Research Article
Laktasyondaki Süt Sığırlarına Yapay Yonca (Medicago sativa L.) Merasında Otlatmanın Süt Mineralleri, KLA ve Yağ Asit Düzeylerine Etkisi
Abstract
Ruminant hayvanların beslenmesinde taze yonca kullanımı gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Toplam Rasyon Karışımı (TMR) ile beslenen inekler ile taze yonca ve ticari kesif yem (2.7 Mcal/kg %21 ham proteinli) beslenen ineklerin süt mineral ve yağ asit düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. 24 adet Holstein ineği iki gruba ayrıldı. Birinci grup (TMR Grubu) TMR ile beslendi. TMR içeriği; arpa, ticari kesif yemi, mısır silajı, saman, kuru yonca otundan oluşmaktadır. İkinci grup (Yonca Grubu) ise temel olarak yapay yonca merası ile beslenmesinin yanı sıra arpa ve ticari kesif yemle beslendi. İnek süt örnekleri, yapay yonca merasından toplanan yonca bitkisinin element ve yağ asit düzeyleri, İndüklenmiş Eşleşmiş Plazma Kütle Spektrofotometresi (ICP-MS) ve Gaz Kromatografisi (GC) cihazları kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. TMR Grubu’nun süt kalsiyum (Ca), fosfor (P) ve çinko (Zn) düzeyleri Yonca Grubu’ndaki inek sütlerinden düşük çıktığı tespit edildi. Yonca Grubu’nun süt yağ asitlerinden kaprylik asit (8:0) ve myristik asit (14:0) düzeyleri TMR Grubu’na göre düşük çıkarken; myristoleik asit (14:1), cis-11-eicosenoik asit (20:1n9c), gamma-linolenik asit (18:3n6), cis-8,11,14-eikosatrienoik asit (20:3n6), cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoik asit (20:5n3), KLAc9t11 ve KLAt10c12 yağ asit düzeyleri yüksek çıktığı gözlendi (p<0.05). Yonca bitkisinde majör yağ asidi olarak alfa-linolenik asit (18:3n3) %14.482, linoleik asit (18:2n6c) %4.528, palmitik asit (16:0) %9.551 ve stearik asit (18:0) %29.788 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yonca bitkisi Ca 8167 mg/kg, P 951 mg/kg, mangan (Mn) 14.16 mg/kg, Zn 4.25 mg/kg ve demir (Fe) 143 mg/kg düzeylerinde belirlendi. Bu çalışmada, yonca bitkisi içeriğinde yüksek oranda 18:3n3 yağ asidi tespiti yapıldı. İleriki çalışmalar için, ineklerin Rumen biyohidrojenasyonunda 18:3n3 yağ asidinin KLA metabolizması üzerine etkilerini konu alacak araştırmalarda, bu araştırmanın öncü olabileceğini düşünmekteyiz. Sonuç olarak, yonca ile beslenen ineklerin element ve yağ asit düzeylerine pozitif yönde etkileri olduğu düşünülmektedir.
Supporting Institution
Bu çalışma Adıyaman Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından KMYOMAP/2015-0002 numaralı proje ile desteklenmiştir.
Project Number
KMYOMAP/2015-0002
Thanks
Bu çalışma Adıyaman Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi
References
- Appel, L.J., Miller, E.R., Seidler, A.J., & Whelton, P.K. (1993). Does supplementation of diet with “fish oil” reduce blood pressure? A metaanalysis of controlled clinical trials. Archives of Internal Medicine, 153(12), 1429–1438.
- Bemelmans, W.J.E., Broer, J., Feskens, E.J.M., Smit, A.J., Frits, A.M.J., Lefrandt, J.D.,… Jong, B.M., (2002). Effect of an increased intake of α-linolenic acid and group nutritional education on cardiovascular risk factors: the Mediterranean Alpha-linolenic Enriched Groningen Dietary Intervention (MARGARIN) study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75(2), 221-227.
- Cangiano, C.A., Castillo, A.R., Guerrero, J.N., &Putnam, D.H. (2008). Alfa Grazing Management, Irrigated Alfalfa Management for Mediterranean and Desert Zones. University of California, Division of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Publication 8304 (2), Chapter 18
- Cao, A.H, Yu, L., Wang, Y.W., Wang, G.J., &Lei, G.F, (2013). Composition of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) in different encephalic regions and its association with behavior in spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR). Brain Research, 1528, 49-57.
