilwood, K. & Allard, A. K (2002). Distribution of human virus contamination in shellfish from different growing areas in Greece, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68(12), 5990-5998. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.12.5990-5998.2002
  • Fusco, G., Anastasio, A., Kingsley, D. H., Amoroso, M. G., Pepe, T., & Fratamico, P. M. (2019). Detection of hepatitis a virus and other enteric viruses in shellfish collected in the gulf of Naples, Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(14), 2588-. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142588
  • Gelderblom, H. R. (1996). Structure and classification of viruses. In Medical Microbiology. 4th edition. University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
  • Gerba, C. P., Rose, J. B., & Haas, C. N. (1996). Sensitive populations: who is at the greatest risk?. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 30(1-2), 113-123.DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(96)00996-8
  • Germinario, C., Lopalco, P. L., Chicanna, M., & Da Villa, G. (2000). From hepatitis B to hepatitis A and B prevention: the Puglia (Italy) experience. Vaccine, 18, S83-S85.DOI: 10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00473-9
  • Ghalyoun, F., & Alçay, A. Ü. (2018). Investigation of Rotavirus, Adenovirus and Astrovirus in Mussels and Shrimps Using Multiplex Real-time PCR. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(5), 761-767. DOI: 10.9775/kvfd.2018.19997
  • Grabow, W. O. (2007). Overview of health-related water virology. Perspectives in Medical Virology, 17, 1-25. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-7069(07)17001-4
  • Griffin, D. W., Donaldson, K. A., Paul, J. H., & Rose, J. B. (2003). Pathogenic human viruses in coastal waters. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 16(1), 129-143. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.16.1.129-143.2003
  • Griffin, J. S., Plummer, J. D., & Long, S. C. (2008). Torque teno virus: an improved indicator for viral pathogens in drinking waters. Virology Journal, 5(1), 1-6. DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-5-112
  • Guix, S., Pintó, R. M., & Bosch, A. (2019). Final consumer options to control and prevent foodborne Norovirus infections. Viruses, 11(4), 333. DOI: 10.3390/v11040333
  • Gyawali, P., & Hewitt, J. (2020). Faecal contamination in bivalve molluscan shellfish: can the application of the microbial source tracking method minimise public health risks?. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 16, 14-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2020.02.005
  • Hansman, G. S., Oka, T., Okamoto, R., Nishida, T., Toda, S., & Noda, M. (2007). Human sapovirus in clams, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(4), 620. DOI: 10.3201/eid1304.061390
  • Hardstaff, J. L., Clough, H. E., Lutje, V., McIntyre, K. M., Harris, J. P. & Garner, P. (2018). Foodborne and food-handler norovirus outbreaks: a systematic review. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 15(10), 589-597. DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2452 Hurst, C. J., & Gerba, C. P. (1980). Stability of simian rotavirus in fresh and estuarine water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 39(1), 1-5. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.39.1.1-5.1980.
  • Iwamoto, M., Ayers, T., Mahon, B. E., & Swerdlow, D. L. (2010). Epidemiology of seafood-associated infections in the United States. Clinical microbiology reviews, 23(2), 399-411. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00059-09
  • Jiang, S., Noble, R., & Chu, W. (2001). Human adenoviruses and coliphages in urban runoff-impacted coastal waters of Southern California. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67(1), 179-184. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.67.1.179-184.2001
  • Jiang, S. C. (2006). Human adenoviruses in water: occurrence and health implications: a critical review. Environmental Science and Technology, 40(23), 7132-7140. DOI: 10.1021/es060892o
  • Jiang, S. C., Chu, W., & He, J. W. (2007). Seasonal detection of human viruses and coliphage in Newport Bay, California. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73(20), 6468-6474. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01370-07
  • Joshi, M. S., Lole, K. S., Barve, U. S., Salve, D. S., Ganorkar, N. N., Chavan, N. A., & Gopalkrishna, V. (2019). Investigation of a large waterborne acute gastroenteritis outbreak caused by group B rotavirus in Maharashtra state, India. Journal of medical virology, 91(10), 1877-1881. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25523
  • Keller, R., Justino, J. F., & Cassini, S. T. (2013). Assessment of water and seafood microbiology quality in a mangrove region in Vitória, Brazil. Journal of water and health, 11(3), 573-580. DOI: 10.2166/wh.2013.245
  • Khora, S. S. (2018). Risk From Viral Pathogens in Seafood. In Diet, Microbiome and Health (pp. 439-481). Academic Press. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-811440-7.00015-6.
  • Kirk, M. D., Pires, S. M., Black, R. E., Caipo, M., Crump, J. A. & Devleesschauwer, B (2015). World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 22 foodborne bacterial, protozoal, and viral diseases, 2010: a data synthesis. PLoS Medicine, 12(12), e1001921. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001923
  • Kobayashi, Y., Shimazu, T., Murata, K., Itou, T., & Suzuki, Y. (2019). An endogenous adeno-associated virus element in elephants. Virus Research, 262, 10-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.04.015
  • Kohn, M. A., Farley, T. A., Ando, T., Curtis, M., Wilson, S. A. & Jin, Q.(1995). An outbreak of Norwalk virus gastroenteritis associated with eating raw oysters: implications for maintaining safe oyster beds. JAMA, 273(6), 466-471. DOI:10.1001/jama.1995.03520300040034
  • Koopman, J. S., Eckert, E. A., Greenberg, H. B., Strohm, B. C., Isaacson, R. E., & Monto, A. S. (1982). Norwalk virus enteric illness acquired by swimming exposure. American Journal of Epidemiology, 115(2), 173-177. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113288
  • Koopmans, M., von Bonsdorff, C. H., Vinjé, J., de Medici, D., & Monroe, S. (2002). Foodborne viruses. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 26(2), 187-205. DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00610.x
  • Koopmans, M., & Duizer, E. (2004). Foodborne viruses: an emerging problem. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 90(1), 23-41. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00169-7
  • Koopmans, M., Bosch, A., & Le Guyader, S. (2017). Viruses. In Foodborne Diseases (pp. 289-303). Academic Press. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-385007-2.00014-0
  • Kovač, K., Gutiérrez-Aguirre, I., Banjac, M., Peterka, M., Poljšak-Prijatelj, M., Ravnikar, M., ... & Raspor, P. (2009). A novel method for concentrating hepatitis A virus and caliciviruses from bottled water. Journal of Virological Methods, 162(1-2), 272-275. DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.07.013
  • La Rosa, G., Fratini, M., della Libera, S., Iaconelli, M., & Muscillo, M. (2012). Emerging and potentially emerging viruses in water environments. Annali Dell'istituto Superiore Di Sanità, 48, 397-406. DOI: 10.4415/ANN_12_04_07
  • Lamhoujeb SFI, Ngazoa SE & Jean J (2009) Molecular study of the persistence of infectious human norovirus on foodcontact surfaces. Food and Environmental Virology, 1, 51–56. DOI: 10.1007/s12560-009-9010-0
  • Le Guyader, F. S., Bon, F., DeMedici, D., Parnaudeau, S., Bertone, A., & Crudeli, S. (2006). Detection of multiple noroviruses associated with an international gastroenteritis outbreak linked to oyster consumption. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 44(11), 3878-3882. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01327-06
  • Le Guyader, F. S., & Atmar, R. L. (2007). Viruses in shellfish. Perspectives in medical virology, 17, 205-226. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-7069(07)17010-5
  • Le Guyader, F. S., Le Saux, J. C., Ambert-Balay, K., Krol, J., Serais, O., Parnaudeau, S., .& Atmar, R. L. (2008). Aichi virus, norovirus, astrovirus, enterovirus, and rotavirus involved in clinical cases from a French oyster-related gastroenteritis outbreak. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 46(12), 4011-4017. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01044-08
  • Lee, R. J., & Rangdale, R. E. (2008). Bacterial Pathogens in Seafood, Edited by T. Borresen.DOI: 10.1533/9781845694586.3.247
  • Lees, D., (2000). Viruses and bivalve shellfish. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 59, 81–116. DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00248-8
  • Li, D., Stals, A., Tang, Q. J., & Uyttendaele, M. (2014). Detection of noroviruses in shellfish and semiprocessed fishery products from a Belgian seafood company. Journal of Food Protection, 77(8), 1342-1347. DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-14-016
  • Lindberg-Braman, A.M. (1956). Clinical observations on the socalled oyster hepatitis. American Journal of Public Health 53, 1003–1011.
