Research Article
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Aflatoxin, bacterial and heavy metal load in Scomber scombrus and Clupea harengus from two selected coldroom facilities in Kwara State, Nigeria

Year 2023, Volume: 40 Issue: 3, 201 - 210, 15.09.2023

Oghenebrorhie M. Oghenochuko Rachael O. Kolawole Olasunkanmi P. Olajide Adeyinka O. Agbato

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.40.3.07

Abstract

Impurities found in fish have been a major cause of disease and illness to consumers. This study's objective was to evaluate the total aflatoxin, heavy metal and microbial load in two frozen fish: Scomber scombrus and Clupea harengus from two (2) cold room facilities in Omu-Aran and Ilorin. Heavy metals, aflatoxin and microbial load were investigated using standard methods. Health risk was also determined using health risk index (HRI), daily intake of metals (DIM), and health quotient (HQ), and total toxicity of metals (TTM). Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Mn and Cr did not differ significantly (p>0.05) in both species from both locations. Nickel was lower than the recommended limit by World Health Organization (WHO). Level of Mn and Cr were higher in both species. Mn load was higher in the muscles of the sampled fish than in the gills from September through to November with highest value of 1.26±0.08 and 1.30±0.12 obtained for S. scombrus and C. harengus. Highest concentrations of all metals was observed in the gills except manganese and copper [Cd = 0.03 (S. scombrus), Cr = 1.22±0.13 (S. scombrus), Ni = 0.025±0.04 (S. scombrus), Pb = 0.06±0.02 (S. scombrus)]. HRI was > 1 in the different age groups for the different metals. TTM was > 1 in both species. Total aflatoxin level was higher in the gills (4.25 – 5) ppb than in the muscle (1.5 - 3) ppb for both locations respectively. Vibrio spp. and non-coliform bacteria were high in both species from both locations. The study concludes that heavy metal loads (Mn, Cd, Cu, Cr, and Ni) were more than the permitted limitations imposed by FAO, WHO and EU legislation for fish and fish products placing consumers at health risk.

Keywords

Frozen fish muscle gill heavy metal bacterial load aflatoxin

Ethical Statement

No specific ethical approval was necessary for this study as frozen fish were used

Thanks

The authors acknowledge the efforts of Professor O.B. Akpor of the Department of Biological Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria for his support, and guidance during the study.

