Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Distribution of phytoplanktonic species in the sea snot in 2021 in the Marmara Sea

Yıl 2022, , 235 - 242, 15.09.2022

Levent Yurga

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.39.3.09

Öz


Sea snot, which was seen and reported in the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas in the early 1990s, had been on Turkey's agenda as an environmental massive disaster from the winter months of 2021 until the end of summer in the Sea of Marmara. Due to the magnitude and topicality of the subject, the samples collected from the coastal areas where sea snot is observed in Marmara from January until July were examined. According to the results obtained, 5 classes were determined in sea snot. Species of algae that secrete mucilage, which provides stickiness to the formation, were also been identified in sea snot. These are 1 dinoflagellate, 2 Prymnesiosides, 5 diatoms, and 2 cyanobacteria species. 8 toxic planktonic species were detected in sea snot: 1 causing PSP poisoning and 3 of dinoflagellate causing DSP poisoning; 1 of prymnesiophisid that releases ichthyotoxin to the sea environment, and 3 of diatoms that cause ASP poisoning.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mucilage sea snot dinoflagellates diatoms Cyanobacteria

Destekleyen Kurum

Ege University Faculty of Fisheries

Teşekkür

This research has not received a specific grant, fund, or other support from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Providing the sea snot samples used in this study, I would like to thank Assoc. Tolga TOLON and Research Assistant Dr. Emel Özcan GÖKÇEK from Ege University. I would also like to thank Prof.Dr. Neslihan ÖZDELİCE from Istanbul University, who contributed greatly to the review of this article.

