Year 2023,
Volume: 40 Issue: 4, 259 - 265, 15.12.2023
Sheban Mdzomba Hinzano
,
Morine Mukami Ngarari
,
Mary Opiyo
,
Francis Okalo
,
Betty Mindraa Nyonje
,
David Midumbi
,
Derrick Gıtarı
References
- Amanyazov, V., & Karadal, O. (2023). Growth performance, molting frequency and carapace coloration of two different size classes of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) fed with different diets. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research, 9(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.17216/limnofish.1120574
- Anger, K. (2006). Contributions of larval biology to crustacean research: A review. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 49(3), 175-205. https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2006.9652207
- Aquacop (1983). Intensive larval rearing in the clear water of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879 Anuenue stock) at the Centre Oceanologique du Pacifique, Tahiti. In J.P. Mcvey, J.R. Moore (Eds.), CRC Handbook of Mariculture, Crustacean Aquaculture, 1, 179 –187, CRC, Florida.
- Armstrong, D.A., Stephenson, M.J., & Knight, A.W. (1976). Acute toxicity of nitrite to larvae of the giant Malaysian prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquaculture, 9, 39-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(76)90046-6
- Awal, M.D.R., Yesmine, S., Khanom, M., Chowdhury, P., Kohinoor A.H.M., & Mahmud, Y. (2021). Culture potentialities of gura chingri (Macrobrachium rude) in pond at different stocking densities. Bangladesh Journal of Fisheries Research, 20(1–2), 123–130.
- Barbieri, E., Moreira, P., Luchini, L.A., Ruiz Hidalgo, K., & Munoz, A. (2016). Assessment of acute toxicity of carbofuran in Macrobrachium olfersii (Wiegmann, 1836) at different temperature levels. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 32(1), 7-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233713484655
- Bardócz, T., Kovács, É., Radics, F., & Sándor, Z. (1999). Experiments for the improved use of decapsulated Artemia cysts in intensive culture of African catfish larvae. Journal of Fish Biology, 55, 227-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb01058.x
- Barros, H.P., & Valenti, W.C. (2003). Food intake ofMacrobrachium rosenbergii during larval development. Aquaculture, 216(1-4), 165-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00505-7
- Brown, J.H. (2005). Joint study on market led opportunities in sustainable shrimp farming in West Africa: “Potential for shrimp culture in Africa.” Report prepared for Sahel and West Africa Club (SWAC)/Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Africa–West Africa Business Cooperation, Paris. http://www.oecd.org/swac/publications/38524477.pdf
- Daniel, A.V., Matheus, H.C.M., Odinilson, P.M., Lorena, B.D.M., Bruno, J.C.F.E., Marcos, F.B., & Galileu, C.V. (2019). Effects of feeding rates and feeding frequencies on growth performance, uniformity of the batch, and survival rate of Amazon ornamental fish larvae. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 11(2), 23 28. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJFA2018.0705
- De Aviz, M.A.B., Abrunhosa, F.A., Maciel, M., & Maciel, C.R. (2018). On feeding of the freshwater prawn larvae Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 44(4). https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2018.44.4.373
- El-Sayed, A.F.M. (2002). Effects of stocking density and feeding levels on growth and feed efficiency of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry. Aquaculture Research, 33(8), 621–626. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00700.x
- Gomes, J.N., Abrunhosa, F.A., Costa, A.K., & Maciel, C.R. (2014). Feeding and larval growth of an exotic freshwater prawn Macrobrachium equidens (Decapoda: Palaemonidae), from Northeastern Pará, Amazon Region. Anais of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, 86, 1525-1536. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201420130079
- González R., Celada J.D., Carral J.M., González Á., Sáez-Royuela M., & García V. (2009). Decapsulated Artemia cysts as dietary supplement for juvenile crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus, Astacidae) at different food supply frequencies from the onset of exogenous feeding under controlled conditions. Aquaculture, 295, 200−204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.07.009
- González, Á., Celada, J.D., Carral, J.M., Sáez-Royuela, M., García, V., & González, R. (2011). Additional supply of decapsulated Artemia cysts for various periods in intensive rearing of juvenile crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus, Astacidae). Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, 401, 15. https://doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2011030
- Habib, A., Das, N.G., & Hossain, M.B. (2014). Growth performance and survival rate of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1979) larvae using different doses of probiotics. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences: PJBS, 17(7), 920-924. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2014.920.924
- Kaldre, K., Haugjärv, K., Liiva, M., & Gross, R. (2015). The effect of two different feeds on growth, carapace colour, maturation and mortality in marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis). Aquaculture International, 23, 185-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-014-9807-1
- Kimani E.N., Aura M.C., & Okemwa G.M. (2018). The status of Kenya fisheries: towards the sustainable exploitation of fisheries resources for food security and economic development. Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), Mombasa, pp 18-33
- Kochey, K.J. (2018). Evolutionary ecology, utilization patterns and aquaculture of the fresh/brackish water Macrobrachium spp. along rivers Tana and Athi in Kenya. Doctoral dissertation, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt.