  • Lizuka, S., Oka, T., Tabara, K., Omura, T., Katayama, K., Takeda, N., & Noda, M. (2010). Detection of sapoviruses and noroviruses in an outbreak of gastroenteritis linked genetically to shellfish. Journal of Medical Virology, 82(7), 1247-1254. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21791
  • Lodder, W. J., & de Roda Husman, A. M. (2005). Presence of noroviruses and other enteric viruses in sewage and surface waters in The Netherlands. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71(3), 1453-1461. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.71.3.1453-1461.2005
  • Luz, R. B., Staggemeier, R., Fabres, R. B., Soliman, M. C., Souza, F. G., & Gonçalves, R. (2015). Bioaccumulation of animal adenoviruses in the pink shrimp. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 46(3), 715-723. DOI: 10.1590/S1517-838246320140323
  • Magana-Arachchi, D. N., & Wanigatunge, R. P. (2020). Ubiquitous waterborne pathogens. In Waterborne Pathogens (pp. 15-42). Butterworth-Heinemann. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-818783-8.00002-5
  • Mattison K, Karthikeyan K, Abebe M, Malik N, Sattar SA, Farber JM & Bidawid S (2007) Survival of calicivirus in foods and on surfaces: experiments with feline calicivirus as a surrogate for norovirus. Journal of Food Protection, 70: 500–503. DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X-70.2.500
  • McDonnell, S., Kirkland, K. B., Hlady, W. G., Aristeguieta, C., Hopkins, R. S., Monroe, S. S., & Glass, R. I. (1997). Failure of cooking to prevent shellfish-associated viral gastroenteritis. Archives of Internal Medicine, 157(1), 111-116. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.1997.00440220117015
  • McLeod C., Hay B., Grant C., Greening G., & Day D., (2009). Localization of norovirus and poliovirus in Pacific oysters. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 106: 1220-1230. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04091.x
  • McLeod, C., Polo, D., Le Saux, J. C., & Le Guyader, F. S. (2017). Depuration and relaying: a review on potential removal of norovirus from oysters. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 16(4), 692-706. DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12271
  • Moorman, E. A. (2017). Alternative Chemical Disinfection Technologies for Inactivation of Human Norovirus on Surfaces. Msc Thesis, 80p.
  • Morse, D. L., Guzewich, J. J., Hanrahan, J. P., Stricof, R., Shayegani, M., & Deibel, R.(1986). Widespread outbreaks of clam-and oyster-associated gastroenteritis. New England Journal of Medicine, 314(11), 678-681. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198603133141103
  • Muniain-Mujika, I., Girones, R., Tofiño-Quesada, G., Calvo, M., & Lucena, F. (2002). Depuration dynamics of viruses in shellfish. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 77(1-2), 125-133. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00324-0
  • Myrmel, M., Berg, E. M. M., Rimstad, E., & Grinde, B. (2004). Detection of enteric viruses in shellfish from the Norwegian coast. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(5), 2678-2684. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.5.2678-2684.2004
  • Nakagawa-Okamoto, R., Arita-Nishida, T., Toda, S., Kato, H., Iwata, H., & Akiyama, M.(2009). Detection of multiple sapovirus genotypes and genogroups in oyster-associated outbreaks. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 62(1), 63-6.
  • Namsai, A., Louisirirotchanakul, S., Wongchinda, N., Siripanyaphinyo, U., Virulhakul, P., & Puthavathana, P. (2011). Surveillance of hepatitis A and E viruses contamination in shellfish in Thailand. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 53(6), 608-613. DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2011.03152.x
  • Oka, T., Wang, Q., Katayama, K., & Saif, L. J. (2015). Comprehensive review of human sapoviruses. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 28(1), 32-53. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00011-14 Parashar, U. D., Hummelman, E. G., Bresee, J. S., Miller, M. A., & Glass, R. I. (2003). Global illness and deaths caused by rotavirus disease in children. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9(5), 565. DOI: 10.3201/eid0905.020562
  • Patwardhan, M. H. (2019). Heat sensitization of human enteric viruses by plant extracts and validation of their thermal inactivation by bacterial surrogates. Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/5454
  • Pavoni, E., Consoli, M., Suffredini, E., Arcangeli, G., Serracca, L., & Battistini, R. (2013). Noroviruses in seafood: a 9-year monitoring in Italy. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 10(6), 533-539. DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1399
  • Pinon, A., & Vialette, M. (2018). Survival of viruses in water. Intervirology, 61(5), 214-222. DOI: 10.1159/000484899
  • Prevost, B., Lucas, F. S., Goncalves, A., Richard, F., Moulin, L., & Wurtzer, S. (2015). Large scale survey of enteric viruses in river and waste water underlines the health status of the local population. Environment International, 79, 42-50. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.03.004
  • Quiroz-Santiago, C., Vázquez-Salinas, C., Natividad-Bonifacio, I., Barrón-Romero, B. L., & Quiñones-Ramírez, E. I. (2014). Rotavirus G2P [4] detection in fresh vegetables and oysters in Mexico City. Journal of Food Protection, 77(11), 1953-1959. DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-13-426
  • Rao, V. C., Metcalf, T. G., & Melnick, J. L. (1986). Development of a method for concentration of rotavirus and its application to recovery of rotaviruses from estuarine waters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 52(3), 484-488. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.52.3.484-488.1986
  • Richards, G.P. (2013). Foodborne and waterborne enteric viruses. In: Fratamico, P.M., Bhunia, A.K., Smith, J.L. (Eds.), Foodborne Pathogens Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chapter: Foodborne and Waterborne Enteric Viruses. Caister Academic Press, pp. 121-143 . Rivadulla, E., Varela, M. F., Mesquita, J. R., Nascimento, M. S., & Romalde, J. L. (2019). Detection of hepatitis E virus in shellfish harvesting areas from Galicia (Northwestern Spain). Viruses, 11(7), 618. DOI: 10.3390/v11070618
  • Rodriguez-Lazaro, D., Cook, N., Ruggeri, F.M., Sellwood, J., Nasser, A., & Nascimento, M.S.J. (2012). Virus hazards from food, water and other contaminatedenvironments. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 36, 786–814. DOI :10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00306.x
  • Said, B., Ijaz, S., Kafatos, G., Booth, L., Thomas, H. L., & Walsh, A. (2009). Hepatitis E outbreak on cruise ship. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15, 1738-1744. DOI: 10.3201/eid1511.091094
  • Sattar, S.A., Springthorpe, V.S., Ansari, S.A., (1994). Rotavirus. In: Hui, Y.H., Gorham, J.R., Murrell, K.D., Cliver, D.O. (Eds.), Foodborne Disease Handbook: Diseases Caused by Viruses, Parasites, and Fungi, vol. 2. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, pp. 81–111.