Kaynakça

  • Aktan, Y., A. Dede., & Çiftçi Türetken, P.S., (2008a). Mucilage event associated with diatoms and dinoflagellates in sea of Marmara, Turkey. Harmful Algae News. An IOC Newsletter on toxic algae and algal blooms. The International Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO. No.36.
  • Aktan, Y., İşinibilir, M., Topaloğlu, B., Dede, A., & Çardak, M. (2008b). Mucilage event associated with diatoms and dinoflagellates from the Marmara Sea Turkey. "The Changing Ocean: From Past to Future" The 13th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Hong Kong, China, October 19-21, 2008.
  • Aktan, Y., & Topaloğlu, B. (2011). First record of Chrysophaeum taylorii Lewis & Bryan and their benthic mucilaginous aggregates in the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean). Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment, 17 (2), 159-170.
  • Anderson, D. M., Fukuyo, Y., & Matsuoka K. (1995). Cyst Methodologies. In G.M. Hallegraeff, D.M. Anderson, A.D. Cembella (Eds.), Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae, pp.229-249. IOC Manuals and Guides No.33, UNESCO
  • Artüz, L. (2021). Sea snot covering the Sea of Marmara (Marmara Denizini kaplayan deniz salyası). 28 Mayıs 2021. Express Dergisi, Kış 2021-22. 16/06/2015. Retrived from https://birartibir.org/cesedin-curumesidir-bu/ (in Turkish).
  • Balech, E. (1988). Los Dinoflagelados del Atlantico Sudoccidental. Publicaciones Especiales. Instituto Español de Oceanografía, 1, 223-310
  • Balkıs N., Atabay H., Türetgen I., Albayrak S., Balkıs H., & Tüfekçi V. (2011). Role of single-celled organisms in mucilage formation on the shores of Buyukada Island (the Sea of Marmara). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 91, 771–781. DOI:10.1017/S0025315410000081
  • Balkıs, N., Sivri, N., Fraim, N.L., Balcı, M., Durmuş,T., & Sukatar, A. (2013). Excessive growth of Cladophora laetevirens (Dillwyn) Kutzing and enteric bacteria in mats in the Southwestern Istanbul coast, Sea of Marmara. Istanbul University, Faculty of Science Journal of Biology, 72(2): 41-48.
  • Balkis-Özdelice, N., Durmus, T., & Balci, M., (2021). A preliminary study on the intense pelagic and benthic mucilage phenomenon observed in the Sea of Marmara. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics (IJEGEO), 8(4): 414-422. DOI: 10.30897/ijegeo. 954787
  • Bradstock, M., & MacKenzie, L. (1981). The Tasman Bay Slime Story. Catch 81, December: 29-30.
  • Ben-Tuvia, A. (1973). Man-made changes in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and their effect on the fishery resources. Mar. Biol. 19, 197–203. DOI:10.1007/BF02097138
  • Cupp, E. E. (1943). Marine plankton diatoms of the West Coast of North America. University of California Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 5(1), 1-238p.
  • Danovaro, R., Dell’Anno, A., Corinaldesi, C., Magagnini, M., Noble. R., Tamburini, C., & Weinbauer, M. (2008). Major viral impact on the functioning of benthic deep-sea ecosystems. Nature, 454: 1084-1087. DOI:10.1038/nature07268
  • Danovaro, R., Fonda Umani, S., & Pusceddu, A. (2009). Climate change and the potential spreading of marine mucilage and microbial pathogens in the Mediterranean Sea. PLOS ONE, 4(9). e7006. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0007006
  • Delgado, M., & Fortuno, J.M. (1991). Atlas de fitoplancton del Mar Mediterráneo. Scientia Marina, 55, 1-133
  • Dodge, J.D. (1982). Marine Dinoflagellates of the British Isles. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 303 p.
  • Durai, P., Batool, M., & Choi, S., (2015). Structure and Effects of Cyanobacterial Lipopolysaccharides. Mar. Drugs, 13:4217–4230. DOI:10.3390/md13074217
  • Ergul, H.A., Balkıs-Ozdelice, N., Koral, M., Aksan, S., Durmus, Kaya, M., Kayal, M., Ekmekci, F., & Canli, O. (2021). The early stage of mucilage formation in the Marmara Sea during spring 2021. Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment. Vol. 27, No. 2: 232-257.
  • Hasle, G.R., & Syvertsen, E.E. (1997). Marine Diatoms. In C.R. Tomas, (Ed.), Identifying marine phytoplankton. Academic Press a division of Harcourt Brace & Company, San Diego, USA, Chapter 2, pp. 5-385. DOI:10.1016/B978-012693018-4/50004-5
  • Guiry, M.D., & Guiry, G.M. 2022. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. https://www.algaebase.org; searched on July 25, 2022.
