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Akuakültürde sürdürülebilir besin kaynağı olarak mikroalglerin kullanımı

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 3, 347 - 354, 26.09.2017
https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2017.34.3.15

Öz



Güvenilirliği daha fazla olan besin
kaynaklarına duyulan ihtiyaç, hayvansal ürünlere göre özellikle bitki ve
alglere olan ilgiyi arttırmıştır. Akuakültürde çeşitli kullanım alanları olan
mikroalglerden önemli ölçüde faydalanılmaktadır. Besin olarak kullanılmalarının
yanı sıra salmonlarda pigment kaynağı olarak da değerlendirilmektedir.
Günümüzde büyük ölçekli ve gelişmiş kalite kontrolü ile elde edilebilen
mikroalg üretim sistemlerinin maliyet etkinliğini incelemek için çalışmalar
devam etmektedir. Mikroalglerin kullanımında sürdürülebilirliği sağlamak için;
biyoteknoloji, biyoişleme ve yönetim prosedürleri gibi farklı alanların entegre
olduğu sistemlere dayalı bir yaklaşım gerekmektedir.



Kaynakça

  • Alvarez, J.S., Llamas, A.H., Galindo, J., Fraga, I., Garca, T., & Villarreal, H. (2007). Substitution of fishmeal with soybean meal in practical diets for juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti. Aquaculture Research, 38: 689–695. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01654.x
  • Anonim. (2015a). BSGM. Retrieved from http://www.tarim.gov.tr/BSGM (15.09.2015).
  • Anonim. (2015b). Spirulina. Retrieved from http://www.algaeindustrymagazine.com/special-report-spirulina-part-6 (15.09.2015).
  • Apt, K.E., & Behrens, P.W. (1999). Commercial developments in microalgal biotechnology. Journal of Phycology, 35: 215–226. doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3520215.x
  • Atalah, E., Herna´ndez Cruz, C.M., Izquierdo, M.S., Rosenlund, G., Caballero, M.J., Valencia, A., & Robaina, L. (2007). Two microalgae Crypthecodinium cohnii and Phaeodactylum tricornutum as alternative source of essential fatty acids in starter feeds for seabream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture, 270: 178–185. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.04.009
  • Baker, R.T.M. (2002). Canthaxanthin in aquafeed applications: is there any risk? Trends in Food Science Technology, 12: 240–243. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(01)00091-7
  • Borowitzka, M.A. (1997). Microalgae for aquaculture: Opportunities and constraints. Journal of Applied Phycology, 9: 393–401. doi: 10.1023/A:1007921728300
  • Brown, M.R., Mular, M., Miller, I., Farmer, C., & Trenerry, C. (1999). The vitamin content of microalgae used in aquaculture. Journal of Applied Phycology, 11: 247-255. doi: 10.1023/A:1008075903578
  • Brown, M.R. (2002). Nutritional value of microalgae for aquculture. In: Cruz-Sua´rez LE, Ricque-Marie D, Tapia-Salazar M, Gaxiola-Corte´s MG, Simoes N (eds) Avances en Nutricio´n Acuı´cola VI. Memorias del VI Simposium Internacional de Nutricio´n. Acuı´cola. 3 al 6 de Septiembre del. ancu´n. Quintana Roo, Me´xico. doi: 10.5772/30576
  • Chakraborty, R.D., Chakraborty, K., & Radhakrishnan, E.V. (2007). Variation in fatty acids composition of Artemia salina nauplii enriched with microalgae and baker’s yeast for use in larviculture. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55: 4043–4051. doi: 10.1021/jf063654l
  • Dhont, J., & Van Stappen, G. (2003). Live feeds in marine aquaculture. Blackwell Science Ltd, pp. 65–121.
  • Dunstan, G.H, Volkman, J.K., Barret, S.M., & Garland, C.D. (1993). Changes in the lipid composition and maximization of the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of three microalgae grown in mass culture. Journal of Applied Phycology, 5: 71–83. doi: 10.1007/BF02182424
  • Durmaz, Y. (2007). Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) production by the marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata (Eustigmatophyceae) in nitrogen limitation. Aquaculture, 272: 717–722. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.07.213