  • Sattar, S.A. (2001). Survival of microorganisms on animate and inanimate surfaces and their disinfection. In: Rutala, W.A. (Ed.), Disinfection, Sterilization and Antisepsis: Principles and Practices in Healthcare Dacilities. Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc, Washington, DC, pp. 195–205. Schwab, K. J., Neill, F. H., Estes, M. K., Metcalf, T. G., & Atmar, R. L. (1998). Distribution of Norwalk virus within shellfish following bioaccumulation and subsequent depuration by detection using RT-PCR. Journal of Food Protection, 61(12), 1674-1680. DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X-61.12.1674
  • Schwartzbrod, L., & World Health Organization. (1995). Effect of human viruses on public health associated with the use of wastewater and sewage sludge in agriculture and aquaculture (No. WHO/EOS/95.19). World Health Organization.
  • Sharp, T. M., Crawford, S. E., Ajami, N. J., Neill, F. H., Atmar, R. L., & Katayama, K. (2012). Secretory pathway antagonism by calicivirus homologues of Norwalk virus nonstructural protein p22 is restricted to noroviruses. Virology Journal, 9(1), 1-6. DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-9-181
  • Sobsey, M. D. (1989). Inactivation of health-related microorganisms in water by disinfection processes. Water Science and Technology, 21(3), 179-195. DOI:10.2166/wst.1989.0098
  • Sooryanarain, H., & Meng, X. J. (2019). Hepatitis E virus: reasons for emergence in humans. Current opinion in virology, 34, 10-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.11.006
  • Souza, D. S. M., Dominot, A. F. Á., Moresco, V., & Barardi, C. R. M. (2018). Presence of enteric viruses, bioaccumulation and stability in Anomalocardia brasiliana clams (Gmelin, 1791). International Journal of Food Microbiology, 266, 363-371. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.08.004
  • Springthorpe, S. V., Loh, C. L., Robertson, W. J., & Sattar, S. A. (1993). In situ survival of indicator bacteria, MS-2 phage and human pathogenic viruses in river water. Water Science and Technology, 27(3-4), 413-420. DOI: 10.2166/wst.1993.0383
  • Stals, A., Uyttendaele, M., Baert, L., & Van Coillie, E. (2013). Norovirus transfer between foods and food contact materials. Journal of Food Protection, 76(7), 1202-1209. DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-392
  • Tallon, L. A., Love, D. C., Moore, Z. S., & Sobsey, M. D. (2008). Recovery and sequence analysis of hepatitis a virus from springwater implicated in an outbreak of acute viral hepatitis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74(19), 6158-6160. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02872-07
  • Terregino, C., & Arcangeli, G. (2017). Shellfish and berries: the ready-to-eat food most involved in human norovirus outbreaks. In The Norovirus (pp. 31-47). Academic Press. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-804177-2.00003-8
  • Teunis, P. F., Moe, C. L., Liu, P., E. Miller, S., Lindesmith, L. & Baric, R. S., (2008). Norwalk virus: how infectious is it?. Journal of Medical Virology, 80(8), 1468-1476. DOI:10.1002/jmv.21237
  • Tozan, E., Duman, P., Elbasan, H. D., Aktepe, Ö., Sezen, F., Temel, F., & Sucaklı, M. B. (2016). A gastroenteritis outbreak investigation, NIGDE city center, March 2014. Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 14(1), 1-12. DOI: 10.20518/thsd.83892
  • Tuladhar, E., Hazeleger, W. C., Koopmans, M., Zwietering, M. H., Duizer, E., & Beumer, R. R. (2013). Transfer of noroviruses between fingers and fomites and food products. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 167(3), 346-352. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.09.018
  • Ueki, Y., Shoji, M., Okimura, Y., Miyota, Y., Masago, Y. & Oka, T.(2010). Detection of sapovirus in oysters. Microbiology and Immunology, 54(8), 483-486. DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2010.00239.x
  • Van der Poel, W. H. (2014). Food and environmental routes of Hepatitis E virus transmission. Current Opinion in Virology, 4, 91-96. DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.01.006
  • Vidal, R., Solari, V., Mamani, N., Jiang, X., Vollaire, J., & Roessler, P.(2005). Caliciviruses and foodborne gastroenteritis, Chile. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(7), 1134. DOI: 10.3201/eid1107.041062
  • Wang, D., Wu, Q., Yao, L., Wei, M., Kou, X., & Zhang, J. (2008). New target tissue for food‐borne virus detection in oysters. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 47(5), 405-409. DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02445.x
  • Wang, H., Sikora, P., Rutgersson, C., Lindh, M., Brodin, T. & Björlenius, B., (2018). Differential removal of human pathogenic viruses from sewage by conventional and ozone treatments. International Journal of Hygiene And Environmental Health, 221(3), 479-488. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.01.012
  • Ward, R. L., Knowlton, D. R., & Winston, P. E. (1986). Mechanism of inactivation of enteric viruses in fresh water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 52(3), 450-459. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.52.3.450-459.1986
  • Webb, G. W., Kelly, S., & Dalton, H. R. (2020). Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E: Clinical and Epidemiological Features, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter, 42(21), 171-179. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2020.10.001
  • Webby, R. J., Carville, K. S., Kirk, M. D., Greening, G., Ratcliff, R. M. & Crerar, S. K.(2007). Internationally distributed frozen oyster meat causing multiple outbreaks of norovirus infection in Australia. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 44(8), 1026-1031. DOI: 10.1086/512807
  • WHO (2006) The world health report 2006: working together for health. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater. Volume 2: Wastewater use in agriculture. World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • WHO (2015). WHO estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases. Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group, 2007–2015.
  • WHO (2016). Hepatitis A. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs328/en/(Accessed 17 October 2016).