  • Flander-Putrle, V., & Malej, A., (2008). The evolution and phytoplankton composition of mucilaginous aggregates in the northern Adriatic Sea. Harmful Algae, 7, 752-761. DOI:10.1016/j.hal.2008.02.009
  • Hendey, N.I. (1964). An Introductory account of the smaller algae of British Coastal Waters. Part V. Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms), Fishery Investigations, Series IV, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 317p.
  • Innamorati, M., Melley, A., Nuccio, C., Castelli, C., & Balzi, M. (1995). Le mucillaggini tirreniche. Atti della Societa` Toscana di Scienze Naturali, Memorie Serie A, Suppl. CII: 293-307.
  • Koray, T., Yurga, L., & Çolak-Sabancı, F. (2007). Türkiye Denizleri Mikroplankton (=Protista) Türlerinin Kontrol Listesi ve Tür Tayin Atlası. Proje No: TBAG-2239 (102T174), 154 pp. (in Turkish).
  • Lancelot, C. (1995). The mucilage phenomenon in the continental coastal waters of the North Sea. Science of the Total Environment. Volume 165, Issues 1-3, 7 April 1995, Pages 83-102. DOI:10.1016/0048-9697(95)04545-C
  • Landsberg, J. H. (2002). The effects of harmful algal blooms on aquatic organisms. In R. R. Stickney (Ed.), Reviews in Fisheries Science, 10(2). 113-390. DOI:10.1080/20026491051695
  • Lebour, M.V. (1930). The Planktonic Diatoms of Northern Seas. London, Ray Society, London
  • Mackenzie, L., Sims, I., Beuzenberg, V., & Gillespie P. (2002). Mass accumulation of mucilage caused by dinoflagellate polysaccharide exudates in Tasman Bay, New Zealand. Harmful Algae, 1(1):69-83. DOI:10.1016/S1568-9883(02)00006-9
  • Marshall, H.G. (1969). Phytoplankton distribution off the North Carolina coast, The American Midland Naturalist Journal. 82, 241-57. DOI:10.2307/2423833
  • Melley, A., Innamorati, M., Nuccio, C., Piccardi, R., & Benelli, M. (1998). Caratterizzazione e stagionalita` delle mucillaggini tirreniche. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 5: 203-213.
  • Najdek, M., Degobbis, D., Miokovic, D., & Ivancic, I. (2002). Fatty acid and phytoplankton compositions of different types of mucilaginous aggregates in the northern Adriatic. Journal of Plankton Research, 24, 429-441. DOI:10.1093/plankt/24.5.429
  • Najdek, M., Blazina, M., Djakovac, T., & Kraus, R. (2005). The role of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium in a mucilage event in the northern Adriatic Sea: Coupling with high salinity water intrusions. Journal of Plankton Research. 27. DOI:10.1093/plankt/fbi057
  • Negro, P., Crevatin, E., Larato, C., Ferrari, C., Totti, C., Pompei, M., Giani, M., Berto, D., & Umani, S. (2005). Mucilage microcosms. Science of the Total Environment 353 (2005) 258 – 269. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.018
  • Nikolaidis, G., Aligizaki, K., Koukaras, K., & Moschandreou, K., (2008). Mucilage phenomena in North Aegean Sea, Greece: another harmful effect of dinoflagellates. In Q. Moestrup, (Ed.), Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae. 4–8 September 2006; Copenhagen. Copenhagen: International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, pp. 219–222.
  • Passow, U., Ziervogel, K.,Asper, V., & Diercks, A. (2012). Marine snow formation in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Environmental Research Letters. 7. DOI:10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/035301
  • Pistocchi, R., Cangini, M., & Totti, C. (2005). Relevance of the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax fragilis in mucilage formations of the Adriatic Sea. Science of the Total Environment, 353 (1-3):307-16. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.087
  • Pompei, M., Mazziotti, C., & Guerrini, F. (2003). Correlation between the presence of Gonyaulax fragilis (Dinophyceae) and the mucilage phenomena of the Emilia-Romagna Coast (Northern Adriatic Sea). Harmful Algae 2(4).301-316. DOI:10.1016/S1568-9883(03)00059-3
  • Rampi, L., & Bernhard, R. (1978). Key for the determination of Mediterranean pelagic diatoms. Comitato Nazionale Energía Nucleare, RT/BIO (78-1), Roma.
  • Rampi, L., & Bernhard, R. (1980). Chiave per la determinazione delle Peridinee pelagiche Mediterranee. Comitato Nazionale Energía Nucleare, CNEN-RT/B10, 80, 8, Roma. Ricard, M. (1987). Atlas du Phytoplancton Marin. Vol. 2: Diatomophyceés. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris
  • Rinaldi A., Vollenweider R.A., Montanari G., Ferrari C.R., & Ghetti A. (1995). Mucilages in Italian Seas: The Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas, 1988-1991, Science of the Total Environment, 165: 165-183. DOI:10.1016/0048-9697(95)04550-K
  • Schiaparelli, S., Castellano, M., Povero, P., Sartoni, G., Cattaneo-Vietti, R. (2007). A benthic mucilage event in North-Western Mediterranean Sea and its possible relationships with the summer 2003 European heatwave: short term effects on littoral rocky assemblages. Marine Ecology. 28, (3), 341-353. DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00155.x
  • Sherr, E. B., & Sherr, B. F. (1987). High rates of consumption of bacteria by pelagic ciliates. Nature, 325: 710-711. DOI:10.1038/325710a0
  • Sournia, A. (1968). Le genre Ceratium (Péridinien planctonique) dans le canal de Mozambique. Contribution a une révision mondiale. Vie milieu, série. A, 18, 375-499.
  • Sournia, A. (1976). Phytoplankton Manual. Muséum National d'Historie Naturelle, Paris. 337p.
  • Sournia, A. (1986). Atlas du Phytoplankton Marine. Volume I: Introduction, Cyanophycées, Dictyochophycées, Dinophycées et Raphidophycées. Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris.
  • Steidinger, K.A., & Tangen, K. (1997). Dinoflagellates. In C.R. Tomas, (Ed.), Identifying Marine Phytoplankton. USA, Chapter 3, pp, 387-584. DOI:10.1016/B978-012693018-4/50005-7
  • Steidinger, K.A., & Williams, J. (1970). Dinoflagellates. Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises. Vol. 2, Florida Department of Natural Resources Marine Research Laboratory, St. Petersburg, Florida.
  • Öztürk, İ., & Şeker, M., & (2021). Ecology of the Marmara Sea: Formation and Interactions of Marine Mucilage, and Recommendations for Solutions (Marmara Deniz Ekolojisi: Deniz Salyası Oluşumu, Etkileşimleri ve Çözüm Önerileri). Turkish Academy of Sciences, 249 p. (only abstract in English)
  • Taş, S., Ergül, H.A., & Balkıs-Özdelice, N. (2016). Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and mucilage formations in the Sea of Marmara. In E. Özsoy, M.N. Çağatay, N. Balkıs, N. Balkıs, B. Öztürk (Eds..), The Sea of Marmara: Marine Biodiversity, Fisheries, Conservation, and Governance. Publication No.42. Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TUDAV). İstanbul.
  • Taylor, F.J.R. (1976). Dinoflagellates from the International Indian Ocean expedition. Bibliotheca Botanica, 132, 1-234.
  • Toklu-Alicli, B., Polat, S., & Balkıs-Ozdelice, N. (2020). Temporal variations in the abundance of picoplanktonic Synechococcus (Cyanobacteria) during a mucilage event in the Gulfs of Bandırma and Erdek. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 233, 1–12. DOI:10.1016/j.ecss.2019.106513
  • Tomas, C.R. (1997). Identifying Marine Phytoplankton. XV, 858p. San Diego, California: Academic Press.
  • Trégouboff, G., & Rose, M. (1957). Manuel de Planctonologie Mediterranéenne, Tome I-II, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 587 pp. Tüfekçi, V., Balkis, N., Beken, Ç. P., Ediger, D., & Mantikci, M. (2010). Phytoplankton composition and environmental conditions of the mucilage event in the Sea of Marmara. Turkish Journal of Biology, 34(2), 199-210. DOI:10.3906/biy-0812-1
  • Vollenweider, R.A., Montanari, G., & Rinaldi, A. (1995). Statistical inferences about the mucilage events in the Adriatic Sea, with special reference to recurrence patterns and claimed relationship to sun activity cycles. Science of the Total Environment. 165: 213-224. DOI:10.1016/0048-9697(95)04554-E
  • Wood, E.J.F. (1954). Dinoflagellates in the Australian region. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 5(2). 171351. DOI:10.1071/MF9540171
  • Tang, Y.Z., & Gobler, C.J. (2009). Characterization of the toxicity of Cochlodinium polykrikoides isolates from Northeast US estuaries to finfish and shellfish. Harmful Algae, 8(3), 454-462. DOI:10.1016/j.hal.2008.10.001
  • Tang, Y.Z., & Gobler, C.J. (2012). The toxic dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides (Dinophyceae) produces resting cysts, Harmful Algae, 20, 71-80, ISSN 1568-9883. DOI:10.1016/j.hal.2012.08.001
  • Yüksel, D., Çelik, E., & Turgay, Ö. (2021). Cyanobacteria induced toxin hazard [Siyanobakteri kaynaklı toksin tehlikesi]. Ecological Life Sciences, (NWSAELS), 16(1), 1-17 (only abstract in English). DOI:10.12739/NWSA.2021.16.1.5A0144

Marmara Denizi’nde 2021 yılında görülen deniz salyası içerisindeki fitoplanktonik türlerin dağılımları

Yıl 2022, , 235 - 242, 15.09.2022

Levent Yurga

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.39.3.09

Öz


1990’lı yılların başlarında Adriyatik ve Tiren Denizlerinde görülüp raporlanan deniz salyası, Marmara Denizi’nde 2020 kış aylarından itibaren yaz sonuna kadar bir çevre felaketi olarak Türkiye’nin gündemini oluşturmuştu. Konunun öneminin büyüklüğü ve güncelliği sebebiyle 2021 Ocak ayından itibaren Marmara’da deniz salyası görülen kıyısal bölgelerden Temmuz ayına kadar toplanan örnekler incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre deniz salyası içerisinde planktonik olarak 5 sınıf, bu sınıflara ait 8 tür tespit edilmiştir. Deniz salyasında bulunan, oluşumun yapışkanlığı sağlayan müsilajı salgılayan türler de oluşumun içerisinde tespit edilmiştir. Bunlar; 1 dinoflagellat, 2 prymnesiosid ve 5 diyatome türüdür. Bunlara ilave olarak 2 tür müsilaj salgısı yapan siyonabakteri görüşmüştür. Deniz salyasında 8 toksik planktonik tür müsilaj içerisinde tespit edilmiştir: PSP zehirlenmesine yol açan 1 ve DSP zehirlenmesine yol açan 3 tür dinoflagellat; denize ihtiyotoksin salan 1 tür prymnesiofisid, ASP zehirlenmesine yol açan 3 tür diyatomdur.