  • Duru, M.D., & Kargın, Y. (2013). Mikroalglerin Pigment Kaynağı Olarak Balık Yemlerinde Kullanımı. Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 6(2): 112-118.
  • Fujii, K., Nakashima, H., Hashidzume, Y., Uchiyama, T., Mishiro, K., & Kadota, Y. (2010). Potential use of the astaxanthin-producing microalga, Monoraphidium sp. GK12, as a functional aquafeed for prawns. Journal of Applied Phycology, 22: 363–369. doi: 10.1007/s10811-009-9468-z
  • Gagneux-Moreaux, S., Moreau, C., Gonzalez, J.L., & Cosson, R.P. (2007). Diatom artificial medium (DAM): a new artificial medium for the diatom Haslea ostrearia and other marine microalgae. Journal of Applied Phycology, 19: 549–556. doi: 10.1007/s10811-007-9169-4
  • Gara, B., Shields, R.J., & McEvoy, L. (1998). Feeding strategies to achieve correct metamorphosis of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L., is using enriched Artemia. Aquaculture Research, 29: 935–948. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2109.1998. 29120935.x
  • Gentsch, E., Kreibich, T., Hagen, W., & Barbara, N. (2009). Dietary shifts in the copepod Temora longicornis during spring: evidence from stable isotope signatures, fatty acid biomarkers and feding experiments. Journal of Plankton Research, 31: 45–60. doi: 10.1093/plankt/fbn097
  • Gill, I., & Valivety, R. (1997). Polyunsaturated fatty acids: Part 1. Occurrence, biological activities and applications. Trends in Biotechnology, 15: 401–409. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7799(97)01076-7
  • Gökpınar, Ş., Koray, T., Akçiçek, E., Göksan, T., & Durmaz, Y. (2006). Algal antioksidanlar. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 2 -Ek (1/1): 85-89.
  • Hemaiswarya, S., Raja, R., Kumar, R.R., Ganesan, V., & Anbazhagan, C. (2011). Microalgae: a sustainable feed source for aquaculture. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 27: 1737–1746. doi: 10.1007/s11274-010-0632-z
  • Hilmi, Ş. (1994). Oksidanlar ve antioksidanlar. Türk Hastane Tıp Dergisi, 48: 1-2, 44-49.
  • Hong, H.A., Duc, H.L., & Cutting, S.M. (2005). The use of bacterial spore formers as probiotics. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 29: 813–835. doi: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.12.001
  • Jones, D.A., Kurmaly, K., & Arshad, A. (1987). Penaeid shrimp hatchery trials using microencapsulated diets. Aquaculture, 64: 133-146. doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(87)90349-8
  • Jones, D.A., Kamarudin, M.S., & Le Vay, L. (1993). The potential for replacement of live feeds in larval culture. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 24(2): 199-210. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1993.tb00009.x
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  • Kargın, Y.H. (2006). Mikroalg Üretimi İçin Fotobiyoreaktör Tasarımları. Ege Journal of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences, Cilt/Volume 23, Ek/Suppl. (1/2): 327-332.
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  • Yılmaz, H.K. (2006). Mikroalg Üretimi İçin Fotobiyoreaktör Tasarımları. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 23(1/2): 327-332.

Usage of microalgae as a sustainable food source in aquaculture

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 3, 347 - 354, 26.09.2017
https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2017.34.3.15

Öz



The need for food sources more
reliability according to animal products has increased interest especially in
plants and in algae. In aquaculture has benefited significantly from microalgae
in the various application areas. They are used as food as well as are
evaluated as sources of pigments in the salmonids. Currently, studies are
underway to examine the cost-effectiveness of microalgae production systems
which can be obtained by large-scale and advanced quality control. In order to
ensure sustainability in the use of microalgae; a systems based approach is
needed which integrates different fields such as biotechnology, bioprocess and
management procedures.