- Korzelecka-Orkisz, A., Szalast, Z., Pawlos, D., Smaruj, I., Tañski, A., Szulc, J., & Formicki, K. (2012). Early ontogenesis of the angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare Schultze, 1823 (Cichlidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 10, 567-576. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252012005000017
- Kovalenko, E.E., D’Abramo, L.R., Ohs, C.L., & Buddington, R.K. (2002). A successful microbound diet for the larval culture of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquaculture, 210(1–4), 385–395.
Kurmaly, K. (1990). Studies on the acceptability and digestibility of artificial diets by Crustacea. Doctoral dissertation, University of Wales, Bangor.
- Lavens, P., & Sorgeloos, P. (1996). Manual on the production and use of live food for aquaculture. FAO, Rome, 79-250.
- Le Vay, L., & Gamboa-Delgado, J. (2011). Naturally-occurring stable isotopes as direct measures of larval feeding efficiency, nutrient incorporation and turnover. Aquaculture, 315(1 2), 95 103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.03.033
- Lima, A.G., McNamara, J.C., & Terra, W.R. (1997). Regulation of hemolymph osmolytes and gill Na+/K+-ATPase activities during acclimation to saline media in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium olfersii (Wiegmann, 2b 1836) (Decapoda, Palaemonidae). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 215(1), 81-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00016-6
- Maciel, C.R., New, M.B., & Valenti, W.C. (2012). The Predation of Artemia nauplii by the larvae of the Amazon River prawn, Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862), is affected by prey density, time of day, and ontogenetic development. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 43(5), 659-669. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2012.00599.x
- Makombu, J.G., Oben, P.M., Oben, B.O., Gaudin, G.L., Motto, I.S., Makoge, N., Syapze, J.K., Brown, J.H., Ngueguim, J.R., & Mialhe, E. (2014). Complete larval development of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium vollenhovenii in Cameroon. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 26(4), 310-328. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2014.934170
- Makombu, J.G., Oben, B.O., Oben, P.M., Makoge, N., Nguekam, E.W., Gaudin, G.L., & Brummett, R.E. (2015). Biodiversity of species of the genus Macrobrachium (Decapoda, Palaemonidae) in Lokoundje, Kienke and Lobe Rivers, South Region, Cameroon. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Science, 7, 68-80.
- Nair, C.M., & Salin, K.R. (2012). Current status and prospects of farming the giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) and the monsoon river prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii (HM Edwards) in India. Aquaculture Research, 43(7), 999-1014. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.03074.x
- Ndao, P.D., Kantoussan, J., Seck, M., Jouanard, N., Savaya, A.A., Ndione, R.A., & Thiaw, O.T. (2019). Breeding and larval rearing in hatchery of Macrobrachium vollenhovenii (Herklots, 1857) in a perspective of biological control against human schistosomiasis in tropical area. Journal of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, 5(1), 1 9. https://doi.org/10.15436/2381-0750.19.2019
- Nkambo, M., Mwanja, M., Balirwa, J.S., & Bugenyi, F.W. (2019). Use, production and existence of local Artemia resources in Uganda and Africa: A review. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 9(18), 30-36. https://doi.org/10.7176/JNSR/9-18-04
- Nwosu, F.M., & Wolfi, M. (2006). Population dynamics of the giant African river prawn Macrobrachium vollenhovenii Herklots 1857 (Crustacea, Palaemonidae) in the Cross River estuary, Nigeria. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, 9(1) 1-14. https://doi.org/10.4314/wajae.v9i1.45681
- Rodríguez-Serna, M., Carmona-Osalde, C., & Arredondo Figueroa J.L. (2010). Growth of juvenile crayfish Procambarus llamasi (Villalobos 1955) fed different farm and aquaculture commercial foods. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 22(2):140 148. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454431003736417
- Schoonbee, H.J., Cort, M., Ferreira, J.T., & Visser, J. (1989). Species records of the river prawn Macrobrachium (Decapoda: Natantia: Palaemonidae) from Lake Cubhu, Zululand, Natal. Water South Africa, 15(1), 49-51. https://doi.org/10.10520/AJA03784738_1554