- Castillo, A.R., Taverna, M.A., Aaez, P. R., Catrın, A., Colombatto, D., Bargo, F., Drackley, J. K. (2006). Fatty acid composition of milk from dairy cows fed fresh alfalfa based diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 131, 241-254.
- Chaturvedi, U.C., Shrivasta, R., & Upreti, R.K. (2004). Viral infections and trace element: a complex interaction. Current Science, 87(11), 1536-1554.
- Christie, W.W. (1989). Gas chromatography and lipids: a practical guide. Ayr, Scotland, The Oily Press, 307 pp.
- Claeys, W.L., Cardoen, S., Daube, G., Block, J.D., Dewettinck, K., Dierick, K., Herman, L. (2013). Raw or heated cow milk consumption: Review of risks and benefits, Food Control, (31), 251-262.
- Claeys, W.L., Verraes, C., Cardoen, S., De Block, J., Huyghebaert, A., Raes, K., … Herman, L. (2014). Consumption of raw or heated milk from different species: An evaluation of the nutritional and potential health benefits. Food Control, 42, 188-201.
- De Lorgeril, M., Salen, P., Martin, J.L., Monjaud, I., Delaye, J., & Mamelle, N. (1999). Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction. Final report of the lyon diet heart study. Circulation, 99(6), 779–785.
- Emsley, J. (2011). Nature’s building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements. Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press, 699 pp.
- Espinoza, J.E., Mcdowell, L.R., Wilkinson, N.S., Conrad, J.H., &Martin, F.G. (1991). Forage and soil mineral concentrations over a 3 years period in a warm climate region of central Florida. II. Trace minerals. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 3(1), 3-10.
- Hara, A., & Radin, N.S. (1978). Lipid extraction of tissues with a low-toxicity solvent. Analytical Biochemistry, 90, 420-426.
- Harris, W.S., Kris-Etherton, P.M., & Harris, K.A. (2008). Intakes of longchain omega-3 fatty acid associated with reduced risk for death from coronary heart disease in healthy adults. Current atherosclerosis reports, 10(6), 503-9.
- Izumi, Y., An, J.K., Kobayashi, Y., &Tanaka, K. (2002). Effects of fresh grass feeding on the formation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and vaccenic acid (trans-11C18:1) in the rumen. Proceedings of Japanese Society for Rumen Metabolism and Physiology, 15, 43–46.
- İnanç, N. (2006). Konjuge linoleik asit: obezitede etkileri. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(2), 137-141.
- Kalac, P., & Samkova, E. (2010). The effects of feeding various forages on fatty acid composition of bovine milk fat: A review. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 55(12), 521-37. Kelly, G.S. (2001). Conjugated linoleic acid: a review. Alternative Medicine Review, 6(4), 367- 82.
- Kurban, S., & Mehmetoğlu, İ. (2006). Konjuge linoleik asit metabolizması ve fizyolojik etkileri. Türk Klinik Biyokimya Dergisi, 4(2), 89-100.
- Li, D., & Hu, X. (2009). Fish and its multiple human health effects in times of threat to sustainability and affordability: are there alternatives? Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 18(4), 553–563.
- Markovic, J., Strbanovic, R., Cvetkovic, M., Andelkovic, B., & Zivkovic, B. (2009). Effects of Growth Stage on the Mineral Concentratıons in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Leaf, Stem and the Whole Plant. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 25(5-6), 1225-1231.
- Mcdowell, L.R. (1996). Feeding minerals to cattle on pasture. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 60, 247-271.
- Mensink, R.P., Zock, P.L., Kester, A.D., & Katan M.B. (2003). Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 77(5), 1146-55.
- National Research Council (NRC). (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 2001. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/9825.
- Pereira, P.C. (2014). Milk nutritional composition and its role in human health. Nutrition, 30, 619-627.
- Pinchak, W.E., Greene L.W., & Heitschmidt, R.K. (1989). Mineral dynamics in beef cattle diets from a southern mixed-grass prairie. Journal of Range Management, 42(5), 431-433.
- Ribeiro, C.V.D.M., Karnati, S.K.R., & Eastridge, M.L. (2005). Biohydrogenation of Fatty Acids and Digestibility of Fresh Alfalfa or Alfalfa Hay Plus Sucrose in Continuous Culture. Journal of Dairy Science, 88(11), 4007-4017.
- Sahin, Z., Ozkaya, A., Uckun, M., Yologlu, E., Kuzu, Comakli, V., Demirdag, R., Tel, A.Z., Aymelek, F.F., & Yologlu, S. (2019). Evaluation of the effects of Cyclotrichium niveum on brain acetylcholinesterase activity and oxidative stress in male rats orally exposed to lead acetate. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 65(5), 3-8. doi: 10.14715/cmb/2019.65.5.2
- Schroeder, G.F, Delahoy, J.E., Vidaurreta, I., Bargo, F., Gagliostro J.A., & Muller, L.M. (2003). Milk fatty acid composition of cows fed a total mixed ration or pasture plus concentrates replacing corn with fat. Journal of Dairy Science, 86, 3237–3248.
- Selvaraju, R., Raman, R.G., Narayanaswamy, R., Valliappan, R., & Baskaran, R. (2009). Trace element analysis in hepatitis B affected human blood serum by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Romanian Journal of Biophysics, 19, 35–42.
- Sezer, Ç., Aksoy, H.A., Üstün, G., & Tüter, M. (2011). Incorporation of conjugated linoleic acid into corn oil: optimization by response surface methodology. s. 185. 9th Euro Fed Lipid Congress, 18-21 September, Rotterdam, Nederlands.
- Steffens, W., & Wirth, M. (2005). Fresh water fish-an important source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: a review. Archives of Polish Fisheries, 13, 5–16.
- Sucak, M.G., Kara, U., Özkaya, A., Şahan, Z., & Serbester, U. (2016). Laktasyondaki Süt İneklerinin Kış Sezonunda Yonca (Medicago sativa) ile Oluşturulmuş Yapay Merada ad libitum Beslenmesinin Süt Kompozisyonu, Kan Profili ve Üreme Faaliyetleri Üzerine Etkisi. 1. Uluslararası Hayvan Besleme Kongresi, 28 Eylül–1 Ekim 2016. Antalya, Türkiye, pp 331.
- Tanaka, K., (2005). Occurrence of conjugated linoleic acid in ruminant products and its physiological functions. Animal Sci. J., 76, 291-303.
- Volesky, J.D., & Anderson, B.E., (2010). Grazing Alfalfa. Retrieved from http://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/9000016367413/grazing-alfalfa/
- Wahle, K.W., Heys, S.D., & Rotondo, D. (2004). Conjugated linoleic acids: are they beneficial or detrimental to health? Progress in Lipid Research, 43, 553-587.
- Wang, Y., & Jones, P.J., (2004). Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and body composition. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79, 1153-1158.
- Yücel, S., Özçimen, D., & Tatlı, A., (2011). Benefical health effects of conjugated linoleic acids. s. 227. 9th Euro Fed Lipid Congress, 18-21 September, Rotterdam, Nederlands.
The Effect of Grazing Dairy Cattle with Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on Milk Minerals, CLA, and Fatty Acid Levels
Abstract
Grazing Alfalfa in the nutrition of ruminant animals has been increasing day by day. In this study, it was aimed to compare milk mineral and fatty acid levels of cows fed with Total Ration Mix (TMR) and cows fed with fresh alfalfa and commercial concentrate feed (2.7 Mcal/kg %21 crude protein). 24 Holstein cows were divided into two groups. The first group (TMR Group) was fed with TMR. TMR content involves barley, commercial concentrate feed (2.7 Mcal/kg %21 crude protein), corn silage, straw, and dry alfalfa. The second group (Aflalfa Group) was mainly fed with artificial alfalfa pasture as well as barley and commercial concentrate feed. The element and fatty acid levels of alfalfa plant samples from artificial alfalfa pasture and milk samples were determined by using Induced Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrophotometry (ICP-MS) and Gas Chromatography (GC) devices. TMR Group's milk calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn) levels were found to be lower than cow's milk in Alfalfa Group. It was observed that while the caprylic acid (8:0) and myristic acid (14:0) levels of the Alfalfa Group were lower than the TMR Group; myristoleic acid (14:1), cis-11-eicosenoic acid (20:1n9c), gamma-linolenic acid (18:3n6), cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (20:3n6), cis-5, 8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n3), KLAc9t11 and KLAt10c12 fatty acid levels were high (p <0.05). Alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n3) 14.482%, linoleic acid (18:2n6c) 4.528%, palmitic acid (16:0) 9.551% and stearic acid (18:0) 29.788% were found to be major fatty acids in alfalfa plants. The alfalfa plant was determined at levels of Ca 8167 mg/kg, P 951 mg/kg, manganese (Mn) 14.16 mg/kg, Zn 4.25 mg/kg and iron (Fe) 143 mg/kg. In this study, a high rate of 18:3n3 fatty acids were detected in the alfalfa plant content. For further studies, we think that this study may be a pioneer in the research on the effects of 18:3n3 fatty acid on CLA metabolism in rumen biohydrogenation of cows. As a result, alfalfa is considered to have positive effects on element and fatty acid levels.