Kaynakça

  • Alvarez, J.S., Llamas, A.H., Galindo, J., Fraga, I., Garca, T., & Villarreal, H. (2007). Substitution of fishmeal with soybean meal in practical diets for juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti. Aquaculture Research, 38: 689–695. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01654.x
  • Anonim. (2015a). BSGM. Retrieved from http://www.tarim.gov.tr/BSGM (15.09.2015).
  • Anonim. (2015b). Spirulina. Retrieved from http://www.algaeindustrymagazine.com/special-report-spirulina-part-6 (15.09.2015).
  • Apt, K.E., & Behrens, P.W. (1999). Commercial developments in microalgal biotechnology. Journal of Phycology, 35: 215–226. doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3520215.x
  • Atalah, E., Herna´ndez Cruz, C.M., Izquierdo, M.S., Rosenlund, G., Caballero, M.J., Valencia, A., & Robaina, L. (2007). Two microalgae Crypthecodinium cohnii and Phaeodactylum tricornutum as alternative source of essential fatty acids in starter feeds for seabream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture, 270: 178–185. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.04.009
  • Baker, R.T.M. (2002). Canthaxanthin in aquafeed applications: is there any risk? Trends in Food Science Technology, 12: 240–243. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(01)00091-7
  • Borowitzka, M.A. (1997). Microalgae for aquaculture: Opportunities and constraints. Journal of Applied Phycology, 9: 393–401. doi: 10.1023/A:1007921728300
  • Brown, M.R., Mular, M., Miller, I., Farmer, C., & Trenerry, C. (1999). The vitamin content of microalgae used in aquaculture. Journal of Applied Phycology, 11: 247-255. doi: 10.1023/A:1008075903578
  • Brown, M.R. (2002). Nutritional value of microalgae for aquculture. In: Cruz-Sua´rez LE, Ricque-Marie D, Tapia-Salazar M, Gaxiola-Corte´s MG, Simoes N (eds) Avances en Nutricio´n Acuı´cola VI. Memorias del VI Simposium Internacional de Nutricio´n. Acuı´cola. 3 al 6 de Septiembre del. ancu´n. Quintana Roo, Me´xico. doi: 10.5772/30576
  • Chakraborty, R.D., Chakraborty, K., & Radhakrishnan, E.V. (2007). Variation in fatty acids composition of Artemia salina nauplii enriched with microalgae and baker’s yeast for use in larviculture. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55: 4043–4051. doi: 10.1021/jf063654l
  • Dhont, J., & Van Stappen, G. (2003). Live feeds in marine aquaculture. Blackwell Science Ltd, pp. 65–121.
  • Dunstan, G.H, Volkman, J.K., Barret, S.M., & Garland, C.D. (1993). Changes in the lipid composition and maximization of the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of three microalgae grown in mass culture. Journal of Applied Phycology, 5: 71–83. doi: 10.1007/BF02182424
  • Durmaz, Y. (2007). Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) production by the marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata (Eustigmatophyceae) in nitrogen limitation. Aquaculture, 272: 717–722. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.07.213
  • Duru, M.D., & Kargın, Y. (2013). Mikroalglerin Pigment Kaynağı Olarak Balık Yemlerinde Kullanımı. Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 6(2): 112-118.
  • Fujii, K., Nakashima, H., Hashidzume, Y., Uchiyama, T., Mishiro, K., & Kadota, Y. (2010). Potential use of the astaxanthin-producing microalga, Monoraphidium sp. GK12, as a functional aquafeed for prawns. Journal of Applied Phycology, 22: 363–369. doi: 10.1007/s10811-009-9468-z
  • Gagneux-Moreaux, S., Moreau, C., Gonzalez, J.L., & Cosson, R.P. (2007). Diatom artificial medium (DAM): a new artificial medium for the diatom Haslea ostrearia and other marine microalgae. Journal of Applied Phycology, 19: 549–556. doi: 10.1007/s10811-007-9169-4
  • Gara, B., Shields, R.J., & McEvoy, L. (1998). Feeding strategies to achieve correct metamorphosis of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L., is using enriched Artemia. Aquaculture Research, 29: 935–948. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2109.1998. 29120935.x
  • Gentsch, E., Kreibich, T., Hagen, W., & Barbara, N. (2009). Dietary shifts in the copepod Temora longicornis during spring: evidence from stable isotope signatures, fatty acid biomarkers and feding experiments. Journal of Plankton Research, 31: 45–60. doi: 10.1093/plankt/fbn097