  • Widdowson, M. A., van Doornum, G. J., van der Poel, W. H., de Boer, A. S., Mahdi, U., & Koopmans, M. (2000). Emerging group-A rotavirus and a nosocomial outbreak of diarrhoea. The Lancet, 356(9236), 1161-1162. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02760-4
  • Wolff, A., Günther, T., Albert, T., Schilling-Loeffler, K., Gadicherla, A. K., & Johne, R. (2020). Stability of hepatitis E virus at different pH values. International journal of food microbiology, 325, 108625. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108625
  • Woods, J. W., Calci, K. R., Marchant-Tambone, J. G., & Burkhardt III, W. (2016). Detection and molecular characterization of norovirus from oysters implicated in outbreaks in the US. Food Microbiology, 59, 76-84. DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.05.009
  • Yugo, D. M., & Meng, X. J. (2013). Hepatitis E virus: foodborne, waterborne and zoonotic transmission. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(10), 4507-4533. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10104507
  • Zhang, L., Zhao, N., Sha, J., Wang, C., Jin, X., Amer, S., & Liu, S. (2016). Virology and epidemiology analyses of global adenovirus-associated conjunctivitis outbreaks, 1953–2013. Epidemiology & Infection, 144(8), 1661-1672. DOI:10.1017/S0950268815003246
  • Zhang, L., Li, K., Huang, S., Liu, D., Rehman, M. U., Lan, Y., & Mehmood, K. (2017). Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with hepatitis E virus infections among people and pigs in Tibet, China. Acta Tropica, 172, 102-106. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.04.033
  • Zuckerman, J. N. (2003). Hepatitis E and the traveller. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 1, 73- 76. DOI: 10.1016/S1477-8939(03)00039-5

Su ürünleri kaynaklı insan patojenik zarfsız virüsleri

Yıl 2021, , 253 - 262, 15.06.2021

Bahar Tokur , Koray Korkmaz

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.38.2.16
Cited By: 1

Öz


Çevresel ortamda oldukça kararlı olan zarfsız insan patojenik virüsleri, kontamine olmuş gıda ve su gibi farklı yollarla bulaşabilirler. Zarfsız virüslerin insanlara su yoluyla bulaşması, genellikle tarımsal su, drenaj, evsel atık suları, tarım veya yer altı suyu ve hatta içme suyu gibi kirli su kaynaklarına maruz kaldıklarında, hastalıklara neden olur. Su yoluyla bulaşmaya ek olarak, gıda kaynaklı viral bulaşma, virüsleri taşıyan deniz ürünleri, yetersiz hijyenik faaliyetler nedeniyle enfekte olmuş gıda çalışanları ve enfekte kişiler tarafından üretilen aerosol içeren virüslerden kaynaklanabilir. Su ve su ürünleri ile ilişkili zararlı zarfsız enterik virüslerin çoğu, önemli ve ciddi gıda güvenliği ve halk sağlığı sorununa ve tehdidine neden olur. Bu derlemede, su ürünleri ile ilişkili insan patojenik zarfsız virüsler olarak norovirüs (NoVs), hepatit E virüsü (HEV) ve hepatit A (HAV), insan adenovirüs, rotavirüs A ve sapovirüs değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Su kaynaklı bulaş su ürünleri kaynaklı bulaş zarfsız patojenik virüsler

Kaynakça

  • Adelodun, B., Ajibade, F. O., Ighalo, J. O., Odey, G., Ibrahim, R. G., Kareem, K. Y., & Adeniran, K. A. (2020). Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: a review. Environmental Research, 110309. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110309
  • Amoroso, M. G., Langellotti, A. L., Russo, V., Martello, A., Monini, M., Di Bartolo, I., .& Fusco, G. (2020). Accumulation and Depuration Kinetics of Rotavirus in Mussels Experimentally Contaminated. Food and Environmental Virology, 12(1), 48-57. DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09413-0
  • Asahina, A. Y., Lu, Y., Wu, C., Fujioka, R. S., & Loh, P. C. (2009). Potential biosentinels of human waste in marine coastal waters: Bioaccumulation of human noroviruses and enteroviruses from sewage-polluted waters by indigenous mollusks. Journal of Virological Methods, 158(1-2), 46-50. DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.01.013
  • Bachofen, C. (2018). Selected viruses detected on and in our food. Current Clinical Microbiology Reports, 5(2), 143-153. DOI: 10.1007/s40588-018-0087-9
  • Baert, L., Debevere, J., & Uyttendaele, M. (2009). The efficacy of preservation methods to inactivate foodborne viruses. International journal of food microbiology, 131(2-3), 83-94. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.03.007
  • Bellou, M., Kokkinos, P., & Vantarakis, A. (2013). Shellfish-borne viral outbreaks: a systematic review. Food and Environmental Virology, 5(1), 13-23. DOI: 10.1007/s12560-012-9097-6
  • Benabbes, L., Ollivier, J., Schaeffer, J., Parnaudeau, S., Rhaissi, H., & Nourlil, J. (2013). Norovirus and other human enteric viruses in Moroccan shellfish. Food and Environmental Virology, 5(1), 35-40. DOI: 10.1007/s12560-012-9095-8
  • Benabbes, L., Anga, L., Faouzi, A., Rhaissi, H., & Nourlil, J. (2021). Detection of human enterovirus and adenovirus in shellfish collected in Morocco Mediterranean Coast. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 2020, 97-100.
  • Blumenthal, U. J., Mara, D. D., Peasey, A., Ruiz-Palacios, G., & Stott, R. (2000). Guidelines for the microbiological quality of treated wastewater used in agriculture: recommendations for revising WHO guidelines. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78, 1104-1116.
  • Bonadonna, L., & La Rosa, G. (2019). A review and update on waterborne viral diseases associated with swimming pools. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(2), 166. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16020166
  • Bosch, A., (1998). Human enteric viruses in the water environment. A minireview. Int. Microbiol. 1, 191–196.
  • Bosch, A., Abad, F. X., & Pintó, R. M. (2005). Human pathogenic viruses in the marine environment. In oceans and health: pathogens in the marine environment (pp. 109-131). Springer, Boston, MA. DOI: 10.1007/0-387-23709-7_5
  • Bosch, A., (2007). Human viruses in water. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  • Burkhardt, W., & Calci, K. R. (2000). Selective accumulation may account for shellfish-associated viral illness. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66(4), 1375-1378. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.66.4.1375-1378.2000
  • Butt, A. A., Aldridge, K. E., & Sanders, C. V. (2004). Infections related to the ingestion of seafood Part I: viral and bacterial infections. The Lancet infectious diseases, 4(4), 201-212. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(04)00969-7
  • Campos, C. J., & Lees, D. N. (2014). Environmental transmission of human noroviruses in shellfish waters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 80(12), 3552-3561. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.04188-13
  • Carter, M.J., (2005). Enterically infecting viruses: pathogenicity, transmission and significance for food and waterborne infection. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 98, 1354-1380. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02635.x
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2010) Norovirus: Technical fact sheet. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/gastro/norovirus.htm. Accessed 01 March 2011
  • Ceylan, A., Ertem, M., Ilcin, E., & Ozekinci, T. (2003). A special risk group for hepatitis E infection: Turkish agricultural workers who use untreated waste water for irrigation. Epidemiology & Infection, 131(1), 753-756. DOI: 10.1017/S0950268803008719
  • Chan, J. S. H., Chao, A. C. W., Cheung, V. C. H., Wong, S. S. K., Tang, W., Wu, J. C. Y. & Ng, S. C. (2019). Gastrointestinal disease burden and mortality: A public hospital‐based study from 2005 to 2014. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 34(1), 124-131. DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14377
  • Chang, A. C., Page, A. L., Asano, T., & World Health Organization. (1995). Developing human health-related chemical guidelines for reclaimed wastewater and sewage sludge applications in agriculture (No. WHO/EOS/95.20). World Health Organization.