- Soeiro, R.K.S., Rocha, C.P., Maciel, M., Abrunhosa, F.A., & Maciel, C.R. (2016). Relationship between the coastal origin of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum and salinity levels in the hatchery. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 42(3), 691-703. https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2016v42n3p691
- Valencia, D.M., & Campos, M.R. (2007). Freshwater prawns of the genus Macrobrachium Bate, 1868 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae) of Colombia. Zootaxa, 1456(1), 1 44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.176325
- Valenti, W.C., Daniels, W.H., New, M.B., & Correia, E. S. (2010). Hatchery systems and management. In M. Bernard, W.C. Valenti, J.H. Tidwell, L.R. D’Abramo, M.N. Kutty (Eds.), Freshwater Prawns: Biology and Farming, pp. 55–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444314649.ch5
- Van Stappen, G., Sui, L., Hoa, V.N., Tamtin, M., Nyonje, B., de Medeiros Rocha, R., Sorgeloos, P., & Gajardo, G. (2020). Review on integrated production of the brine. Reviews in Aquaculture, 12, 1054-1071. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12371
- Weimin, M., & Xianping, G. (2002). Freshwater prawn culture in China: An overview. Aquaculture Asia, 7(1), 9-12.
- Williams, L.V. (2018). Assessment of the capture and culture potential of two native freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium lar (Fabricius, 1798) and Macrobrachium australe (Guérin-Méneville, 1838) in the Fiji Islands. Master’s thesis, University of South Pacific
Effects of feeding different densities of Artemia nauplii on the growth and survival of larvae of the hairy river prawn, Macrobrachium rude (Heller, 1862)
Year 2023,
Volume: 40 Issue: 4, 259 - 265, 15.12.2023
Sheban Mdzomba Hinzano
,
Morine Mukami Ngarari
,
Mary Opiyo
,
Francis Okalo
,
Betty Mindraa Nyonje
,
David Midumbi
,
Derrick Gıtarı
Abstract
The effects of feeding at different densities of Artemia nauplii on the growth and survival of Macrobrachium rude larvae were explored in this study. Two experiments were carried out. In the first trial, larvae were fed three different feeding densities: 1, 3, and 5 nauplii/mL. In the second experiment, feeding densities of 5, 10, and 15 nauplii/mL were used to determine the maximal feeding density of Artemia nauplii for M. rude larvae. There were no significant differences statistically in growth rate or survival between larvae fed 1, 3, or 5 nauplii/mL (P>0.05). Increased feeding density from 5 to 10 nauplii/mL resulted in growth but drastically decreased survival. Feeding above 10 nauplii/mL decreased both growth rate and survival. According to the results of the study, the optimal feeding density of M. rude with Artemia nauplii should be between 5 and 10 nauplii/mL. The study suggests further research into determining ideal feeding density at various phases of larval development in order to better understand the individual feeding requirements at each stage.
References
- Amanyazov, V., & Karadal, O. (2023). Growth performance, molting frequency and carapace coloration of two different size classes of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) fed with different diets. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research, 9(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.17216/limnofish.1120574
- Anger, K. (2006). Contributions of larval biology to crustacean research: A review. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 49(3), 175-205. https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2006.9652207
- Aquacop (1983). Intensive larval rearing in the clear water of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879 Anuenue stock) at the Centre Oceanologique du Pacifique, Tahiti. In J.P. Mcvey, J.R. Moore (Eds.), CRC Handbook of Mariculture, Crustacean Aquaculture, 1, 179 –187, CRC, Florida.
- Armstrong, D.A., Stephenson, M.J., & Knight, A.W. (1976). Acute toxicity of nitrite to larvae of the giant Malaysian prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquaculture, 9, 39-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(76)90046-6
- Awal, M.D.R., Yesmine, S., Khanom, M., Chowdhury, P., Kohinoor A.H.M., & Mahmud, Y. (2021). Culture potentialities of gura chingri (Macrobrachium rude) in pond at different stocking densities. Bangladesh Journal of Fisheries Research, 20(1–2), 123–130.
- Barbieri, E., Moreira, P., Luchini, L.A., Ruiz Hidalgo, K., & Munoz, A. (2016). Assessment of acute toxicity of carbofuran in Macrobrachium olfersii (Wiegmann, 1836) at different temperature levels. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 32(1), 7-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233713484655
- Bardócz, T., Kovács, É., Radics, F., & Sándor, Z. (1999). Experiments for the improved use of decapsulated Artemia cysts in intensive culture of African catfish larvae. Journal of Fish Biology, 55, 227-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb01058.x
- Barros, H.P., & Valenti, W.C. (2003). Food intake ofMacrobrachium rosenbergii during larval development. Aquaculture, 216(1-4), 165-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00505-7
- Brown, J.H. (2005). Joint study on market led opportunities in sustainable shrimp farming in West Africa: “Potential for shrimp culture in Africa.” Report prepared for Sahel and West Africa Club (SWAC)/Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Africa–West Africa Business Cooperation, Paris. http://www.oecd.org/swac/publications/38524477.pdf
- Daniel, A.V., Matheus, H.C.M., Odinilson, P.M., Lorena, B.D.M., Bruno, J.C.F.E., Marcos, F.B., & Galileu, C.V. (2019). Effects of feeding rates and feeding frequencies on growth performance, uniformity of the batch, and survival rate of Amazon ornamental fish larvae. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 11(2), 23 28. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJFA2018.0705
- De Aviz, M.A.B., Abrunhosa, F.A., Maciel, M., & Maciel, C.R. (2018). On feeding of the freshwater prawn larvae Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 44(4). https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2018.44.4.373
- El-Sayed, A.F.M. (2002). Effects of stocking density and feeding levels on growth and feed efficiency of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry. Aquaculture Research, 33(8), 621–626. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00700.x
- Gomes, J.N., Abrunhosa, F.A., Costa, A.K., & Maciel, C.R. (2014). Feeding and larval growth of an exotic freshwater prawn Macrobrachium equidens (Decapoda: Palaemonidae), from Northeastern Pará, Amazon Region. Anais of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, 86, 1525-1536. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201420130079
- González R., Celada J.D., Carral J.M., González Á., Sáez-Royuela M., & García V. (2009). Decapsulated Artemia cysts as dietary supplement for juvenile crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus, Astacidae) at different food supply frequencies from the onset of exogenous feeding under controlled conditions. Aquaculture, 295, 200−204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.07.009
- González, Á., Celada, J.D., Carral, J.M., Sáez-Royuela, M., García, V., & González, R. (2011). Additional supply of decapsulated Artemia cysts for various periods in intensive rearing of juvenile crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus, Astacidae). Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, 401, 15. https://doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2011030
- Habib, A., Das, N.G., & Hossain, M.B. (2014). Growth performance and survival rate of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1979) larvae using different doses of probiotics. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences: PJBS, 17(7), 920-924. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2014.920.924
- Kaldre, K., Haugjärv, K., Liiva, M., & Gross, R. (2015). The effect of two different feeds on growth, carapace colour, maturation and mortality in marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis). Aquaculture International, 23, 185-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-014-9807-1
- Kimani E.N., Aura M.C., & Okemwa G.M. (2018). The status of Kenya fisheries: towards the sustainable exploitation of fisheries resources for food security and economic development. Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), Mombasa, pp 18-33
- Kochey, K.J. (2018). Evolutionary ecology, utilization patterns and aquaculture of the fresh/brackish water Macrobrachium spp. along rivers Tana and Athi in Kenya. Doctoral dissertation, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt.
- Korzelecka-Orkisz, A., Szalast, Z., Pawlos, D., Smaruj, I., Tañski, A., Szulc, J., & Formicki, K. (2012). Early ontogenesis of the angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare Schultze, 1823 (Cichlidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 10, 567-576. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252012005000017
- Kovalenko, E.E., D’Abramo, L.R., Ohs, C.L., & Buddington, R.K. (2002). A successful microbound diet for the larval culture of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquaculture, 210(1–4), 385–395.
Kurmaly, K. (1990). Studies on the acceptability and digestibility of artificial diets by Crustacea. Doctoral dissertation, University of Wales, Bangor.
- Lavens, P., & Sorgeloos, P. (1996). Manual on the production and use of live food for aquaculture. FAO, Rome, 79-250.
- Le Vay, L., & Gamboa-Delgado, J. (2011). Naturally-occurring stable isotopes as direct measures of larval feeding efficiency, nutrient incorporation and turnover. Aquaculture, 315(1 2), 95 103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.03.033
- Lima, A.G., McNamara, J.C., & Terra, W.R. (1997). Regulation of hemolymph osmolytes and gill Na+/K+-ATPase activities during acclimation to saline media in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium olfersii (Wiegmann, 2b 1836) (Decapoda, Palaemonidae). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 215(1), 81-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00016-6
- Maciel, C.R., New, M.B., & Valenti, W.C. (2012). The Predation of Artemia nauplii by the larvae of the Amazon River prawn, Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862), is affected by prey density, time of day, and ontogenetic development. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 43(5), 659-669. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2012.00599.x
- Makombu, J.G., Oben, P.M., Oben, B.O., Gaudin, G.L., Motto, I.S., Makoge, N., Syapze, J.K., Brown, J.H., Ngueguim, J.R., & Mialhe, E. (2014). Complete larval development of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium vollenhovenii in Cameroon. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 26(4), 310-328. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2014.934170
- Makombu, J.G., Oben, B.O., Oben, P.M., Makoge, N., Nguekam, E.W., Gaudin, G.L., & Brummett, R.E. (2015). Biodiversity of species of the genus Macrobrachium (Decapoda, Palaemonidae) in Lokoundje, Kienke and Lobe Rivers, South Region, Cameroon. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Science, 7, 68-80.
- Nair, C.M., & Salin, K.R. (2012). Current status and prospects of farming the giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) and the monsoon river prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii (HM Edwards) in India. Aquaculture Research, 43(7), 999-1014. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.03074.x
- Ndao, P.D., Kantoussan, J., Seck, M., Jouanard, N., Savaya, A.A., Ndione, R.A., & Thiaw, O.T. (2019). Breeding and larval rearing in hatchery of Macrobrachium vollenhovenii (Herklots, 1857) in a perspective of biological control against human schistosomiasis in tropical area. Journal of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, 5(1), 1 9. https://doi.org/10.15436/2381-0750.19.2019
- Nkambo, M., Mwanja, M., Balirwa, J.S., & Bugenyi, F.W. (2019). Use, production and existence of local Artemia resources in Uganda and Africa: A review. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 9(18), 30-36. https://doi.org/10.7176/JNSR/9-18-04
- Nwosu, F.M., & Wolfi, M. (2006). Population dynamics of the giant African river prawn Macrobrachium vollenhovenii Herklots 1857 (Crustacea, Palaemonidae) in the Cross River estuary, Nigeria. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, 9(1) 1-14. https://doi.org/10.4314/wajae.v9i1.45681
- Rodríguez-Serna, M., Carmona-Osalde, C., & Arredondo Figueroa J.L. (2010). Growth of juvenile crayfish Procambarus llamasi (Villalobos 1955) fed different farm and aquaculture commercial foods. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 22(2):140 148. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454431003736417
- Schoonbee, H.J., Cort, M., Ferreira, J.T., & Visser, J. (1989). Species records of the river prawn Macrobrachium (Decapoda: Natantia: Palaemonidae) from Lake Cubhu, Zululand, Natal. Water South Africa, 15(1), 49-51. https://doi.org/10.10520/AJA03784738_1554
- Soeiro, R.K.S., Rocha, C.P., Maciel, M., Abrunhosa, F.A., & Maciel, C.R. (2016). Relationship between the coastal origin of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum and salinity levels in the hatchery. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 42(3), 691-703. https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2016v42n3p691
- Valencia, D.M., & Campos, M.R. (2007). Freshwater prawns of the genus Macrobrachium Bate, 1868 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae) of Colombia. Zootaxa, 1456(1), 1 44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.176325
- Valenti, W.C., Daniels, W.H., New, M.B., & Correia, E. S. (2010). Hatchery systems and management. In M. Bernard, W.C. Valenti, J.H. Tidwell, L.R. D’Abramo, M.N. Kutty (Eds.), Freshwater Prawns: Biology and Farming, pp. 55–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444314649.ch5
- Van Stappen, G., Sui, L., Hoa, V.N., Tamtin, M., Nyonje, B., de Medeiros Rocha, R., Sorgeloos, P., & Gajardo, G. (2020). Review on integrated production of the brine. Reviews in Aquaculture, 12, 1054-1071. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12371
- Weimin, M., & Xianping, G. (2002). Freshwater prawn culture in China: An overview. Aquaculture Asia, 7(1), 9-12.
- Williams, L.V. (2018). Assessment of the capture and culture potential of two native freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium lar (Fabricius, 1798) and Macrobrachium australe (Guérin-Méneville, 1838) in the Fiji Islands. Master’s thesis, University of South Pacific