  • Gill, I., & Valivety, R. (1997). Polyunsaturated fatty acids: Part 1. Occurrence, biological activities and applications. Trends in Biotechnology, 15: 401–409. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7799(97)01076-7
  • Gökpınar, Ş., Koray, T., Akçiçek, E., Göksan, T., & Durmaz, Y. (2006). Algal antioksidanlar. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 2 -Ek (1/1): 85-89.
  • Hemaiswarya, S., Raja, R., Kumar, R.R., Ganesan, V., & Anbazhagan, C. (2011). Microalgae: a sustainable feed source for aquaculture. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 27: 1737–1746. doi: 10.1007/s11274-010-0632-z
  • Hilmi, Ş. (1994). Oksidanlar ve antioksidanlar. Türk Hastane Tıp Dergisi, 48: 1-2, 44-49.
  • Hong, H.A., Duc, H.L., & Cutting, S.M. (2005). The use of bacterial spore formers as probiotics. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 29: 813–835. doi: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.12.001
  • Jones, D.A., Kurmaly, K., & Arshad, A. (1987). Penaeid shrimp hatchery trials using microencapsulated diets. Aquaculture, 64: 133-146. doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(87)90349-8
  • Jones, D.A., Kamarudin, M.S., & Le Vay, L. (1993). The potential for replacement of live feeds in larval culture. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 24(2): 199-210. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1993.tb00009.x
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  • Knuckey, R.M., Brown, M.R., Rene´ Robert, R., & Frampton, M.F.D. (2006). Production of microalgal concentrates by flocculation and their assessment as aquaculture feeds. Aquacultural Engineering, 35(3): 300–313. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng. 2006.04.001
  • Kumlu, M., & Jones, D.A. (1995). Feeding and digestion in the caridean shrimp larva of Palaemon elegans (Rathke) and Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) (Crustacea: Palaemonidae) on live and artificial diets. Aquaculture Nutrition, 1: 3-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2095.1995.tb00029.x
  • Kumlu, M., & Jones, D.A. (1995). The effect of live and artificial diets on growth, survival and trypsin activity in larvae of Penaeus indicus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 26(4): 406-415. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1995.tb00836.x
  • Lavens, P., & Sorgeloos, P. (1996). Manual on the production and use of live food for aquaculture. FAO Fisheries Technical paper. In:Lavens P, Sorgeloos P (eds) Rome. pp. 36–19.
  • Léger, P., Bengtson, D.A., Sorgeloos, P., Simpson, K.L., & Beck, A.D. (1986). The use and nutritional value of Artemia as a food source. Oceanography and Marine Biology, An Annual Review, 24: 521-623.
  • Léger, Ph., & Sorgeloos, P. (1992). Optimised feeding regimes in shrimp hatcheries. In: Fast, A. W. and L. J. Lester, (Editors), Marine Shrimp Culture: Principles and Practices, Elsevier, pp. 225-244.
  • Li, S.S., & Tsai, H.J. (2009). Transgenic microalgae as a non-antibiotic bactericide producer to defend against bacterial pathogen infection in the fish digestive tract. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 26: 316–325. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.07.004
  • Lo´pez Elı´as, J.A., Voltolina, D., Chavira Ortega, C.O., Rodrı´guez, B.B., Sa´enz Gaxiola, L.M., Esquivel, B.C., & Nieves, M. (2003). Mass production of microalgae in six commercial shrimp hatcheries of the Mexican northwest. Aquacultural Engineering, 29: 155–164. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8609(03)00081-5
  • Lorenz, R.T., & Cysewski, G.R. (2000). Commercial potential for Haematococcus microalgae as a natural source of astaxanthin. Trends in Biotechnology, 18: 160–167. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7799(00)01433-5
  • Martı´nez-Ferna´ndez, E., & Paul, C. (2007). Use of tropical microalgae as food for larvae of the black-lip pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera. Aquaculture, 263: 220–226. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.09.040