Anahtar Kelimeler

Müsilaj deniz salyası dinoflagellat diyatom siyanobakteri

Kaynakça

  • Aktan, Y., A. Dede., & Çiftçi Türetken, P.S., (2008a). Mucilage event associated with diatoms and dinoflagellates in sea of Marmara, Turkey. Harmful Algae News. An IOC Newsletter on toxic algae and algal blooms. The International Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO. No.36.
  • Aktan, Y., İşinibilir, M., Topaloğlu, B., Dede, A., & Çardak, M. (2008b). Mucilage event associated with diatoms and dinoflagellates from the Marmara Sea Turkey. "The Changing Ocean: From Past to Future" The 13th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Hong Kong, China, October 19-21, 2008.
  • Aktan, Y., & Topaloğlu, B. (2011). First record of Chrysophaeum taylorii Lewis & Bryan and their benthic mucilaginous aggregates in the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean). Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment, 17 (2), 159-170.
  • Anderson, D. M., Fukuyo, Y., & Matsuoka K. (1995). Cyst Methodologies. In G.M. Hallegraeff, D.M. Anderson, A.D. Cembella (Eds.), Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae, pp.229-249. IOC Manuals and Guides No.33, UNESCO
  • Artüz, L. (2021). Sea snot covering the Sea of Marmara (Marmara Denizini kaplayan deniz salyası). 28 Mayıs 2021. Express Dergisi, Kış 2021-22. 16/06/2015. Retrived from https://birartibir.org/cesedin-curumesidir-bu/ (in Turkish).
  • Balech, E. (1988). Los Dinoflagelados del Atlantico Sudoccidental. Publicaciones Especiales. Instituto Español de Oceanografía, 1, 223-310
  • Balkıs N., Atabay H., Türetgen I., Albayrak S., Balkıs H., & Tüfekçi V. (2011). Role of single-celled organisms in mucilage formation on the shores of Buyukada Island (the Sea of Marmara). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 91, 771–781. DOI:10.1017/S0025315410000081
  • Balkıs, N., Sivri, N., Fraim, N.L., Balcı, M., Durmuş,T., & Sukatar, A. (2013). Excessive growth of Cladophora laetevirens (Dillwyn) Kutzing and enteric bacteria in mats in the Southwestern Istanbul coast, Sea of Marmara. Istanbul University, Faculty of Science Journal of Biology, 72(2): 41-48.
  • Balkis-Özdelice, N., Durmus, T., & Balci, M., (2021). A preliminary study on the intense pelagic and benthic mucilage phenomenon observed in the Sea of Marmara. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics (IJEGEO), 8(4): 414-422. DOI: 10.30897/ijegeo. 954787
  • Bradstock, M., & MacKenzie, L. (1981). The Tasman Bay Slime Story. Catch 81, December: 29-30.
  • Ben-Tuvia, A. (1973). Man-made changes in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and their effect on the fishery resources. Mar. Biol. 19, 197–203. DOI:10.1007/BF02097138
  • Cupp, E. E. (1943). Marine plankton diatoms of the West Coast of North America. University of California Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 5(1), 1-238p.
  • Danovaro, R., Dell’Anno, A., Corinaldesi, C., Magagnini, M., Noble. R., Tamburini, C., & Weinbauer, M. (2008). Major viral impact on the functioning of benthic deep-sea ecosystems. Nature, 454: 1084-1087. DOI:10.1038/nature07268
  • Danovaro, R., Fonda Umani, S., & Pusceddu, A. (2009). Climate change and the potential spreading of marine mucilage and microbial pathogens in the Mediterranean Sea. PLOS ONE, 4(9). e7006. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0007006
  • Delgado, M., & Fortuno, J.M. (1991). Atlas de fitoplancton del Mar Mediterráneo. Scientia Marina, 55, 1-133
  • Dodge, J.D. (1982). Marine Dinoflagellates of the British Isles. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 303 p.
  • Durai, P., Batool, M., & Choi, S., (2015). Structure and Effects of Cyanobacterial Lipopolysaccharides. Mar. Drugs, 13:4217–4230. DOI:10.3390/md13074217
  • Ergul, H.A., Balkıs-Ozdelice, N., Koral, M., Aksan, S., Durmus, Kaya, M., Kayal, M., Ekmekci, F., & Canli, O. (2021). The early stage of mucilage formation in the Marmara Sea during spring 2021. Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment. Vol. 27, No. 2: 232-257.
  • Hasle, G.R., & Syvertsen, E.E. (1997). Marine Diatoms. In C.R. Tomas, (Ed.), Identifying marine phytoplankton. Academic Press a division of Harcourt Brace & Company, San Diego, USA, Chapter 2, pp. 5-385. DOI:10.1016/B978-012693018-4/50004-5
  • Guiry, M.D., & Guiry, G.M. 2022. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. https://www.algaebase.org; searched on July 25, 2022.
  • Flander-Putrle, V., & Malej, A., (2008). The evolution and phytoplankton composition of mucilaginous aggregates in the northern Adriatic Sea. Harmful Algae, 7, 752-761. DOI:10.1016/j.hal.2008.02.009
  • Hendey, N.I. (1964). An Introductory account of the smaller algae of British Coastal Waters. Part V. Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms), Fishery Investigations, Series IV, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 317p.
  • Innamorati, M., Melley, A., Nuccio, C., Castelli, C., & Balzi, M. (1995). Le mucillaggini tirreniche. Atti della Societa` Toscana di Scienze Naturali, Memorie Serie A, Suppl. CII: 293-307.
  • Koray, T., Yurga, L., & Çolak-Sabancı, F. (2007). Türkiye Denizleri Mikroplankton (=Protista) Türlerinin Kontrol Listesi ve Tür Tayin Atlası. Proje No: TBAG-2239 (102T174), 154 pp. (in Turkish).
  • Lancelot, C. (1995). The mucilage phenomenon in the continental coastal waters of the North Sea. Science of the Total Environment. Volume 165, Issues 1-3, 7 April 1995, Pages 83-102. DOI:10.1016/0048-9697(95)04545-C
  • Landsberg, J. H. (2002). The effects of harmful algal blooms on aquatic organisms. In R. R. Stickney (Ed.), Reviews in Fisheries Science, 10(2). 113-390. DOI:10.1080/20026491051695
  • Lebour, M.V. (1930). The Planktonic Diatoms of Northern Seas. London, Ray Society, London
  • Mackenzie, L., Sims, I., Beuzenberg, V., & Gillespie P. (2002). Mass accumulation of mucilage caused by dinoflagellate polysaccharide exudates in Tasman Bay, New Zealand. Harmful Algae, 1(1):69-83. DOI:10.1016/S1568-9883(02)00006-9
  • Marshall, H.G. (1969). Phytoplankton distribution off the North Carolina coast, The American Midland Naturalist Journal. 82, 241-57. DOI:10.2307/2423833
  • Melley, A., Innamorati, M., Nuccio, C., Piccardi, R., & Benelli, M. (1998). Caratterizzazione e stagionalita` delle mucillaggini tirreniche. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 5: 203-213.
  • Najdek, M., Degobbis, D., Miokovic, D., & Ivancic, I. (2002). Fatty acid and phytoplankton compositions of different types of mucilaginous aggregates in the northern Adriatic. Journal of Plankton Research, 24, 429-441. DOI:10.1093/plankt/24.5.429
  • Najdek, M., Blazina, M., Djakovac, T., & Kraus, R. (2005). The role of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium in a mucilage event in the northern Adriatic Sea: Coupling with high salinity water intrusions. Journal of Plankton Research. 27. DOI:10.1093/plankt/fbi057
  • Negro, P., Crevatin, E., Larato, C., Ferrari, C., Totti, C., Pompei, M., Giani, M., Berto, D., & Umani, S. (2005). Mucilage microcosms. Science of the Total Environment 353 (2005) 258 – 269. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.018
  • Nikolaidis, G., Aligizaki, K., Koukaras, K., & Moschandreou, K., (2008). Mucilage phenomena in North Aegean Sea, Greece: another harmful effect of dinoflagellates. In Q. Moestrup, (Ed.), Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae. 4–8 September 2006; Copenhagen. Copenhagen: International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, pp. 219–222.
  • Passow, U., Ziervogel, K.,Asper, V., & Diercks, A. (2012). Marine snow formation in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Environmental Research Letters. 7. DOI:10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/035301
  • Pistocchi, R., Cangini, M., & Totti, C. (2005). Relevance of the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax fragilis in mucilage formations of the Adriatic Sea. Science of the Total Environment, 353 (1-3):307-16. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.087
  • Pompei, M., Mazziotti, C., & Guerrini, F. (2003). Correlation between the presence of Gonyaulax fragilis (Dinophyceae) and the mucilage phenomena of the Emilia-Romagna Coast (Northern Adriatic Sea). Harmful Algae 2(4).301-316. DOI:10.1016/S1568-9883(03)00059-3
  • Rampi, L., & Bernhard, R. (1978). Key for the determination of Mediterranean pelagic diatoms. Comitato Nazionale Energía Nucleare, RT/BIO (78-1), Roma.
  • Rampi, L., & Bernhard, R. (1980). Chiave per la determinazione delle Peridinee pelagiche Mediterranee. Comitato Nazionale Energía Nucleare, CNEN-RT/B10, 80, 8, Roma. Ricard, M. (1987). Atlas du Phytoplancton Marin. Vol. 2: Diatomophyceés. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris
  • Rinaldi A., Vollenweider R.A., Montanari G., Ferrari C.R., & Ghetti A. (1995). Mucilages in Italian Seas: The Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas, 1988-1991, Science of the Total Environment, 165: 165-183. DOI:10.1016/0048-9697(95)04550-K
  • Schiaparelli, S., Castellano, M., Povero, P., Sartoni, G., Cattaneo-Vietti, R. (2007). A benthic mucilage event in North-Western Mediterranean Sea and its possible relationships with the summer 2003 European heatwave: short term effects on littoral rocky assemblages. Marine Ecology. 28, (3), 341-353. DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00155.x
  • Sherr, E. B., & Sherr, B. F. (1987). High rates of consumption of bacteria by pelagic ciliates. Nature, 325: 710-711. DOI:10.1038/325710a0
  • Sournia, A. (1968). Le genre Ceratium (Péridinien planctonique) dans le canal de Mozambique. Contribution a une révision mondiale. Vie milieu, série. A, 18, 375-499.
  • Sournia, A. (1976). Phytoplankton Manual. Muséum National d'Historie Naturelle, Paris. 337p.
  • Sournia, A. (1986). Atlas du Phytoplankton Marine. Volume I: Introduction, Cyanophycées, Dictyochophycées, Dinophycées et Raphidophycées. Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris.
  • Steidinger, K.A., & Tangen, K. (1997). Dinoflagellates. In C.R. Tomas, (Ed.), Identifying Marine Phytoplankton. USA, Chapter 3, pp, 387-584. DOI:10.1016/B978-012693018-4/50005-7
  • Steidinger, K.A., & Williams, J. (1970). Dinoflagellates. Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises. Vol. 2, Florida Department of Natural Resources Marine Research Laboratory, St. Petersburg, Florida.
  • Öztürk, İ., & Şeker, M., & (2021). Ecology of the Marmara Sea: Formation and Interactions of Marine Mucilage, and Recommendations for Solutions (Marmara Deniz Ekolojisi: Deniz Salyası Oluşumu, Etkileşimleri ve Çözüm Önerileri). Turkish Academy of Sciences, 249 p. (only abstract in English)
  • Taş, S., Ergül, H.A., & Balkıs-Özdelice, N. (2016). Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and mucilage formations in the Sea of Marmara. In E. Özsoy, M.N. Çağatay, N. Balkıs, N. Balkıs, B. Öztürk (Eds..), The Sea of Marmara: Marine Biodiversity, Fisheries, Conservation, and Governance. Publication No.42. Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TUDAV). İstanbul.
  • Taylor, F.J.R. (1976). Dinoflagellates from the International Indian Ocean expedition. Bibliotheca Botanica, 132, 1-234.
  • Toklu-Alicli, B., Polat, S., & Balkıs-Ozdelice, N. (2020). Temporal variations in the abundance of picoplanktonic Synechococcus (Cyanobacteria) during a mucilage event in the Gulfs of Bandırma and Erdek. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 233, 1–12. DOI:10.1016/j.ecss.2019.106513
  • Tomas, C.R. (1997). Identifying Marine Phytoplankton. XV, 858p. San Diego, California: Academic Press.
  • Trégouboff, G., & Rose, M. (1957). Manuel de Planctonologie Mediterranéenne, Tome I-II, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 587 pp. Tüfekçi, V., Balkis, N., Beken, Ç. P., Ediger, D., & Mantikci, M. (2010). Phytoplankton composition and environmental conditions of the mucilage event in the Sea of Marmara. Turkish Journal of Biology, 34(2), 199-210. DOI:10.3906/biy-0812-1
  • Vollenweider, R.A., Montanari, G., & Rinaldi, A. (1995). Statistical inferences about the mucilage events in the Adriatic Sea, with special reference to recurrence patterns and claimed relationship to sun activity cycles. Science of the Total Environment. 165: 213-224. DOI:10.1016/0048-9697(95)04554-E
  • Wood, E.J.F. (1954). Dinoflagellates in the Australian region. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 5(2). 171351. DOI:10.1071/MF9540171
  • Tang, Y.Z., & Gobler, C.J. (2009). Characterization of the toxicity of Cochlodinium polykrikoides isolates from Northeast US estuaries to finfish and shellfish. Harmful Algae, 8(3), 454-462. DOI:10.1016/j.hal.2008.10.001
  • Tang, Y.Z., & Gobler, C.J. (2012). The toxic dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides (Dinophyceae) produces resting cysts, Harmful Algae, 20, 71-80, ISSN 1568-9883. DOI:10.1016/j.hal.2012.08.001
  • Yüksel, D., Çelik, E., & Turgay, Ö. (2021). Cyanobacteria induced toxin hazard [Siyanobakteri kaynaklı toksin tehlikesi]. Ecological Life Sciences, (NWSAELS), 16(1), 1-17 (only abstract in English). DOI:10.12739/NWSA.2021.16.1.5A0144
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Deniz Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Levent Yurga 0000-0003-4033-7567

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Eylül 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Yurga, L. (2022). Distribution of phytoplanktonic species in the sea snot in 2021 in the Marmara Sea. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 39(3), 235-242. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.39.3.09