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Immunization of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with alginate microparticles containing inactivated Flavobacterium psychrophilum

Yıl 2016, , 233 - 240, 15.08.2016
https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2016.33.3.07

Öz

In this study, survival rate of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), fed for 28 days with sodium alginate microparticles containing Flavobacterium psychrophilum inactivated with formalin, against diseases is determined. The fishes are divided into six groups in terms of feeding method; control group, sodium alginated group, fishmeals including 2.5 and 10 mg/g F. psychrophilum, fishmeals of 2.5 and 10 mg/g F. psychrophilum encapsulated with alginate microparticles. Following by oral immunization, experimental infection is created by bathing them in 3.2x107 CFU/ml F. psychrophilum for 1 hour at 53. and 87. days and relative percent survival (RPS) rates are determined. At fifth third day of immunization, while mortality rate of 79.2% is observed for control group, the highest RPS value of 62.1 is found for the group fed with 10 mg/g F. psychrophilum alginate microparticles. At eighty seventh day in infectious F. psychrophilum, while control group’s mortality rate is found 74.8, the rest of groups RPS rates are determined 30.48, 35.3, 40.10, 50.25 and 56.68 respectively. Based on these findings, it can be asserted that protectiveness of fishes, fed with fishmeal encapsulated with sodium alginate microparticles by using inactivated bacterial cells, is not achieved at a sufficient level.