  • Cheesbrough, J. S., Green, J., Gallimore, C. I., Wright, P. A., & Brown, D. W. G. (2000). Widespread environmental contamination with Norwalk-like viruses (NLV) detected in a prolonged hotel outbreak of gastroenteritis. Epidemiology & Infection, 125(1), 93-98. DOI: 10.1017/S095026889900432X
  • Chia, G., Ho, H. J., Ng, C. G., Neo, F. J. X., Win, M. K., Cui, L. & Chow, A. (2018). An unusual outbreak of rotavirus G8P [8] gastroenteritis in adults in an urban community, Singapore, 2016. Journal of Clinical Virology, 105, 57-63. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.06.004
  • Choo, Y. J., & Kim, S. J. (2006). Detection of human adenoviruses and enteroviruses in Korean oysters using cell culture, integrated cell culture-PCR, and direct PCR. The Journal of Microbiology, 44(2), 162-170.
  • Cook, N., Bridger, J., Kendall, K., Gomara, M. I., El-Attar, L., & Gray, J. (2004). The zoonotic potential of rotavirus. Journal of Infection, 48(4), 289-302. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.01.018
  • Crabtree, K. D., Gerba, C. P., Rose, J. B., & Haas, C. N. (1997). Waterborne adenovirus: a risk assessment. Water Science and Technology, 35(11-12), 1-6. DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00225-4
  • Crance, J. M., Gantzer, C., Schwartzbrod, L., & Deloince, R. (1998). Effect of temperature on the survival of hepatitis A virus and its capsidal antigen in synthetic seawater. Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality: An International Journal, 13(1), 89-92. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1998)13:1<89::AID-TOX7>3.0.CO;2-3
  • Crawford, S. E., Ramani, S., Tate, J. E., Parashar, U. D., Svensson, L., & Hagbom, M. (2017). Rotavirus infection. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 3(1), 1-16. DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.83
  • Crossan, C., Baker, P. J., Craft, J., Takeuchi, Y., Dalton, H. R., & Scobie, L. (2012). Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 in shellfish, United Kingdom. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 2085. DOI: 10.3201/eid1812.120924
  • Das, O., Lekshmi, M., Kumar, S., & Nayak, B. B. (2020). Incidence of norovirus in tropical seafood harbouring fecal indicator bacteria. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 150, 110777. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110777
  • De Moraes Tavares, T., De Paula Cardoso, D. D. D., & De Brito, W. M. E. D. (2005). Vírus Entérıcos Veıculados Por Água: Aspectos Mıcrobıológıcos E Decontrole De Qualıdade Da Água. Revista De Patologia Tropical/Journal of Tropical Pathology, 34(2), 85-104
  • Di Cola, G., Fantilli, A. C., Pisano, M. B., & Ré, V. E. (2020). Foodborne transmission of hepatitis A and hepatitis E viruses: a literature review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 108986. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108986
  • Doré, W. J., Henshilwood, K., & Lees, D. N. (1998). The development of management strategies for control of virological quality in oysters. Water Science and Technology, 38(12), 29-35. DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1223(98)00796-3
  • Doré, B., Keaveney, S., Flannery, J., & Rajko-Nenow, P. (2010). Management of health risks associated with oysters harvested from a norovirus contaminated area, Ireland, February–March 2010. Eurosurveillance, 15(19), 19567.
  • DuPont, H. L. (1986). Consumption of raw shellfish—is the risk now unacceptable?.The New England Journal of Medicine, 314, 707-708. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198603133141109 Elbashir, S., Parveen, S., Schwarz, J., Rippen, T., Jahncke, M., & DePaola, A. (2018). Seafood pathogens and information on antimicrobial resistance: A review. Food Microbiology, 70, 85-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.09.011
  • Emerson, S. U., Arankalle, V. A., & Purcell, R. H. (2005). Thermal stability of hepatitis E virus. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 192(5), 930-933. DOI: 10.1086/432488
  • Enriquez, C. E., Hurst, C. J., & Gerba, C. P. (1995). Survival of the enteric adenoviruses 40 and 41 in tap, sea, and waste water. Water Research, 29(11), 2548-2553. DOI: 10.1016/0043-1354(95)00070-2
  • Estes, M K. (2001). Rotaviruses and their replication. Fields Virology. 4edn, pp. 1747–1785. (Eds) Knipe D M, Howley P M, Grifûn D E, Lamb R A, Martin M A, Roizman B.. Philadelphia
  • Eterpi, M., McDonnell, G., & Thomas, V. (2010). Virucidal activity of disinfectants against parvoviruses and reference viruses. Applied Biosafety, 15(4), 165-171. DOI: 10.1177/153567601001500402
  • Evans, MR, Meldrum R, Lane W, Gardner D, Ribeiro CD, Gallimore CI & Westmoreland D (2002). An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis following environmental contamination at a concert hall. Epidemiology and Infection, 129(2), 355-360. DOI:10.1017/S0950268802007446
  • Fenaux, H., Chassaing, M., Berger, S., Gantzer, C., Bertrand, I., & Schvoerer, E. (2019). Transmission of hepatitis E virus by water: An issue still pending in industrialized countries. Water research, 151, 144-157. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.014
  • Feng, Z., Hensley, L., McKnight, K. L., Hu, F., Madden, V., Ping, L., ... & Lemon, S. M. (2013). A pathogenic picornavirus acquires an envelope by hijacking cellular membranes. Nature, 496(7445), 367-371. DOI: 10.1038/nature12029
  • Formiga-Cruz, M., Tofino-Quesada, G., Bofill-Mas, S., Lees, D. N., Henshilwood, K. & Allard, A. K (2002). Distribution of human virus contamination in shellfish from different growing areas in Greece, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68(12), 5990-5998. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.12.5990-5998.2002
  • Fusco, G., Anastasio, A., Kingsley, D. H., Amoroso, M. G., Pepe, T., & Fratamico, P. M. (2019). Detection of hepatitis a virus and other enteric viruses in shellfish collected in the gulf of Naples, Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(14), 2588-. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142588
  • Gelderblom, H. R. (1996). Structure and classification of viruses. In Medical Microbiology. 4th edition. University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
  • Gerba, C. P., Rose, J. B., & Haas, C. N. (1996). Sensitive populations: who is at the greatest risk?. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 30(1-2), 113-123.DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(96)00996-8
  • Germinario, C., Lopalco, P. L., Chicanna, M., & Da Villa, G. (2000). From hepatitis B to hepatitis A and B prevention: the Puglia (Italy) experience. Vaccine, 18, S83-S85.DOI: 10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00473-9
  • Ghalyoun, F., & Alçay, A. Ü. (2018). Investigation of Rotavirus, Adenovirus and Astrovirus in Mussels and Shrimps Using Multiplex Real-time PCR. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(5), 761-767. DOI: 10.9775/kvfd.2018.19997
  • Grabow, W. O. (2007). Overview of health-related water virology. Perspectives in Medical Virology, 17, 1-25. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-7069(07)17001-4
  • Griffin, D. W., Donaldson, K. A., Paul, J. H., & Rose, J. B. (2003). Pathogenic human viruses in coastal waters. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 16(1), 129-143. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.16.1.129-143.2003
  • Griffin, J. S., Plummer, J. D., & Long, S. C. (2008). Torque teno virus: an improved indicator for viral pathogens in drinking waters. Virology Journal, 5(1), 1-6. DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-5-112
  • Guix, S., Pintó, R. M., & Bosch, A. (2019). Final consumer options to control and prevent foodborne Norovirus infections. Viruses, 11(4), 333. DOI: 10.3390/v11040333
  • Gyawali, P., & Hewitt, J. (2020). Faecal contamination in bivalve molluscan shellfish: can the application of the microbial source tracking method minimise public health risks?. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 16, 14-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2020.02.005
  • Hansman, G. S., Oka, T., Okamoto, R., Nishida, T., Toda, S., & Noda, M. (2007). Human sapovirus in clams, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(4), 620. DOI: 10.3201/eid1304.061390
  • Hardstaff, J. L., Clough, H. E., Lutje, V., McIntyre, K. M., Harris, J. P. & Garner, P. (2018). Foodborne and food-handler norovirus outbreaks: a systematic review. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 15(10), 589-597. DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2452 Hurst, C. J., & Gerba, C. P. (1980). Stability of simian rotavirus in fresh and estuarine water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 39(1), 1-5. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.39.1.1-5.1980.
  • Iwamoto, M., Ayers, T., Mahon, B. E., & Swerdlow, D. L. (2010). Epidemiology of seafood-associated infections in the United States. Clinical microbiology reviews, 23(2), 399-411. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00059-09
  • Jiang, S., Noble, R., & Chu, W. (2001). Human adenoviruses and coliphages in urban runoff-impacted coastal waters of Southern California. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67(1), 179-184. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.67.1.179-184.2001
  • Jiang, S. C. (2006). Human adenoviruses in water: occurrence and health implications: a critical review. Environmental Science and Technology, 40(23), 7132-7140. DOI: 10.1021/es060892o
  • Jiang, S. C., Chu, W., & He, J. W. (2007). Seasonal detection of human viruses and coliphage in Newport Bay, California. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73(20), 6468-6474. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01370-07
  • Joshi, M. S., Lole, K. S., Barve, U. S., Salve, D. S., Ganorkar, N. N., Chavan, N. A., & Gopalkrishna, V. (2019). Investigation of a large waterborne acute gastroenteritis outbreak caused by group B rotavirus in Maharashtra state, India. Journal of medical virology, 91(10), 1877-1881. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25523
  • Keller, R., Justino, J. F., & Cassini, S. T. (2013). Assessment of water and seafood microbiology quality in a mangrove region in Vitória, Brazil. Journal of water and health, 11(3), 573-580. DOI: 10.2166/wh.2013.245
  • Khora, S. S. (2018). Risk From Viral Pathogens in Seafood. In Diet, Microbiome and Health (pp. 439-481). Academic Press. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-811440-7.00015-6.
  • Kirk, M. D., Pires, S. M., Black, R. E., Caipo, M., Crump, J. A. & Devleesschauwer, B (2015). World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 22 foodborne bacterial, protozoal, and viral diseases, 2010: a data synthesis. PLoS Medicine, 12(12), e1001921. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001923
  • Kobayashi, Y., Shimazu, T., Murata, K., Itou, T., & Suzuki, Y. (2019). An endogenous adeno-associated virus element in elephants. Virus Research, 262, 10-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.04.015
  • Kohn, M. A., Farley, T. A., Ando, T., Curtis, M., Wilson, S. A. & Jin, Q.(1995). An outbreak of Norwalk virus gastroenteritis associated with eating raw oysters: implications for maintaining safe oyster beds. JAMA, 273(6), 466-471. DOI:10.1001/jama.1995.03520300040034
  • Koopman, J. S., Eckert, E. A., Greenberg, H. B., Strohm, B. C., Isaacson, R. E., & Monto, A. S. (1982). Norwalk virus enteric illness acquired by swimming exposure. American Journal of Epidemiology, 115(2), 173-177. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113288
  • Koopmans, M., von Bonsdorff, C. H., Vinjé, J., de Medici, D., & Monroe, S. (2002). Foodborne viruses. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 26(2), 187-205. DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00610.x
  • Koopmans, M., & Duizer, E. (2004). Foodborne viruses: an emerging problem. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 90(1), 23-41. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00169-7
  • Koopmans, M., Bosch, A., & Le Guyader, S. (2017). Viruses. In Foodborne Diseases (pp. 289-303). Academic Press. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-385007-2.00014-0
  • Kovač, K., Gutiérrez-Aguirre, I., Banjac, M., Peterka, M., Poljšak-Prijatelj, M., Ravnikar, M., ... & Raspor, P. (2009). A novel method for concentrating hepatitis A virus and caliciviruses from bottled water. Journal of Virological Methods, 162(1-2), 272-275. DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.07.013
  • La Rosa, G., Fratini, M., della Libera, S., Iaconelli, M., & Muscillo, M. (2012). Emerging and potentially emerging viruses in water environments. Annali Dell'istituto Superiore Di Sanità, 48, 397-406. DOI: 10.4415/ANN_12_04_07
  • Lamhoujeb SFI, Ngazoa SE & Jean J (2009) Molecular study of the persistence of infectious human norovirus on foodcontact surfaces. Food and Environmental Virology, 1, 51–56. DOI: 10.1007/s12560-009-9010-0
  • Le Guyader, F. S., Bon, F., DeMedici, D., Parnaudeau, S., Bertone, A., & Crudeli, S. (2006). Detection of multiple noroviruses associated with an international gastroenteritis outbreak linked to oyster consumption. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 44(11), 3878-3882. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01327-06
  • Le Guyader, F. S., & Atmar, R. L. (2007). Viruses in shellfish. Perspectives in medical virology, 17, 205-226. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-7069(07)17010-5
  • Le Guyader, F. S., Le Saux, J. C., Ambert-Balay, K., Krol, J., Serais, O., Parnaudeau, S., .& Atmar, R. L. (2008). Aichi virus, norovirus, astrovirus, enterovirus, and rotavirus involved in clinical cases from a French oyster-related gastroenteritis outbreak. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 46(12), 4011-4017. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01044-08
  • Lee, R. J., & Rangdale, R. E. (2008). Bacterial Pathogens in Seafood, Edited by T. Borresen.DOI: 10.1533/9781845694586.3.247
  • Lees, D., (2000). Viruses and bivalve shellfish. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 59, 81–116. DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00248-8
  • Li, D., Stals, A., Tang, Q. J., & Uyttendaele, M. (2014). Detection of noroviruses in shellfish and semiprocessed fishery products from a Belgian seafood company. Journal of Food Protection, 77(8), 1342-1347. DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-14-016
  • Lindberg-Braman, A.M. (1956). Clinical observations on the socalled oyster hepatitis. American Journal of Public Health 53, 1003–1011.