References

  • Abubakar, A., Uzairu, A., Ekwumemgbo, P.A., & Okunola, O.J. (2015). Risk assessment of heavy metals in imported frozen fish Scomber scombrus species sold in Nigeria: A case study in Zaria Metropolis. Advances in Toxicology, 11 p. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/303245
  • Adedire, C.O., Adeyemi, J.A., Owokoniran, G.O., Adu, B.W., & Ileke, K.D. (2021). Effects of application of copper-based fungicides in cocoa plantations on the abundance and diversity of macroinvertebrates in adjacent rivers in Southwestern Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science, 23(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v23i2.1
  • Ahmad, S., Ärnlöv, J., & Larsson, S.C. (2022). Genetically Predicted circulating copper and risk of chronic kidney disease: A mendelian randomization study. Nutrients, 14(3), 509. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030509
  • Ahmed, Q., Bat, L., Yousuf, F., Ali, Q.M., & Nazim, K. (2015). Accumulation of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr) in tissues of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Family-Scombridae) fish marketed by Karachi Fish Harbor. Open Biological Sciences Journal, 1, 20-28. https://doi.org/10.2174/2352633501501010020
  • Amuneke, K.E., Igbodiegwu, G.C., Okeke, P.A., & Adibe, A.C. (2020). Bacteriological profile of selected fish species and water sample from Otuocha River Anambra State. Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 2015(1), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.4314/jafs.v18i1.2
  • Anzecc, & Armcanz (2000). Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality - Aquatic Ecosystems - Rationale and Background Information- Volume 2. Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council, Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand. 314 p
  • Avrameas, S. (1969). Coupling of enzymes to proteins with glutaraldehyde. Use of the conjugates for the detection of antigens and antibodies. Immunochemistry, 6(1), 43 48. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019 2791(69)90177-3
  • Azizi, G.I., & Rouhi, S. (2013). The comparison of total fumonisin and total aflatoxin levels in biscuit and cookie samples in Babol City, Northern Iran. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 42(4), 422-427.
  • Barrow, G., & Feltham, R. (1993). Cowan and Steel's Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria (3rd Ed.). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 319 p. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511527104
  • Benzer, S., Arslan, H., Uzel, N., Gül, A., & Yilmaz, M. (2013). Concentrations of metals in water, sediment and tissues of Cyprinus carpio L., 1758 from Mogan Lake (Turkey). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 12(1), 45 - 55.
  • Bintsis, T. (2017). Foodborne pathogens. AIMS Microbiology, 3(3), 529–563. https://doi.org/10.3934/microbiol.2017.3.529
  • Boyd, C.E., McNevin, A.A., & Davis, R.P. (2022). The contribution of fisheries and aquaculture to the global protein supply. Food Security, 14, 805–827. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01246-9
  • Commission of the European Communities (2001). Commission Regulation (EC) No. 466/2001 of 8 March 2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Communities, OJ L 77, 1 p.
  • Dawodu, O.G., Akanbi, R.B. (2021) Isolation and identification of microorganisms associated with automated teller machines on Federal Polytechnic Ede campus. PLoS ONE, 16(8):,e0254658. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0254658
  • Dhakal, A., Hashmi, M.F., & Sbar, E. (2022). Aflatoxin Toxicity. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557781/
  • FAO. (2022). The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Towards Blue Transformation. Rome, FAO. 266 p. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0461en
  • Frías-Espericueta, M.G., Zamora-Sarabia, F.K.G., Osuna-López, J.I., Muy-Rangel, M.D., Rubio-Carrasco, W., Aguilar-Juárez, M., & Voltolina, D. (2014). Cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc contents of fish marketed in NW Mexico. The Scientific World Journal, 4 p. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/546897
  • Hothem, R.L., Bergen, D.R., Bauer, M.L., Crayon, J.J., & Meckstroth, A.M. (2007). Mercury and trace elements in crayfish from northern California. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 79, 628–632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-007-9304-6
  • Kareem, O.K., Orisasona, O., & Olanrewaju, A.N. (2016). Determination of heavy metal levels in some commonly consumed frozen fish in Ibadan, Southwest, Nigeria. Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology, 10(1), 82-87. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjet.2016.82.87
  • Khan, S., Shah, I.A., Muhammad, S., Malik, R.N., & Shah, M.T. (2015). Arsenic and heavy metal concentrations in drinking water in Pakistan and risk assessment: A case study. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 21(4), 1020-1031. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2014.950925
  • Ogundiran, M.A., Adewoye, S.O., Ayandiran, T.A., & Dahunsi, S.O. (2014). Heavy metal, proximate and microbial profile of some selected commercial marine fish collected from two markets in south western Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 13(10), 1147-1153. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2013.13240
  • Ogur, S. (2022). Pathogenic bacteria load and safety of retail marine fish. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 82, e262735. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.262735
  • Okunola, O.J., Alhassan, Y., Yebpella, G.G., Uzairu, A., Tsafe, A.I., Abechi, E.S., & Apene, E.(2011). Risk assessment of using coated mobile recharge cards in Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 3(4), 80-85.
  • Olalekan, R.M., Adedoyin, O., & Odubo, T.V. (2019). Measures of harm from heavy metal contents (lead and cadmium) in women’s lipstick and lipgloss in Yenagoa Metropolis, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2(3), 236-242. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3326545
  • Sanjee, S. Al, & Karim, M.E. (2016). Microbiological quality assessment of frozen fish and fish processing materials from Bangladesh. International Journal of Food Science, 2016(ID 8605689), 6 p. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8605689
  • Simpson, V.B., & Uche, A. (2019). Elemental study of common iced fish species sold in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, 10(1), 31 42. https://doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2019/v10i130094
  • Skovgaard, N. (2003). Safety and quality issues in fish processing. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 85(1–2), 204-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1605(02)00488-9
  • Taiwo, I.O., Olopade, O.A., & Bamidele, N.A. (2021). Microbial load of some imported frozen fish species in Lagos, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 44(3), 152-160. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i3.756
  • Trumbo, P., Yates, A.A., Schlicker, S., & Poos, M. (2001). Dietary reference intakes: vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 101(3), 294-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00078-5
  • Wittman, R.J., & Flick, G.J. (1995). Microbial contamination of shellfish: Prevalence, risk to human health, and control strategies. Annual Review of Public Health, 16, 123 140. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pu.16.050195.001011