Kaynakça

  • Altun, S., Kubilay, A., Ekici, S., Didinen, B.I., & Diler, O. (2010). Oral vaccination against lactococcosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using sodium alginate and poly (lactide-co-glycolide) carrier. Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, 16(Suppl-B): 211-217. doi:10.9775/kvfd.2009.1327
  • Amend, D.F. (1981). Potency testing of fish vaccines. In D.P. Anderson, H. Hennessen, (Ed.), Fish Biologies: Serodiagnostics and Vaccines, Development in Biological Standardization (pp 447–454). Karger: Basel.
  • Aoki, M., Kondo, M., Nakatsuka, Y., Kawai, K., & Oshima, S. (2007). Stationary phase culture supernatant containing membrane vesicles induced immunity to rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fry syndrome. Vaccine, 25(3): 561–569. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.047
  • Behera, T., Nanda, P.K., Mohanty, C., Mohapatra, D., Swain, P., Das, B.K., Routray, P., Mishra, B.K., & Sahoo, S.K. (2010). Parenteral immunization of fish, Labeo rohita with poly d, Llactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) encapsulated antigen microparticles promotes innate and adaptive immune responses. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 28(2): 320–325. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2009.11.009
  • Cheng, W., Liu, C.H., Kuo, C.M., & Chen, J.C. (2005). Dietary administration of sodium alginate enhances the immune ability of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 18(1): 1-12. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2004.03.002
  • Chiu, S.T., Tsai, R.T., Hsu, J.P., Liu, C.H., & Cheng, W. (2008). Dietary sodium alginate administration to enhance the non-specific immune responses, and disease resistance of the juvenile grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus. Aquaculture, 277(1-2): 66-72. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.01.032
  • Cipriano, R.C., & Holt, R.A. (2005). Flavobacterium psychrophilum, cause of bacterial cold-water disease and rainbow trout fry syndrome, Fish Disease Leaflet No. 86 United States Department of the Interior. U.S. Geological Service, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Kearneysville, USA.
  • Çağırgan, H., Tanrıkul, T.T., & Balta, F. (1997). Characteristics of yellow pigmented bacteria isolated from diseased Rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss). Eighth International Conference Diaseases of Fish and Shell Fish (pp. 73-81). Edinburgh, Scotland.
  • Dalmo, R.A., Leifson, R.M., & Bogwald, J. (1995). Microspheres as antigen carriers: studies on intestinal absorption and tissue localization of polystyrene microspheres in Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar. Journal of Fish Diseases, 18(1): 87–91. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.1995.tb01270.x
  • Dalsgaard, I. (2000). Prevention of trout diseases caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. AquaFlow News, Retrieved from http://www.aquainnovation.net/aquainnovation/knowledgebase/afshowarticle_en.asp?aid=29 2&AFlg=en (01.10.2015).
  • Dumetz, F., LaPatra, S.E., Duchaud, E., Claverol, S., & Le Hénaff, M. (2007). The Flavobacterium psychrophilum OmpA, an outer membrane glycoprotein, induces a humoral response in rainbow trout. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 103(5): 1461–1470.
  • doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03359.x
  • Ekman, E. (2003). Natural and experimental infections with Flavobacterium psychrophilum in salmonid fish. PhD Thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden.
  • Fujiki, K., Matsuyama, H., & Yano, T. (1994). Protective effect of sodium alginates against bacterial infection in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Journal of Fish Diseases, 17(4): 349-355.
  • doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00230.x
  • Fujiki, K., & Yano, T. (1997). Effects of sodium alginate on the non-specific defence system of the common carp, (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 7(6): 417-427. doi:10.1006/fsim.1997.0095
  • Gliniewicz, K., Plant, K.P., Lapatra, S.E., Lafrentz, B.R., Cain, K., Snekvik, K.R., & Call, D. R. (2012). Comparative proteomic analysis of virulent and rifampicin-attenuated Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Journal of Fish Diseases, 35(7): 529–539. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01378.x
  • Holt, R.A. (1987). Cytophaga psychrophila, the causative agent of bacterial cold-water disease in salmonid fish. PhD thesis, Oregon State University, Department of Microbiology, Corvallis, USA.
  • Högfors, E., Pullinen, K.R., Madetoja, J., & Wiklund, T. (2008). Immunization of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with a low molecular mass fraction isolated from Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Journal of Fish Diseases, 31(12): 899–911. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.00956.x
  • İspir, Ü., Şeker, E., Sağlam, N., & Dörücü, M. (2004). A study of Flavobacterium psychrophilum infection in some cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Eastern Anatolia (in Turkish with English Abstract). Science and Engineering Journal of Fırat University, 16(4): 718-724.
  • Joosten, P.H.M., Tiemersma, E., Threels, A., Caumartin-Dhieux, C., & Rombout, J.H.W.M. (1997). Oral vaccination of fish against Vibrio anguillarum using alginate microparticles. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 7(7): 471-485. doi:10.1006/fsim.1997.0100
  • Kondo, M., Kawai, K., Okabe, M., Nakano, N., & Oshima, S.I. (2003). Efficacy of oral vaccine against bacterial coldwater disease in ayu Plecoglossus altivelis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 55(3): 261–264. doi:10.3354/dao055261
  • Korun, J., & Timur, G. (2001). A study on the fry mortality syndrome (FMS) of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (in Turkish with English Abstract). İstanbul Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 12: 15-30.
  • LaFrentz, B.R., LaPatra, S.E., Jones, G.R., & Cain, K.D. (2004). Protective immunity in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss following immunization with distinct molecular mass fractions isolated from Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 59(1): 17-26. doi:10.3354/dao059017
  • LaFrentz, B.R., LaPatra, S.E., Jones, G.R., Congleton, J.L., Sun, B., & Cain, K.D. (2002). Characterization of serum and mucosal antibody responses and relative percent survival in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), following immunization and challenge with Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Journal of Fish Diseases, 25(12): 703–713. doi:10.1046/j.13652761.2002.00424.x
  • LaFrentz, B.R., LaPatra, S.E., Call, D.R., & Cain, K.D. (2008). Isolation of rifampicin resistant Flavobacterium psychrophilum strains and their potential as live attenuated vaccine candidates. Vaccine, 26(44): 5582-5589. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.083
  • Lavelle, E.C., Jenkins, P.G., & Harris, J.E. (1997). Oral immunization of rainbow trout with antigen microencapsulated in poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles. Vaccine, 15(10): 1070–1078.
  • doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(97)00013-3
  • León-Rodríguez, L., Luzardo-Álvarez, A., Blanco-Méndez, J., Lamas, J., & Leiro, J. (2012). A vaccine based on biodegradable microspheres induces protective immunity against scuticociliatosis without producing side effects in turbot. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 33(1): 21–27. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2012.03.028
  • Liu, C.H., Yeh, S.P., Kuo, C.M., Cheng, W., & Chou, C.H. (2006). The effect of sodium alginate on the immune response of tiger shrimp via dietary administration: activity and gene transcription. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 21(4): 442-452. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2006.02.003
  • Liu, P.C., Chen. Y.C., Huang, C.Y., & Lee, K.K. (2000). Virulence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from cultured small abalone, Haliotis diversicolor supertexta, with withering syndrome. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 31(6): 433-437. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00843.x
  • Mofidi, N., Aghai-Moghadam, M., & Sarbolouki, M.N. (2000). Mass preparation and characterization of alginate microspheres. Process Biochemistry, 35(9): 885-888. doi:10.1016/S0032-9592(99)00149-1
  • Nematollahi, A., Decostere, A., Pasmans, F., & Haesebrouck, F. (2003). Flavobacterium psychrophilum infections in salmonid fish, Journal of Fish Diseases, 26(10): 563-574. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00488.x
  • Obach, K., & Laurencin, F.B. (1991). Vaccination of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss against the visceral form of coldwater disease. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 12(1): 13-15. doi:10.3354/dao012013
  • Özer, S., Demirel, M., Us, M., & Yıldırım, S., (2008). Microbial flora of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) hatcheries in Çağlarca, province Mersin-Turkey (in Turkish with English Abstract). Journal of Fisheries Sciences.com, 2(3): 261-271. doi:10.3153/jfscom.mug.200713
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  • Plant, K.P., Lapatra, S.E., & Cain, K.D. (2009). Vaccination of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with recombinant and DNA vaccines produced to Flavobacterium psychrophilum heat shock proteins 60 and 70. Journal of Fish Diseases, 32(6): 521–534. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01008.x
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  • Yıldırım, S., & Özer, S. (2010). The existence of Flavobacterium spp. at rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) hatcheries in Caglarca village, Mersin-Turkey (in Turkish with English Abstract). Journal of Fisheries Sciences.com, 4(1): 112-122.
  • doi:10.3153/jfscom.201001

Gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss)’nın inaktive Flavobacterium psychrophilum içeren aljinat mikropartikülleri ile immunizasyonu

Yıl 2016, , 233 - 240, 15.08.2016
https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2016.33.3.07

Öz

Bu çalışmada, formalin ile inaktive edilmiş Flavobacterium psychrophilum'un sodyum aljinat ile kaplanmış mikropartiküller ile 28 gün için beslenen gökkuşağı alabalık (Oncorhynchus mykiss)'larının hastalığa karşı koruma oranları tespit edildi. Balıklar kontrol, sodyum aljinatlı grup, 2.5 ve 10 mg/g F. psychrophilum içeren yem, 2.5 ve 10 mg/g F. psychrophilum’un aljinat mikropartikülleri ile kapsüllendiği yem ile beslenen olmak üzere altı gruba ayrıldı. Oral immunizasyonu takiben 53 ve 87. gün 3.2x107 CFU/ml F. psychrophilum ile 1 saat banyo yaptırılarak deneysel enfeksiyon oluşturuldu ve nispi hayatta kalma (Relative percent survival, RPS) oranları belirlendi. İmmunizasyonun 53. gününde kontrol grubu balıklarında %79.2 oranında mortalite gözlenirken en yüksek RPS değeri 62.1 ile 10 mg/g F. psychrophilum’un aljinat mikropartikülleri ile beslenen grupta tespit edildi. F. psychrophilum ile 87. günde yapılan enfeksiyonda kontrol grubunda 74.8 mortalite oranı bulunmuşken diğer gruplardaki RPS oranı sırasıyla 30.48, 35.30, 40.10, 50.25 ve 56.68 olarak belirlendi. Bu bulgulara göre inaktive bakteri hücreleri kullanılarak sodyum aljinat mikropartikülleri ile kapsüllenen yem ile beslenen balıklarda koruyuculuğun yeterli düzeyde oluşmadığı ileri sürülebilir