  • Lizuka, S., Oka, T., Tabara, K., Omura, T., Katayama, K., Takeda, N., & Noda, M. (2010). Detection of sapoviruses and noroviruses in an outbreak of gastroenteritis linked genetically to shellfish. Journal of Medical Virology, 82(7), 1247-1254. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21791
  • Lodder, W. J., & de Roda Husman, A. M. (2005). Presence of noroviruses and other enteric viruses in sewage and surface waters in The Netherlands. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71(3), 1453-1461. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.71.3.1453-1461.2005
  • Luz, R. B., Staggemeier, R., Fabres, R. B., Soliman, M. C., Souza, F. G., & Gonçalves, R. (2015). Bioaccumulation of animal adenoviruses in the pink shrimp. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 46(3), 715-723. DOI: 10.1590/S1517-838246320140323
  • Magana-Arachchi, D. N., & Wanigatunge, R. P. (2020). Ubiquitous waterborne pathogens. In Waterborne Pathogens (pp. 15-42). Butterworth-Heinemann. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-818783-8.00002-5
  • Mattison K, Karthikeyan K, Abebe M, Malik N, Sattar SA, Farber JM & Bidawid S (2007) Survival of calicivirus in foods and on surfaces: experiments with feline calicivirus as a surrogate for norovirus. Journal of Food Protection, 70: 500–503. DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X-70.2.500
  • McDonnell, S., Kirkland, K. B., Hlady, W. G., Aristeguieta, C., Hopkins, R. S., Monroe, S. S., & Glass, R. I. (1997). Failure of cooking to prevent shellfish-associated viral gastroenteritis. Archives of Internal Medicine, 157(1), 111-116. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.1997.00440220117015
  • McLeod C., Hay B., Grant C., Greening G., & Day D., (2009). Localization of norovirus and poliovirus in Pacific oysters. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 106: 1220-1230. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04091.x
  • McLeod, C., Polo, D., Le Saux, J. C., & Le Guyader, F. S. (2017). Depuration and relaying: a review on potential removal of norovirus from oysters. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 16(4), 692-706. DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12271
  • Moorman, E. A. (2017). Alternative Chemical Disinfection Technologies for Inactivation of Human Norovirus on Surfaces. Msc Thesis, 80p.
  • Morse, D. L., Guzewich, J. J., Hanrahan, J. P., Stricof, R., Shayegani, M., & Deibel, R.(1986). Widespread outbreaks of clam-and oyster-associated gastroenteritis. New England Journal of Medicine, 314(11), 678-681. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198603133141103
  • Muniain-Mujika, I., Girones, R., Tofiño-Quesada, G., Calvo, M., & Lucena, F. (2002). Depuration dynamics of viruses in shellfish. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 77(1-2), 125-133. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00324-0
  • Myrmel, M., Berg, E. M. M., Rimstad, E., & Grinde, B. (2004). Detection of enteric viruses in shellfish from the Norwegian coast. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(5), 2678-2684. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.5.2678-2684.2004
  • Nakagawa-Okamoto, R., Arita-Nishida, T., Toda, S., Kato, H., Iwata, H., & Akiyama, M.(2009). Detection of multiple sapovirus genotypes and genogroups in oyster-associated outbreaks. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 62(1), 63-6.
  • Namsai, A., Louisirirotchanakul, S., Wongchinda, N., Siripanyaphinyo, U., Virulhakul, P., & Puthavathana, P. (2011). Surveillance of hepatitis A and E viruses contamination in shellfish in Thailand. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 53(6), 608-613. DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2011.03152.x
  • Oka, T., Wang, Q., Katayama, K., & Saif, L. J. (2015). Comprehensive review of human sapoviruses. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 28(1), 32-53. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00011-14 Parashar, U. D., Hummelman, E. G., Bresee, J. S., Miller, M. A., & Glass, R. I. (2003). Global illness and deaths caused by rotavirus disease in children. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9(5), 565. DOI: 10.3201/eid0905.020562
  • Patwardhan, M. H. (2019). Heat sensitization of human enteric viruses by plant extracts and validation of their thermal inactivation by bacterial surrogates. Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/5454
  • Pavoni, E., Consoli, M., Suffredini, E., Arcangeli, G., Serracca, L., & Battistini, R. (2013). Noroviruses in seafood: a 9-year monitoring in Italy. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 10(6), 533-539. DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1399
  • Pinon, A., & Vialette, M. (2018). Survival of viruses in water. Intervirology, 61(5), 214-222. DOI: 10.1159/000484899
  • Prevost, B., Lucas, F. S., Goncalves, A., Richard, F., Moulin, L., & Wurtzer, S. (2015). Large scale survey of enteric viruses in river and waste water underlines the health status of the local population. Environment International, 79, 42-50. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.03.004
  • Quiroz-Santiago, C., Vázquez-Salinas, C., Natividad-Bonifacio, I., Barrón-Romero, B. L., & Quiñones-Ramírez, E. I. (2014). Rotavirus G2P [4] detection in fresh vegetables and oysters in Mexico City. Journal of Food Protection, 77(11), 1953-1959. DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-13-426
  • Rao, V. C., Metcalf, T. G., & Melnick, J. L. (1986). Development of a method for concentration of rotavirus and its application to recovery of rotaviruses from estuarine waters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 52(3), 484-488. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.52.3.484-488.1986
  • Richards, G.P. (2013). Foodborne and waterborne enteric viruses. In: Fratamico, P.M., Bhunia, A.K., Smith, J.L. (Eds.), Foodborne Pathogens Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chapter: Foodborne and Waterborne Enteric Viruses. Caister Academic Press, pp. 121-143 . Rivadulla, E., Varela, M. F., Mesquita, J. R., Nascimento, M. S., & Romalde, J. L. (2019). Detection of hepatitis E virus in shellfish harvesting areas from Galicia (Northwestern Spain). Viruses, 11(7), 618. DOI: 10.3390/v11070618
  • Rodriguez-Lazaro, D., Cook, N., Ruggeri, F.M., Sellwood, J., Nasser, A., & Nascimento, M.S.J. (2012). Virus hazards from food, water and other contaminatedenvironments. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 36, 786–814. DOI :10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00306.x
  • Said, B., Ijaz, S., Kafatos, G., Booth, L., Thomas, H. L., & Walsh, A. (2009). Hepatitis E outbreak on cruise ship. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15, 1738-1744. DOI: 10.3201/eid1511.091094
  • Sattar, S.A., Springthorpe, V.S., Ansari, S.A., (1994). Rotavirus. In: Hui, Y.H., Gorham, J.R., Murrell, K.D., Cliver, D.O. (Eds.), Foodborne Disease Handbook: Diseases Caused by Viruses, Parasites, and Fungi, vol. 2. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, pp. 81–111.
  • Sattar, S.A. (2001). Survival of microorganisms on animate and inanimate surfaces and their disinfection. In: Rutala, W.A. (Ed.), Disinfection, Sterilization and Antisepsis: Principles and Practices in Healthcare Dacilities. Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc, Washington, DC, pp. 195–205. Schwab, K. J., Neill, F. H., Estes, M. K., Metcalf, T. G., & Atmar, R. L. (1998). Distribution of Norwalk virus within shellfish following bioaccumulation and subsequent depuration by detection using RT-PCR. Journal of Food Protection, 61(12), 1674-1680. DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X-61.12.1674
  • Schwartzbrod, L., & World Health Organization. (1995). Effect of human viruses on public health associated with the use of wastewater and sewage sludge in agriculture and aquaculture (No. WHO/EOS/95.19). World Health Organization.