Project Number
KMYOMAP/2015-0002
References
- Appel, L.J., Miller, E.R., Seidler, A.J., & Whelton, P.K. (1993). Does supplementation of diet with “fish oil” reduce blood pressure? A metaanalysis of controlled clinical trials. Archives of Internal Medicine, 153(12), 1429–1438.
- Bemelmans, W.J.E., Broer, J., Feskens, E.J.M., Smit, A.J., Frits, A.M.J., Lefrandt, J.D.,… Jong, B.M., (2002). Effect of an increased intake of α-linolenic acid and group nutritional education on cardiovascular risk factors: the Mediterranean Alpha-linolenic Enriched Groningen Dietary Intervention (MARGARIN) study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75(2), 221-227.
- Cangiano, C.A., Castillo, A.R., Guerrero, J.N., &Putnam, D.H. (2008). Alfa Grazing Management, Irrigated Alfalfa Management for Mediterranean and Desert Zones. University of California, Division of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Publication 8304 (2), Chapter 18
- Cao, A.H, Yu, L., Wang, Y.W., Wang, G.J., &Lei, G.F, (2013). Composition of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) in different encephalic regions and its association with behavior in spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR). Brain Research, 1528, 49-57.
- Castillo, A.R., Taverna, M.A., Aaez, P. R., Catrın, A., Colombatto, D., Bargo, F., Drackley, J. K. (2006). Fatty acid composition of milk from dairy cows fed fresh alfalfa based diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 131, 241-254.
- Chaturvedi, U.C., Shrivasta, R., & Upreti, R.K. (2004). Viral infections and trace element: a complex interaction. Current Science, 87(11), 1536-1554.
- Christie, W.W. (1989). Gas chromatography and lipids: a practical guide. Ayr, Scotland, The Oily Press, 307 pp.
- Claeys, W.L., Cardoen, S., Daube, G., Block, J.D., Dewettinck, K., Dierick, K., Herman, L. (2013). Raw or heated cow milk consumption: Review of risks and benefits, Food Control, (31), 251-262.
- Claeys, W.L., Verraes, C., Cardoen, S., De Block, J., Huyghebaert, A., Raes, K., … Herman, L. (2014). Consumption of raw or heated milk from different species: An evaluation of the nutritional and potential health benefits. Food Control, 42, 188-201.
- De Lorgeril, M., Salen, P., Martin, J.L., Monjaud, I., Delaye, J., & Mamelle, N. (1999). Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction. Final report of the lyon diet heart study. Circulation, 99(6), 779–785.
- Emsley, J. (2011). Nature’s building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements. Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press, 699 pp.
- Espinoza, J.E., Mcdowell, L.R., Wilkinson, N.S., Conrad, J.H., &Martin, F.G. (1991). Forage and soil mineral concentrations over a 3 years period in a warm climate region of central Florida. II. Trace minerals. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 3(1), 3-10.
- Hara, A., & Radin, N.S. (1978). Lipid extraction of tissues with a low-toxicity solvent. Analytical Biochemistry, 90, 420-426.
- Harris, W.S., Kris-Etherton, P.M., & Harris, K.A. (2008). Intakes of longchain omega-3 fatty acid associated with reduced risk for death from coronary heart disease in healthy adults. Current atherosclerosis reports, 10(6), 503-9.
- Izumi, Y., An, J.K., Kobayashi, Y., &Tanaka, K. (2002). Effects of fresh grass feeding on the formation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and vaccenic acid (trans-11C18:1) in the rumen. Proceedings of Japanese Society for Rumen Metabolism and Physiology, 15, 43–46.
- İnanç, N. (2006). Konjuge linoleik asit: obezitede etkileri. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(2), 137-141.
- Kalac, P., & Samkova, E. (2010). The effects of feeding various forages on fatty acid composition of bovine milk fat: A review. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 55(12), 521-37. Kelly, G.S. (2001). Conjugated linoleic acid: a review. Alternative Medicine Review, 6(4), 367- 82.
- Kurban, S., & Mehmetoğlu, İ. (2006). Konjuge linoleik asit metabolizması ve fizyolojik etkileri. Türk Klinik Biyokimya Dergisi, 4(2), 89-100.
- Li, D., & Hu, X. (2009). Fish and its multiple human health effects in times of threat to sustainability and affordability: are there alternatives? Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 18(4), 553–563.
- Markovic, J., Strbanovic, R., Cvetkovic, M., Andelkovic, B., & Zivkovic, B. (2009). Effects of Growth Stage on the Mineral Concentratıons in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Leaf, Stem and the Whole Plant. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 25(5-6), 1225-1231.
- Mcdowell, L.R. (1996). Feeding minerals to cattle on pasture. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 60, 247-271.
- Mensink, R.P., Zock, P.L., Kester, A.D., & Katan M.B. (2003). Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 77(5), 1146-55.
- National Research Council (NRC). (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 2001. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/9825.
- Pereira, P.C. (2014). Milk nutritional composition and its role in human health. Nutrition, 30, 619-627.
- Pinchak, W.E., Greene L.W., & Heitschmidt, R.K. (1989). Mineral dynamics in beef cattle diets from a southern mixed-grass prairie. Journal of Range Management, 42(5), 431-433.
- Ribeiro, C.V.D.M., Karnati, S.K.R., & Eastridge, M.L. (2005). Biohydrogenation of Fatty Acids and Digestibility of Fresh Alfalfa or Alfalfa Hay Plus Sucrose in Continuous Culture. Journal of Dairy Science, 88(11), 4007-4017.
- Sahin, Z., Ozkaya, A., Uckun, M., Yologlu, E., Kuzu, Comakli, V., Demirdag, R., Tel, A.Z., Aymelek, F.F., & Yologlu, S. (2019). Evaluation of the effects of Cyclotrichium niveum on brain acetylcholinesterase activity and oxidative stress in male rats orally exposed to lead acetate. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 65(5), 3-8. doi: 10.14715/cmb/2019.65.5.2
- Schroeder, G.F, Delahoy, J.E., Vidaurreta, I., Bargo, F., Gagliostro J.A., & Muller, L.M. (2003). Milk fatty acid composition of cows fed a total mixed ration or pasture plus concentrates replacing corn with fat. Journal of Dairy Science, 86, 3237–3248.
- Selvaraju, R., Raman, R.G., Narayanaswamy, R., Valliappan, R., & Baskaran, R. (2009). Trace element analysis in hepatitis B affected human blood serum by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Romanian Journal of Biophysics, 19, 35–42.
- Sezer, Ç., Aksoy, H.A., Üstün, G., & Tüter, M. (2011). Incorporation of conjugated linoleic acid into corn oil: optimization by response surface methodology. s. 185. 9th Euro Fed Lipid Congress, 18-21 September, Rotterdam, Nederlands.
- Steffens, W., & Wirth, M. (2005). Fresh water fish-an important source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: a review. Archives of Polish Fisheries, 13, 5–16.
- Sucak, M.G., Kara, U., Özkaya, A., Şahan, Z., & Serbester, U. (2016). Laktasyondaki Süt İneklerinin Kış Sezonunda Yonca (Medicago sativa) ile Oluşturulmuş Yapay Merada ad libitum Beslenmesinin Süt Kompozisyonu, Kan Profili ve Üreme Faaliyetleri Üzerine Etkisi. 1. Uluslararası Hayvan Besleme Kongresi, 28 Eylül–1 Ekim 2016. Antalya, Türkiye, pp 331.
- Tanaka, K., (2005). Occurrence of conjugated linoleic acid in ruminant products and its physiological functions. Animal Sci. J., 76, 291-303.
- Volesky, J.D., & Anderson, B.E., (2010). Grazing Alfalfa. Retrieved from http://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/9000016367413/grazing-alfalfa/
- Wahle, K.W., Heys, S.D., & Rotondo, D. (2004). Conjugated linoleic acids: are they beneficial or detrimental to health? Progress in Lipid Research, 43, 553-587.
- Wang, Y., & Jones, P.J., (2004). Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and body composition. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79, 1153-1158.
- Yücel, S., Özçimen, D., & Tatlı, A., (2011). Benefical health effects of conjugated linoleic acids. s. 227. 9th Euro Fed Lipid Congress, 18-21 September, Rotterdam, Nederlands.
There are 37 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Structural Biology |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | KMYOMAP/2015-0002 |
| Publication Date | June 29, 2020 |
| Submission Date | February 20, 2020 |
| Acceptance Date | March 31, 2020 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2020 Volume: 4 Issue: 1 |
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