Nijerya Kwara eyaletinde seçilmiş iki soğuk oda işletmesinde Scomber scombrus ve Clupea harengus’taki aflatoksin, bakteri ve ağır metal birikimi

Year 2023, Volume: 40 Issue: 3, 201 - 210, 15.09.2023

Oghenebrorhie M. Oghenochuko Rachael O. Kolawole Olasunkanmi P. Olajide Adeyinka O. Agbato

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.40.3.07

Abstract

References

  • Abubakar, A., Uzairu, A., Ekwumemgbo, P.A., & Okunola, O.J. (2015). Risk assessment of heavy metals in imported frozen fish Scomber scombrus species sold in Nigeria: A case study in Zaria Metropolis. Advances in Toxicology, 11 p. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/303245
  • Adedire, C.O., Adeyemi, J.A., Owokoniran, G.O., Adu, B.W., & Ileke, K.D. (2021). Effects of application of copper-based fungicides in cocoa plantations on the abundance and diversity of macroinvertebrates in adjacent rivers in Southwestern Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science, 23(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v23i2.1
  • Ahmad, S., Ärnlöv, J., & Larsson, S.C. (2022). Genetically Predicted circulating copper and risk of chronic kidney disease: A mendelian randomization study. Nutrients, 14(3), 509. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030509
  • Ahmed, Q., Bat, L., Yousuf, F., Ali, Q.M., & Nazim, K. (2015). Accumulation of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr) in tissues of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Family-Scombridae) fish marketed by Karachi Fish Harbor. Open Biological Sciences Journal, 1, 20-28. https://doi.org/10.2174/2352633501501010020
  • Amuneke, K.E., Igbodiegwu, G.C., Okeke, P.A., & Adibe, A.C. (2020). Bacteriological profile of selected fish species and water sample from Otuocha River Anambra State. Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 2015(1), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.4314/jafs.v18i1.2
  • Anzecc, & Armcanz (2000). Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality - Aquatic Ecosystems - Rationale and Background Information- Volume 2. Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council, Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand. 314 p
  • Avrameas, S. (1969). Coupling of enzymes to proteins with glutaraldehyde. Use of the conjugates for the detection of antigens and antibodies. Immunochemistry, 6(1), 43 48. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019 2791(69)90177-3
  • Azizi, G.I., & Rouhi, S. (2013). The comparison of total fumonisin and total aflatoxin levels in biscuit and cookie samples in Babol City, Northern Iran. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 42(4), 422-427.
  • Barrow, G., & Feltham, R. (1993). Cowan and Steel's Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria (3rd Ed.). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 319 p. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511527104
  • Benzer, S., Arslan, H., Uzel, N., Gül, A., & Yilmaz, M. (2013). Concentrations of metals in water, sediment and tissues of Cyprinus carpio L., 1758 from Mogan Lake (Turkey). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 12(1), 45 - 55.
  • Bintsis, T. (2017). Foodborne pathogens. AIMS Microbiology, 3(3), 529–563. https://doi.org/10.3934/microbiol.2017.3.529
  • Boyd, C.E., McNevin, A.A., & Davis, R.P. (2022). The contribution of fisheries and aquaculture to the global protein supply. Food Security, 14, 805–827. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01246-9
  • Commission of the European Communities (2001). Commission Regulation (EC) No. 466/2001 of 8 March 2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Communities, OJ L 77, 1 p.
  • Dawodu, O.G., Akanbi, R.B. (2021) Isolation and identification of microorganisms associated with automated teller machines on Federal Polytechnic Ede campus. PLoS ONE, 16(8):,e0254658. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0254658
  • Dhakal, A., Hashmi, M.F., & Sbar, E. (2022). Aflatoxin Toxicity. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557781/
  • FAO. (2022). The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Towards Blue Transformation. Rome, FAO. 266 p. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0461en
  • Frías-Espericueta, M.G., Zamora-Sarabia, F.K.G., Osuna-López, J.I., Muy-Rangel, M.D., Rubio-Carrasco, W., Aguilar-Juárez, M., & Voltolina, D. (2014). Cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc contents of fish marketed in NW Mexico. The Scientific World Journal, 4 p. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/546897
  • Hothem, R.L., Bergen, D.R., Bauer, M.L., Crayon, J.J., & Meckstroth, A.M. (2007). Mercury and trace elements in crayfish from northern California. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 79, 628–632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-007-9304-6
  • Kareem, O.K., Orisasona, O., & Olanrewaju, A.N. (2016). Determination of heavy metal levels in some commonly consumed frozen fish in Ibadan, Southwest, Nigeria. Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology, 10(1), 82-87. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjet.2016.82.87
  • Khan, S., Shah, I.A., Muhammad, S., Malik, R.N., & Shah, M.T. (2015). Arsenic and heavy metal concentrations in drinking water in Pakistan and risk assessment: A case study. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 21(4), 1020-1031. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2014.950925
  • Ogundiran, M.A., Adewoye, S.O., Ayandiran, T.A., & Dahunsi, S.O. (2014). Heavy metal, proximate and microbial profile of some selected commercial marine fish collected from two markets in south western Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 13(10), 1147-1153. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2013.13240
  • Ogur, S. (2022). Pathogenic bacteria load and safety of retail marine fish. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 82, e262735. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.262735
  • Okunola, O.J., Alhassan, Y., Yebpella, G.G., Uzairu, A., Tsafe, A.I., Abechi, E.S., & Apene, E.(2011). Risk assessment of using coated mobile recharge cards in Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 3(4), 80-85.
  • Olalekan, R.M., Adedoyin, O., & Odubo, T.V. (2019). Measures of harm from heavy metal contents (lead and cadmium) in women’s lipstick and lipgloss in Yenagoa Metropolis, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2(3), 236-242. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3326545
  • Sanjee, S. Al, & Karim, M.E. (2016). Microbiological quality assessment of frozen fish and fish processing materials from Bangladesh. International Journal of Food Science, 2016(ID 8605689), 6 p. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8605689
  • Simpson, V.B., & Uche, A. (2019). Elemental study of common iced fish species sold in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, 10(1), 31 42. https://doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2019/v10i130094
  • Skovgaard, N. (2003). Safety and quality issues in fish processing. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 85(1–2), 204-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1605(02)00488-9
  • Taiwo, I.O., Olopade, O.A., & Bamidele, N.A. (2021). Microbial load of some imported frozen fish species in Lagos, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 44(3), 152-160. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i3.756
  • Trumbo, P., Yates, A.A., Schlicker, S., & Poos, M. (2001). Dietary reference intakes: vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 101(3), 294-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00078-5
  • Wittman, R.J., & Flick, G.J. (1995). Microbial contamination of shellfish: Prevalence, risk to human health, and control strategies. Annual Review of Public Health, 16, 123 140. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pu.16.050195.001011
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Hydrobiology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Oghenebrorhie M. Oghenochuko 0000-0002-4622-3950

Rachael O. Kolawole 0000-0002-5029-7530

Olasunkanmi P. Olajide 0000-0003-2195-6848

Adeyinka O. Agbato 0009-0002-5767-0745

Early Pub Date September 6, 2023
Publication Date September 15, 2023
Submission Date March 7, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023Volume: 40 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Oghenochuko, O. M., Kolawole, R. O., Olajide, O. P., Agbato, A. O. (2023). Aflatoxin, bacterial and heavy metal load in Scomber scombrus and Clupea harengus from two selected coldroom facilities in Kwara State, Nigeria. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 40(3), 201-210. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.40.3.07