Güvenilirliği daha fazla olan besin
kaynaklarına duyulan ihtiyaç, hayvansal ürünlere göre özellikle bitki ve
alglere olan ilgiyi arttırmıştır. Akuakültürde çeşitli kullanım alanları olan
mikroalglerden önemli ölçüde faydalanılmaktadır. Besin olarak kullanılmalarının
yanı sıra salmonlarda pigment kaynağı olarak da değerlendirilmektedir.
Günümüzde büyük ölçekli ve gelişmiş kalite kontrolü ile elde edilebilen
mikroalg üretim sistemlerinin maliyet etkinliğini incelemek için çalışmalar
devam etmektedir. Mikroalglerin kullanımında sürdürülebilirliği sağlamak için;
biyoteknoloji, biyoişleme ve yönetim prosedürleri gibi farklı alanların entegre
olduğu sistemlere dayalı bir yaklaşım gerekmektedir.
Alvarez, J.S., Llamas, A.H., Galindo, J., Fraga, I., Garca, T., & Villarreal, H. (2007). Substitution of fishmeal with soybean meal in practical diets for juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti. Aquaculture Research, 38: 689–695. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01654.x
Anonim. (2015a). BSGM. Retrieved from http://www.tarim.gov.tr/BSGM (15.09.2015).
Anonim. (2015b). Spirulina. Retrieved from http://www.algaeindustrymagazine.com/special-report-spirulina-part-6 (15.09.2015).
Apt, K.E., & Behrens, P.W. (1999). Commercial developments in microalgal biotechnology. Journal of Phycology, 35: 215–226. doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3520215.x
Atalah, E., Herna´ndez Cruz, C.M., Izquierdo, M.S., Rosenlund, G., Caballero, M.J., Valencia, A., & Robaina, L. (2007). Two microalgae Crypthecodinium cohnii and Phaeodactylum tricornutum as alternative source of essential fatty acids in starter feeds for seabream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture, 270: 178–185. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.04.009
Baker, R.T.M. (2002). Canthaxanthin in aquafeed applications: is there any risk? Trends in Food Science Technology, 12: 240–243. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(01)00091-7
Borowitzka, M.A. (1997). Microalgae for aquaculture: Opportunities and constraints. Journal of Applied Phycology, 9: 393–401. doi: 10.1023/A:1007921728300
Brown, M.R., Mular, M., Miller, I., Farmer, C., & Trenerry, C. (1999). The vitamin content of microalgae used in aquaculture. Journal of Applied Phycology, 11: 247-255. doi: 10.1023/A:1008075903578
Brown, M.R. (2002). Nutritional value of microalgae for aquculture. In: Cruz-Sua´rez LE, Ricque-Marie D, Tapia-Salazar M, Gaxiola-Corte´s MG, Simoes N (eds) Avances en Nutricio´n Acuı´cola VI. Memorias del VI Simposium Internacional de Nutricio´n. Acuı´cola. 3 al 6 de Septiembre del. ancu´n. Quintana Roo, Me´xico. doi: 10.5772/30576
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Dhont, J., & Van Stappen, G. (2003). Live feeds in marine aquaculture. Blackwell Science Ltd, pp. 65–121.
Dunstan, G.H, Volkman, J.K., Barret, S.M., & Garland, C.D. (1993). Changes in the lipid composition and maximization of the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of three microalgae grown in mass culture. Journal of Applied Phycology, 5: 71–83. doi: 10.1007/BF02182424
Durmaz, Y. (2007). Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) production by the marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata (Eustigmatophyceae) in nitrogen limitation. Aquaculture, 272: 717–722. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.07.213
Duru, M.D., & Kargın, Y. (2013). Mikroalglerin Pigment Kaynağı Olarak Balık Yemlerinde Kullanımı. Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 6(2): 112-118.
Fujii, K., Nakashima, H., Hashidzume, Y., Uchiyama, T., Mishiro, K., & Kadota, Y. (2010). Potential use of the astaxanthin-producing microalga, Monoraphidium sp. GK12, as a functional aquafeed for prawns. Journal of Applied Phycology, 22: 363–369. doi: 10.1007/s10811-009-9468-z
Gagneux-Moreaux, S., Moreau, C., Gonzalez, J.L., & Cosson, R.P. (2007). Diatom artificial medium (DAM): a new artificial medium for the diatom Haslea ostrearia and other marine microalgae. Journal of Applied Phycology, 19: 549–556. doi: 10.1007/s10811-007-9169-4
Gara, B., Shields, R.J., & McEvoy, L. (1998). Feeding strategies to achieve correct metamorphosis of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L., is using enriched Artemia. Aquaculture Research, 29: 935–948. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2109.1998. 29120935.x
Gentsch, E., Kreibich, T., Hagen, W., & Barbara, N. (2009). Dietary shifts in the copepod Temora longicornis during spring: evidence from stable isotope signatures, fatty acid biomarkers and feding experiments. Journal of Plankton Research, 31: 45–60. doi: 10.1093/plankt/fbn097
Gill, I., & Valivety, R. (1997). Polyunsaturated fatty acids: Part 1. Occurrence, biological activities and applications. Trends in Biotechnology, 15: 401–409. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7799(97)01076-7
Gökpınar, Ş., Koray, T., Akçiçek, E., Göksan, T., & Durmaz, Y. (2006). Algal antioksidanlar. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 2 -Ek (1/1): 85-89.