  • Sharp, T. M., Crawford, S. E., Ajami, N. J., Neill, F. H., Atmar, R. L., & Katayama, K. (2012). Secretory pathway antagonism by calicivirus homologues of Norwalk virus nonstructural protein p22 is restricted to noroviruses. Virology Journal, 9(1), 1-6. DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-9-181
  • Sobsey, M. D. (1989). Inactivation of health-related microorganisms in water by disinfection processes. Water Science and Technology, 21(3), 179-195. DOI:10.2166/wst.1989.0098
  • Sooryanarain, H., & Meng, X. J. (2019). Hepatitis E virus: reasons for emergence in humans. Current opinion in virology, 34, 10-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.11.006
  • Souza, D. S. M., Dominot, A. F. Á., Moresco, V., & Barardi, C. R. M. (2018). Presence of enteric viruses, bioaccumulation and stability in Anomalocardia brasiliana clams (Gmelin, 1791). International Journal of Food Microbiology, 266, 363-371. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.08.004
  • Springthorpe, S. V., Loh, C. L., Robertson, W. J., & Sattar, S. A. (1993). In situ survival of indicator bacteria, MS-2 phage and human pathogenic viruses in river water. Water Science and Technology, 27(3-4), 413-420. DOI: 10.2166/wst.1993.0383
  • Stals, A., Uyttendaele, M., Baert, L., & Van Coillie, E. (2013). Norovirus transfer between foods and food contact materials. Journal of Food Protection, 76(7), 1202-1209. DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-392
  • Tallon, L. A., Love, D. C., Moore, Z. S., & Sobsey, M. D. (2008). Recovery and sequence analysis of hepatitis a virus from springwater implicated in an outbreak of acute viral hepatitis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74(19), 6158-6160. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02872-07
  • Terregino, C., & Arcangeli, G. (2017). Shellfish and berries: the ready-to-eat food most involved in human norovirus outbreaks. In The Norovirus (pp. 31-47). Academic Press. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-804177-2.00003-8
  • Teunis, P. F., Moe, C. L., Liu, P., E. Miller, S., Lindesmith, L. & Baric, R. S., (2008). Norwalk virus: how infectious is it?. Journal of Medical Virology, 80(8), 1468-1476. DOI:10.1002/jmv.21237
  • Tozan, E., Duman, P., Elbasan, H. D., Aktepe, Ö., Sezen, F., Temel, F., & Sucaklı, M. B. (2016). A gastroenteritis outbreak investigation, NIGDE city center, March 2014. Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 14(1), 1-12. DOI: 10.20518/thsd.83892
  • Tuladhar, E., Hazeleger, W. C., Koopmans, M., Zwietering, M. H., Duizer, E., & Beumer, R. R. (2013). Transfer of noroviruses between fingers and fomites and food products. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 167(3), 346-352. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.09.018
  • Ueki, Y., Shoji, M., Okimura, Y., Miyota, Y., Masago, Y. & Oka, T.(2010). Detection of sapovirus in oysters. Microbiology and Immunology, 54(8), 483-486. DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2010.00239.x
  • Van der Poel, W. H. (2014). Food and environmental routes of Hepatitis E virus transmission. Current Opinion in Virology, 4, 91-96. DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.01.006
  • Vidal, R., Solari, V., Mamani, N., Jiang, X., Vollaire, J., & Roessler, P.(2005). Caliciviruses and foodborne gastroenteritis, Chile. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(7), 1134. DOI: 10.3201/eid1107.041062
  • Wang, D., Wu, Q., Yao, L., Wei, M., Kou, X., & Zhang, J. (2008). New target tissue for food‐borne virus detection in oysters. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 47(5), 405-409. DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02445.x
  • Wang, H., Sikora, P., Rutgersson, C., Lindh, M., Brodin, T. & Björlenius, B., (2018). Differential removal of human pathogenic viruses from sewage by conventional and ozone treatments. International Journal of Hygiene And Environmental Health, 221(3), 479-488. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.01.012
  • Ward, R. L., Knowlton, D. R., & Winston, P. E. (1986). Mechanism of inactivation of enteric viruses in fresh water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 52(3), 450-459. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.52.3.450-459.1986
  • Webb, G. W., Kelly, S., & Dalton, H. R. (2020). Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E: Clinical and Epidemiological Features, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter, 42(21), 171-179. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2020.10.001
  • Webby, R. J., Carville, K. S., Kirk, M. D., Greening, G., Ratcliff, R. M. & Crerar, S. K.(2007). Internationally distributed frozen oyster meat causing multiple outbreaks of norovirus infection in Australia. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 44(8), 1026-1031. DOI: 10.1086/512807
  • WHO (2006) The world health report 2006: working together for health. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater. Volume 2: Wastewater use in agriculture. World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • WHO (2015). WHO estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases. Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group, 2007–2015.
  • WHO (2016). Hepatitis A. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs328/en/(Accessed 17 October 2016).
  • Widdowson, M. A., van Doornum, G. J., van der Poel, W. H., de Boer, A. S., Mahdi, U., & Koopmans, M. (2000). Emerging group-A rotavirus and a nosocomial outbreak of diarrhoea. The Lancet, 356(9236), 1161-1162. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02760-4
  • Wolff, A., Günther, T., Albert, T., Schilling-Loeffler, K., Gadicherla, A. K., & Johne, R. (2020). Stability of hepatitis E virus at different pH values. International journal of food microbiology, 325, 108625. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108625
  • Woods, J. W., Calci, K. R., Marchant-Tambone, J. G., & Burkhardt III, W. (2016). Detection and molecular characterization of norovirus from oysters implicated in outbreaks in the US. Food Microbiology, 59, 76-84. DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.05.009
  • Yugo, D. M., & Meng, X. J. (2013). Hepatitis E virus: foodborne, waterborne and zoonotic transmission. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(10), 4507-4533. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10104507
  • Zhang, L., Zhao, N., Sha, J., Wang, C., Jin, X., Amer, S., & Liu, S. (2016). Virology and epidemiology analyses of global adenovirus-associated conjunctivitis outbreaks, 1953–2013. Epidemiology & Infection, 144(8), 1661-1672. DOI:10.1017/S0950268815003246
  • Zhang, L., Li, K., Huang, S., Liu, D., Rehman, M. U., Lan, Y., & Mehmood, K. (2017). Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with hepatitis E virus infections among people and pigs in Tibet, China. Acta Tropica, 172, 102-106. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.04.033
  • Zuckerman, J. N. (2003). Hepatitis E and the traveller. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 1, 73- 76. DOI: 10.1016/S1477-8939(03)00039-5
Toplam 135 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Gıda Mühendisliği
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Bahar Tokur 0000-0002-7087-5801

Koray Korkmaz 0000-0003-2940-6592

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Eylül 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Tokur, B., & Korkmaz, K. (2021). Seafood associated human pathogenic non-enveloped viruses. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 38(2), 253-262. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.38.2.16

Cited By

Comprehensive analysis of predominant pathogenic bacteria and viruses in seafood products
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.13410