  • Menasveta, P., Panichayakul, P., Piyativatitvorakul, P., & Piyativatitvorakul, S. (1984). Effect of different diets on survival of giant prawn larvae (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Journal of the Science Society of Thailand, 10: 179-187.
  • Muller-Feuga, A. (2000). The role of microalgae in aquaculture: situation and trends. Journal of Applied Phycology, 12: 527–534. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008106304417
  • Muller-Feuga, A., Moal, J., & Kaas, R. (2003). The microalgae of aquaculture. In aquaculture. In: Støttrup JG, McEvoy LA (eds) Live feeds in marine aquaculture. Blackwell Science Ltd., pp. 253–299.
  • Muller-Feuga, A. (2004). Microalgae for aquaculture: the current global situation and future trends. In: Richmond A (ed) Handbook of microalgal culture. Blackwell Science, pp. 352–364.
  • Naz, M., & Gökçek, K. (2006). Fotobiyoreaktörler: Fototropik Mikroorganizmalar için Alternatif Üretim Sistemleri. Ulusal Su Günleri 2004, 6-8 Ekim 2004, İzmir.
  • New, M.B., & Wagner, C.V. (2000). Freshwater prawn culture. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp. 1–11.
  • Patil, V., Kallqvist, T., Olsen, E., Vogt, G., & Gislerød, H.R. (2007). Fatty acid composition of 12 microalgae for possible use in aquaculture feed. Aquaculture International, 15: 1–9. doi: 10.1007/s10499-006-9060-3
  • Ponis, E., Robert, R., & Parisi, G. (2003). Nutritional value of fresh and concentrated algal diets for larval and juvenile Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Aquaculture, 221: 491–505. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00075-9
  • Pulz, O., & Scheibenbogen, K. (1998). Photobioreactors: design and performance with respect to light energy input. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, 59: 123–151. doi: 10.1007/BFb0102298
  • Pulz, O. (2001). Photobioreactors: production systems for phototropic microorganisms. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 57: 287–293.doi: 10.1007/s002530100702
  • Raja, R. (2003). Studies on Dunaliella salina (Dunal) Teod. With special reference to its anticancer properties. Ph.D., thesis, University of Madras, Chennai, India.
  • Raja, R., Anbazhagan, C., Ganesan, V., & Rengasamy, R. (2004a). Efficacy of Dunaliella salina (Volvocales, Chlorophyta) in salt refinery effluent treatment. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 16: 1081–1088.
  • Raja, R., Anbazhagan, C., Lakshmi, D., & Rengasamy, R. (2004b). Nutritional studies on Dunaliella salina (Volvocales, Chlorophyta) under laboratory conditions. Seaweed Resources Utilization, 26: 127–146.
  • Raja, R., Hemaiswarya, S., Balasubramanyam, D., & Rengasamy, R. (2007a). Protective effect of Dunaliella salina (Volvocales, Chlorophyta) on experimentally induced fibrosarcoma on wistar rats. Microbiological Research, 162: 177–184. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2006.03.009
  • Raja, R., Hemaiswarya, S., & Rengasamy, R. (2007b). Exploitation of Dunaliella for β-carotene production. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 74: 517–523. doi: 10.1007/s00253-006-0777-8
  • Raja, R., Hemaiswarya, S., Ashok Kumar, N., Sridhar, S., & Rengasamy, R. (2008). A perspective on the biotechnological potential of microalgae. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 34: 77–88. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408410802086783
  • Raja, R. (2009). Microalgae [Pourriel probable] a column in the IInd Chapter in ‘Un monde invisible’ edited by Laurence Bordenave, Publisher: Aubanel-La Martinie`re, La Martinie`re Group, ISBN: 978-2-7006-0670-6, France, pp. 124–126 (French).
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  • Richmond, A. (2004). Handbook of microalgal culture: biotechnology and applied phycology. Blackwell Science Ltd., pp. 1–544.
  • Robert, R., Parisi, G., Rodolfi, L., Poli, B.M., & Tredici, M.R. (2001). Use of fresh and preserved Tetraselmis suecica for feeding Crassostrea gigas larvae. Aquaculture, 192: 333–346. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00456-7
  • