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Tatlısu Ekosistemlerinde Mikroplastik Kirliliği: Türkiye'den bir örnek çalışma

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 3, 213 - 221, 15.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.37.3.02

Öz



Mikroplastik kirliliği son yıllarda hızlı bir şekilde artış göstermiştir ve yeni ortaya çıkan tehditlerden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Ancak mikroplastik kirliliğinin sucul ekosistemlerdeki boyutları henüz tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Az sayıda mevcut olan çalışmanın büyük bir çoğunluğu denizel ekosistemlerde gerçekleştirilmiştir ve tatlı su alanında yapılan çalışma sayısı çok sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye tatlı su ekosistemlerinde mikroplastik kirliliğinin detaylı olarak araştırıldığı ilk çalışmadır. Çalışmada Cevdet Dündar Göleti (Yozgat/Türkiye) yüzey suyundan alınan örneklerinde mikroplastik (<5 mm) kirliliği araştırılmıştır. 5 farklı istasyondan yüzeyden alınan su örnekleri (150 L) yoğunluğa bağlı ayırma yöntemi kullanılarak ayrıştırılmıştır. Partiküller hem görsel olarak hem spektrofotometrik (-Raman) yöntemler kullanılarak incelenmiştir. İstasyon ortalamalarına göre gölet suyunun 1m3’ünde ortalama 233 mikroplastik parçacığı bulunmaktadır. Mikroplastik kirliliğinin en fazla gözlemlendiği boyut aralığı 100-250 m (%56) dur. En yaygın gözlemlenen mikroplastik çeşidi ve rengi ise sırası ile fiber (%91) ve mavi (%36) renk olarak tespit edilmiştir. -Raman analiz sonuçlarına göre en yaygın gözlemlenen mikroplastik türevleri ise polipropilen (%50) ve polietilendir (%40). Nispeten insan etkisinin az olduğu çalışma alanında mikroplastik kirliliğinin gözlemlenmesi mikroplastik kirliliğinin varlığını ortaya çıkarmaktadır.




Kaynakça

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Microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems: A case study from Turkey

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 3, 213 - 221, 15.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.37.3.02

Öz



Microplastic pollution has increased rapidly over recent decades and accepted as an emerging thread. However, the effects and dimensions of microplastic pollution on aquatic ecosystems have not been fully understood yet. Most of these few studies have been carried out in marine ecosystems and the number of studies on freshwater are very limited. This is the first study represents a detailed investigation of microplastic pollution in a freshwater body in Turkey. In this study, microplastic (<5 mm) pollution level of surface water samples taken from Cevdet Pond (Yozgat/Turkey) was investigated. Water samples (150 L) were taken from 5 stations and microplastic particles were extracted via density separation method. Random particles were examined both visually and spectrophotometrically (-Raman). According to station averages, there were 233 microplastic particles in 1 m3 of the pond water. Highest number of MP particles observed in 100-250 m (56%) size class. Most abundant microplastic type and colour are fiber (91%) and blue (36%) respectively. Polypropylene (50%) and polyethylene (40%) were the most abundant type of polymers according to -Raman analysis. The presence of microplastic pollution in an area where human impact is relatively low, indicates the prevalence of microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems. 


Kaynakça

  • Andrady, A. L. (2011). Microplastics in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(8), 1596–1605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030
  • Anger, P. M., von der Esch, E., Baumann, T., Elsner, M., Niessner, R., & Ivleva, N. P. (2018). Raman microspectroscopy as a tool for microplastic particle analysis. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 109, 214–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.010
  • Arthur, C., Baker, J., Bamford, H., Zarfl, C., Fleet, D., Fries, E., … A, A.-Z. L. (2009). Proceedings of the International Research Workshop on the Occurrence , Effects , and Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris. Sept 9-11, 2008. (January), 530. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081073029000174
  • Auta, H. S., Emenike, C. U., & Fauziah, S. H. (2017). Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environmentA review of the sources, fate, effects, and potential solutions. Environment International, 102, 165–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.013
  • Avio, C. G., Gorbi, S., Milan, M., Benedetti, M., Fattorini, D., D’Errico, G., … Regoli, F. (2015). Pollutants bioavailability and toxicological risk from microplastics to marine mussels. Environmental Pollution, 198, 211–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.12.021
  • Ballent, A., Corcoran, P. L., Madden, O., Helm, P. A., & Longstaffe, F. J. (2016). Sources and sinks of microplastics in Canadian Lake Ontario nearshore, tributary and beach sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.037
  • Bergmann, M., Gutow, L., & Klages, M. (2015). Marine anthropogenic litter. Marine Anthropogenic Litter, 1–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3
  • Blair, R. M., Waldron, S., Phoenix, V., & Gauchotte-Lindsay, C. (2017). Micro- and Nanoplastic Pollution of Freshwater and Wastewater Treatment Systems. Springer Science Reviews, 5(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40362-017-0044-7
  • Bourrain, X., Scherer, C., Urbatzka, R., Wagner, M., Marti, T., Klasmeier, J., … Rodriguez-Mozaz, S. (2014). Microplastics in freshwater ecosystems: what we know and what we need to know. Environmental Sciences Europe, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-014-0012-7
  • Castañeda, R. A., Avlijas, S., Simard, M. A., Ricciardi, A., & Smith, R. (2014). Microplastic pollution in St. Lawrence River sediments. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 71(12), 1767–1771. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0281
  • Corcoran, P. L., Norris, T., Ceccanese, T., Walzak, M. J., Helm, P. A., & Marvin, C. H. (2015). Hidden plastics of Lake Ontario, Canada and their potential preservation in the sediment record. Environmental Pollution, 204, 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.04.009
  • Crespy, D., Bozonnet, M., & Meier, M. (2008). 100 Years of Bakelite, the Material of a 1000 Uses. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47(18), 3322–3328. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200704281
  • Desforges, J. P. W., Galbraith, M., Dangerfield, N., & Ross, P. S. (2014). Widespread distribution of microplastics in subsurface seawater in the NE Pacific Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.12.035
  • Devriese, L. I., van der Meulen, M. D., Maes, T., Bekaert, K., Paul-Pont, I., Frère, L., … Vethaak, A. D. (2015). Microplastic contamination in brown shrimp (Crangon crangon, Linnaeus 1758) from coastal waters of the Southern North Sea and Channel area. Marine Pollution Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.06.051
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  • Jovanović, B. (2017). Ingestion of microplastics by fish and its potential consequences from a physical perspective. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 13(3), 510–515. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1913
  • Kapp, K. J., & Yeatman, E. (2018). Microplastic hotspots in the Snake and Lower Columbia rivers: A journey from the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem to the Pacific Ocean. Environmental Pollution, 241, 1082–1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.033
  • Karlsson, T. M., Vethaak, A. D., Almroth, B. C., Ariese, F., van Velzen, M., Hassellöv, M., & Leslie, H. A. (2017). Screening for microplastics in sediment, water, marine invertebrates and fish: Method development and microplastic accumulation. Marine Pollution Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.081
  • Kole, P.J., Löhr, A.J., Van Belleghem, F., Ragas, A., 2017. Wear and Tear of Tyres: A Stealthy Source of Microplastics in the Environment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 14, 1265. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101265
  • Kosuth, M., Mason, S. A., & Wattenberg, E. V. (2018). Anthropogenic contamination of tap water, beer, and sea salt. PLoS ONE, 13(4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194970
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  • Li, L., Geng, S., Wu, C., Song, K., Sun, F., Visvanathan, C., … Wang, Q. (2019). Microplastics contamination in different trophic state lakes along the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River Basin. Environmental Pollution, 254, 112951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.119
  • Liebezeit, G., & Liebezeit, E. (2014). Synthetic particles as contaminants in German beers. Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment, 31(9), 1574–1578. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2014.945099
  • Luo, W., Su, L., Craig, N. J., Du, F., Wu, C., & Shi, H. (2019). Comparison of microplastic pollution in different water bodies from urban creeks to coastal waters. Environmental Pollution, 246, 174–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2018.11.081
  • Mani, T., Hauk, A., Walter, U., & Burkhardt-Holm, P. (2015). Microplastics profile along the Rhine River. Scientific Reports, 5(December), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep17988
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  • Moore, C. J., Lattin, G. L., & Zellers, A. F. (2011). Quantity and type of plastic debris flowing from two urban rivers to coastal waters and beaches of Southern California. Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada, 11(1), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.5894/rgci194
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  • Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., & McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 11(5), 1633–1644. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007
  • Peters, C. A., & Bratton, S. P. (2016). Urbanization is a major influence on microplastic ingestion by sunfish in the Brazos River Basin, Central Texas, USA. Environmental Pollution, 210, 380–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.018
  • Reed, S., Clark, M., Thompson, R., & Hughes, K. A. (2018). Microplastics in marine sediments near Rothera Research Station, Antarctica. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 133(December 2017), 460–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.068
  • Rist, S., Baun, A., & Hartmann, N. B. (2017). Ingestion of micro- and nanoplastics in Daphnia magna – Quantification of body burdens and assessment of feeding rates and reproduction. Environmental Pollution, 228, 398–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.048
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  • Siegfried, M., Koelmans, A.A., Besseling, E., Kroeze, C., 2017. Export of microplastics from land to sea. A modelling approach. Water Res. 127, 249–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WATRES.2017.10.011
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Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hidrobiyoloji, Çevre Bilimleri, Limnoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Şeyda Erdoğan 0000-0001-7729-7664

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Eylül 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Kasım 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020Cilt: 37 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Erdoğan, Ş. (2020). Microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems: A case study from Turkey. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37(3), 213-221. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.37.3.02

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