Kaynakça

  • Altun, S., Kubilay, A., Ekici, S., Didinen, B.I., & Diler, O. (2010). Oral vaccination against lactococcosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using sodium alginate and poly (lactide-co-glycolide) carrier. Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, 16(Suppl-B): 211-217. doi:10.9775/kvfd.2009.1327
  • Amend, D.F. (1981). Potency testing of fish vaccines. In D.P. Anderson, H. Hennessen, (Ed.), Fish Biologies: Serodiagnostics and Vaccines, Development in Biological Standardization (pp 447–454). Karger: Basel.
  • Aoki, M., Kondo, M., Nakatsuka, Y., Kawai, K., & Oshima, S. (2007). Stationary phase culture supernatant containing membrane vesicles induced immunity to rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fry syndrome. Vaccine, 25(3): 561–569. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.047
  • Behera, T., Nanda, P.K., Mohanty, C., Mohapatra, D., Swain, P., Das, B.K., Routray, P., Mishra, B.K., & Sahoo, S.K. (2010). Parenteral immunization of fish, Labeo rohita with poly d, Llactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) encapsulated antigen microparticles promotes innate and adaptive immune responses. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 28(2): 320–325. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2009.11.009
  • Cheng, W., Liu, C.H., Kuo, C.M., & Chen, J.C. (2005). Dietary administration of sodium alginate enhances the immune ability of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 18(1): 1-12. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2004.03.002
  • Chiu, S.T., Tsai, R.T., Hsu, J.P., Liu, C.H., & Cheng, W. (2008). Dietary sodium alginate administration to enhance the non-specific immune responses, and disease resistance of the juvenile grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus. Aquaculture, 277(1-2): 66-72. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.01.032
  • Cipriano, R.C., & Holt, R.A. (2005). Flavobacterium psychrophilum, cause of bacterial cold-water disease and rainbow trout fry syndrome, Fish Disease Leaflet No. 86 United States Department of the Interior. U.S. Geological Service, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Kearneysville, USA.
  • Çağırgan, H., Tanrıkul, T.T., & Balta, F. (1997). Characteristics of yellow pigmented bacteria isolated from diseased Rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss). Eighth International Conference Diaseases of Fish and Shell Fish (pp. 73-81). Edinburgh, Scotland.
  • Dalmo, R.A., Leifson, R.M., & Bogwald, J. (1995). Microspheres as antigen carriers: studies on intestinal absorption and tissue localization of polystyrene microspheres in Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar. Journal of Fish Diseases, 18(1): 87–91. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.1995.tb01270.x
  • Dalsgaard, I. (2000). Prevention of trout diseases caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. AquaFlow News, Retrieved from http://www.aquainnovation.net/aquainnovation/knowledgebase/afshowarticle_en.asp?aid=29 2&AFlg=en (01.10.2015).
  • Dumetz, F., LaPatra, S.E., Duchaud, E., Claverol, S., & Le Hénaff, M. (2007). The Flavobacterium psychrophilum OmpA, an outer membrane glycoprotein, induces a humoral response in rainbow trout. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 103(5): 1461–1470.
  • doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03359.x
  • Ekman, E. (2003). Natural and experimental infections with Flavobacterium psychrophilum in salmonid fish. PhD Thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden.
  • Fujiki, K., Matsuyama, H., & Yano, T. (1994). Protective effect of sodium alginates against bacterial infection in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Journal of Fish Diseases, 17(4): 349-355.
  • doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00230.x
  • Fujiki, K., & Yano, T. (1997). Effects of sodium alginate on the non-specific defence system of the common carp, (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 7(6): 417-427. doi:10.1006/fsim.1997.0095
  • Gliniewicz, K., Plant, K.P., Lapatra, S.E., Lafrentz, B.R., Cain, K., Snekvik, K.R., & Call, D. R. (2012). Comparative proteomic analysis of virulent and rifampicin-attenuated Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Journal of Fish Diseases, 35(7): 529–539. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01378.x
  • Holt, R.A. (1987). Cytophaga psychrophila, the causative agent of bacterial cold-water disease in salmonid fish. PhD thesis, Oregon State University, Department of Microbiology, Corvallis, USA.
  • Högfors, E., Pullinen, K.R., Madetoja, J., & Wiklund, T. (2008). Immunization of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with a low molecular mass fraction isolated from Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Journal of Fish Diseases, 31(12): 899–911. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.00956.x
  • İspir, Ü., Şeker, E., Sağlam, N., & Dörücü, M. (2004). A study of Flavobacterium psychrophilum infection in some cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Eastern Anatolia (in Turkish with English Abstract). Science and Engineering Journal of Fırat University, 16(4): 718-724.
  • Joosten, P.H.M., Tiemersma, E., Threels, A., Caumartin-Dhieux, C., & Rombout, J.H.W.M. (1997). Oral vaccination of fish against Vibrio anguillarum using alginate microparticles. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 7(7): 471-485. doi:10.1006/fsim.1997.0100
  • Kondo, M., Kawai, K., Okabe, M., Nakano, N., & Oshima, S.I. (2003). Efficacy of oral vaccine against bacterial coldwater disease in ayu Plecoglossus altivelis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 55(3): 261–264. doi:10.3354/dao055261
  • Korun, J., & Timur, G. (2001). A study on the fry mortality syndrome (FMS) of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (in Turkish with English Abstract). İstanbul Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 12: 15-30.
  • LaFrentz, B.R., LaPatra, S.E., Jones, G.R., & Cain, K.D. (2004). Protective immunity in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss following immunization with distinct molecular mass fractions isolated from Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 59(1): 17-26. doi:10.3354/dao059017
  • LaFrentz, B.R., LaPatra, S.E., Jones, G.R., Congleton, J.L., Sun, B., & Cain, K.D. (2002). Characterization of serum and mucosal antibody responses and relative percent survival in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), following immunization and challenge with Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Journal of Fish Diseases, 25(12): 703–713. doi:10.1046/j.13652761.2002.00424.x
  • LaFrentz, B.R., LaPatra, S.E., Call, D.R., & Cain, K.D. (2008). Isolation of rifampicin resistant Flavobacterium psychrophilum strains and their potential as live attenuated vaccine candidates. Vaccine, 26(44): 5582-5589. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.083
  • Lavelle, E.C., Jenkins, P.G., & Harris, J.E. (1997). Oral immunization of rainbow trout with antigen microencapsulated in poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles. Vaccine, 15(10): 1070–1078.
  • doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(97)00013-3
  • León-Rodríguez, L., Luzardo-Álvarez, A., Blanco-Méndez, J., Lamas, J., & Leiro, J. (2012). A vaccine based on biodegradable microspheres induces protective immunity against scuticociliatosis without producing side effects in turbot. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 33(1): 21–27. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2012.03.028
  • Liu, C.H., Yeh, S.P., Kuo, C.M., Cheng, W., & Chou, C.H. (2006). The effect of sodium alginate on the immune response of tiger shrimp via dietary administration: activity and gene transcription. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 21(4): 442-452. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2006.02.003
  • Liu, P.C., Chen. Y.C., Huang, C.Y., & Lee, K.K. (2000). Virulence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from cultured small abalone, Haliotis diversicolor supertexta, with withering syndrome. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 31(6): 433-437. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00843.x
  • Mofidi, N., Aghai-Moghadam, M., & Sarbolouki, M.N. (2000). Mass preparation and characterization of alginate microspheres. Process Biochemistry, 35(9): 885-888. doi:10.1016/S0032-9592(99)00149-1
  • Nematollahi, A., Decostere, A., Pasmans, F., & Haesebrouck, F. (2003). Flavobacterium psychrophilum infections in salmonid fish, Journal of Fish Diseases, 26(10): 563-574. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00488.x
  • Obach, K., & Laurencin, F.B. (1991). Vaccination of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss against the visceral form of coldwater disease. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 12(1): 13-15. doi:10.3354/dao012013
  • Özer, S., Demirel, M., Us, M., & Yıldırım, S., (2008). Microbial flora of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) hatcheries in Çağlarca, province Mersin-Turkey (in Turkish with English Abstract). Journal of Fisheries Sciences.com, 2(3): 261-271. doi:10.3153/jfscom.mug.200713
  • Piganelli, J.D., Zhang, J.A., Christensen, J.M., & Kaattari, S.L. (1994). Enteric coated microspheres as an oral method for antigen delivery to salmonids. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 4(3): 179–188. doi:10.1006/fsim.
  • Plant, K.P., Lapatra, S.E., & Cain, K.D. (2009). Vaccination of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with recombinant and DNA vaccines produced to Flavobacterium psychrophilum heat shock proteins 60 and 70. Journal of Fish Diseases, 32(6): 521–534. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01008.x
  • Polk, A.E., Amsden, B., Scarrat, D.J., Gonzal, A., Okhamafe, A.O., & Goosen, M.F.A. (1994). Oral delivery in aquaculture-controlled-release of proteins from chitosan alginate microcapsules. Aquacultural Engineering, 13(4): 311–323. doi:10.1016/0144-8609(94)90018-3
  • Rahman, M.H., Kuroda, A., Dijkstra, J.M., Kiryu, I., Nakanishi, T., & Ototake, M. (2002). The outer membrane fraction of Flavobacterium psychrophilum induces protective immunity in rainbow trout and ayu. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 12(2): 169-179. doi:10.1006/fsim.2001.0362
  • Rahman, M.H., Ototake, M., Iida, Y., Yokomizo, Y., & Nakanishi, T. (2000). Efficacy of oil-adjuvanted vaccine for coldwater disease in ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis. Fish Pathology, 35(4): 199–203. doi:10.3147/jsfp.35.199
  • Rahman, M.H., Ototake, M., & Nakanishi, T. (2003). Water-soluble adjuvants anhance the protective effect of Flavobacterium psychrophilum vaccines in Ayu Plecoglossus altivelis. Fish Pathology, 38(4): 171-176. doi:10.3147/jsfp.38.171
  • Reed, L.J., & Muench, H. (1938). A simple methods of estimating fifty percent endpoints. American Journal of Epidemiology, 27(3): 493–497.
  • Ringo, E., Olsen, R.E., Vecino, J.L.G., Wadsworth, S., & Song, S.K. (2012). Use of immunostimulants and nucleotides in aquaculture: a review. Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development, 2(1): 1-22. doi:10.4172/2155-9910.1000104
  • Romalde, J.L., Luzardo-Alvarez, A., Ravelo, C., Toranzo, A.E., & Blanco-Mendez, J. (2004). Oral immunization using alginate microparticles as a useful strategy for booster vaccination against fish lactoccocosis. Aquaculture, 236(1-4): 119–129. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.02.028
  • Sakai, M. (1999). Current research status of fish immunostimulants. Aquaculture, 172(1-2): 63-92. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00436-0
  • Schubiger, C.B., Orfe, L.H., Sudheesh, P.S., Cain, K.D., Shah, D.H., & Call, D.R. (2015). Entericidin is required for a probiotic treatment (Enterobacter sp. strain C6-6) to protect trout from cold-water disease challenge. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81: 658-665. doi:10.1128/AEM.02965-14
  • Sommerset, I., Krossøy, B., Biering, E., & Frost, P. (2005). Vaccines for fish in aquaculture. Expert Review of Vaccines, 4(1): 89-101. doi:10.1586/14760584.4.1.89
  • Sudheesh, P.S., Zimmerman, J.K., & Cain, K.D. (2016). Dietary effects on immunity, stress, and efficacy of two live attenuated Flavobacterium psychrophilum vaccine formulations. Aquaculture, 454: 35-43. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.12.004
  • Tian, J.Y., Sun, X.Q., & Chen, X.G. (2008). Formation and oral administration of alginate microspheres loaded with pDNA coding for lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) to Japanese flounder. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 24(5): 592-599. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2008.01.009
  • Vandenberg, G.W. (2004). Oral vaccines for finfish: academic theory or commercial reality? Animal Health Research Reviews, 5(2): 301–304. doi: 10.1079/AHR200488
  • Yeh, S.P., Chang, C.A., Chang, C.Y., Liu, C.H., & Cheng, W. (2008). Dietary sodium alginate administration affects fingerling growth and resistance to Streptococcus sp. and iridovirus, and juvenile non-specific immune responses of orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 25(1-2): 19-27. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2007.11.011
  • Yıldırım, S., & Özer, S. (2010). The existence of Flavobacterium spp. at rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) hatcheries in Caglarca village, Mersin-Turkey (in Turkish with English Abstract). Journal of Fisheries Sciences.com, 4(1): 112-122.
  • doi:10.3153/jfscom.201001
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ünal İspir

Cebrahil Türk

Muammer Kırıcı

M. Reşit Taysı

Mikail Özcan

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ağustos 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Ağustos 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016

Kaynak Göster

APA İspir, Ü., Türk, C., Kırıcı, M., Taysı, M. R., vd. (2016). Gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss)’nın inaktive Flavobacterium psychrophilum içeren aljinat mikropartikülleri ile immunizasyonu. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 33(3), 233-240. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2016.33.3.07