Hemaiswarya, S., Raja, R., Kumar, R.R., Ganesan, V., & Anbazhagan, C. (2011). Microalgae: a sustainable feed source for aquaculture. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 27: 1737–1746. doi: 10.1007/s11274-010-0632-z
Hilmi, Ş. (1994). Oksidanlar ve antioksidanlar. Türk Hastane Tıp Dergisi, 48: 1-2, 44-49.
Hong, H.A., Duc, H.L., & Cutting, S.M. (2005). The use of bacterial spore formers as probiotics. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 29: 813–835. doi: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.12.001
Jones, D.A., Kurmaly, K., & Arshad, A. (1987). Penaeid shrimp hatchery trials using microencapsulated diets. Aquaculture, 64: 133-146. doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(87)90349-8
Jones, D.A., Kamarudin, M.S., & Le Vay, L. (1993). The potential for replacement of live feeds in larval culture. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 24(2): 199-210. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1993.tb00009.x
Kang, C.D., & Sim, S.J. (2008). Direct extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus culture using vegetable oils. Biotechnology Letters, 30: 441–444. doi: 10.1007/s10529-007-9578-0
Kargın, Y.H. (2006). Mikroalg Üretimi İçin Fotobiyoreaktör Tasarımları. Ege Journal of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences, Cilt/Volume 23, Ek/Suppl. (1/2): 327-332.
Knuckey, R.M., Brown, M.R., Barrett, S.M., & Hallegraeff, G.M. (2002). Isolation of new nanoplanktonic diatom strains and their evaluation as diets for the juvenile Pacific oyster. Aquaculture, 211: 253–274. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00010-8
Knuckey, R.M., Brown, M.R., Rene´ Robert, R., & Frampton, M.F.D. (2006). Production of microalgal concentrates by flocculation and their assessment as aquaculture feeds. Aquacultural Engineering, 35(3): 300–313. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng. 2006.04.001
Kumlu, M., & Jones, D.A. (1995). Feeding and digestion in the caridean shrimp larva of Palaemon elegans (Rathke) and Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) (Crustacea: Palaemonidae) on live and artificial diets. Aquaculture Nutrition, 1: 3-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2095.1995.tb00029.x
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Usage of microalgae as a sustainable food source in aquaculture
The need for food sources more
reliability according to animal products has increased interest especially in
plants and in algae. In aquaculture has benefited significantly from microalgae
in the various application areas. They are used as food as well as are
evaluated as sources of pigments in the salmonids. Currently, studies are
underway to examine the cost-effectiveness of microalgae production systems
which can be obtained by large-scale and advanced quality control. In order to
ensure sustainability in the use of microalgae; a systems based approach is
needed which integrates different fields such as biotechnology, bioprocess and
management procedures.
Alvarez, J.S., Llamas, A.H., Galindo, J., Fraga, I., Garca, T., & Villarreal, H. (2007). Substitution of fishmeal with soybean meal in practical diets for juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti. Aquaculture Research, 38: 689–695. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01654.x
Anonim. (2015a). BSGM. Retrieved from http://www.tarim.gov.tr/BSGM (15.09.2015).
Anonim. (2015b). Spirulina. Retrieved from http://www.algaeindustrymagazine.com/special-report-spirulina-part-6 (15.09.2015).
Apt, K.E., & Behrens, P.W. (1999). Commercial developments in microalgal biotechnology. Journal of Phycology, 35: 215–226. doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3520215.x
Atalah, E., Herna´ndez Cruz, C.M., Izquierdo, M.S., Rosenlund, G., Caballero, M.J., Valencia, A., & Robaina, L. (2007). Two microalgae Crypthecodinium cohnii and Phaeodactylum tricornutum as alternative source of essential fatty acids in starter feeds for seabream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture, 270: 178–185. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.04.009
Baker, R.T.M. (2002). Canthaxanthin in aquafeed applications: is there any risk? Trends in Food Science Technology, 12: 240–243. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(01)00091-7
Borowitzka, M.A. (1997). Microalgae for aquaculture: Opportunities and constraints. Journal of Applied Phycology, 9: 393–401. doi: 10.1023/A:1007921728300
Brown, M.R., Mular, M., Miller, I., Farmer, C., & Trenerry, C. (1999). The vitamin content of microalgae used in aquaculture. Journal of Applied Phycology, 11: 247-255. doi: 10.1023/A:1008075903578
Brown, M.R. (2002). Nutritional value of microalgae for aquculture. In: Cruz-Sua´rez LE, Ricque-Marie D, Tapia-Salazar M, Gaxiola-Corte´s MG, Simoes N (eds) Avances en Nutricio´n Acuı´cola VI. Memorias del VI Simposium Internacional de Nutricio´n. Acuı´cola. 3 al 6 de Septiembre del. ancu´n. Quintana Roo, Me´xico. doi: 10.5772/30576
Chakraborty, R.D., Chakraborty, K., & Radhakrishnan, E.V. (2007). Variation in fatty acids composition of Artemia salina nauplii enriched with microalgae and baker’s yeast for use in larviculture. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55: 4043–4051. doi: 10.1021/jf063654l
Dhont, J., & Van Stappen, G. (2003). Live feeds in marine aquaculture. Blackwell Science Ltd, pp. 65–121.
Dunstan, G.H, Volkman, J.K., Barret, S.M., & Garland, C.D. (1993). Changes in the lipid composition and maximization of the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of three microalgae grown in mass culture. Journal of Applied Phycology, 5: 71–83. doi: 10.1007/BF02182424
Durmaz, Y. (2007). Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) production by the marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata (Eustigmatophyceae) in nitrogen limitation. Aquaculture, 272: 717–722. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.07.213
Duru, M.D., & Kargın, Y. (2013). Mikroalglerin Pigment Kaynağı Olarak Balık Yemlerinde Kullanımı. Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 6(2): 112-118.
Fujii, K., Nakashima, H., Hashidzume, Y., Uchiyama, T., Mishiro, K., & Kadota, Y. (2010). Potential use of the astaxanthin-producing microalga, Monoraphidium sp. GK12, as a functional aquafeed for prawns. Journal of Applied Phycology, 22: 363–369. doi: 10.1007/s10811-009-9468-z
Gagneux-Moreaux, S., Moreau, C., Gonzalez, J.L., & Cosson, R.P. (2007). Diatom artificial medium (DAM): a new artificial medium for the diatom Haslea ostrearia and other marine microalgae. Journal of Applied Phycology, 19: 549–556. doi: 10.1007/s10811-007-9169-4
Gara, B., Shields, R.J., & McEvoy, L. (1998). Feeding strategies to achieve correct metamorphosis of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L., is using enriched Artemia. Aquaculture Research, 29: 935–948. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2109.1998. 29120935.x
Gentsch, E., Kreibich, T., Hagen, W., & Barbara, N. (2009). Dietary shifts in the copepod Temora longicornis during spring: evidence from stable isotope signatures, fatty acid biomarkers and feding experiments. Journal of Plankton Research, 31: 45–60. doi: 10.1093/plankt/fbn097
Gill, I., & Valivety, R. (1997). Polyunsaturated fatty acids: Part 1. Occurrence, biological activities and applications. Trends in Biotechnology, 15: 401–409. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7799(97)01076-7
Gökpınar, Ş., Koray, T., Akçiçek, E., Göksan, T., & Durmaz, Y. (2006). Algal antioksidanlar. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 2 -Ek (1/1): 85-89.
Hemaiswarya, S., Raja, R., Kumar, R.R., Ganesan, V., & Anbazhagan, C. (2011). Microalgae: a sustainable feed source for aquaculture. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 27: 1737–1746. doi: 10.1007/s11274-010-0632-z
Hilmi, Ş. (1994). Oksidanlar ve antioksidanlar. Türk Hastane Tıp Dergisi, 48: 1-2, 44-49.
Hong, H.A., Duc, H.L., & Cutting, S.M. (2005). The use of bacterial spore formers as probiotics. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 29: 813–835. doi: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.12.001
Jones, D.A., Kurmaly, K., & Arshad, A. (1987). Penaeid shrimp hatchery trials using microencapsulated diets. Aquaculture, 64: 133-146. doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(87)90349-8
Jones, D.A., Kamarudin, M.S., & Le Vay, L. (1993). The potential for replacement of live feeds in larval culture. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 24(2): 199-210. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1993.tb00009.x
Kang, C.D., & Sim, S.J. (2008). Direct extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus culture using vegetable oils. Biotechnology Letters, 30: 441–444. doi: 10.1007/s10529-007-9578-0
Kargın, Y.H. (2006). Mikroalg Üretimi İçin Fotobiyoreaktör Tasarımları. Ege Journal of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences, Cilt/Volume 23, Ek/Suppl. (1/2): 327-332.
Knuckey, R.M., Brown, M.R., Barrett, S.M., & Hallegraeff, G.M. (2002). Isolation of new nanoplanktonic diatom strains and their evaluation as diets for the juvenile Pacific oyster. Aquaculture, 211: 253–274. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00010-8
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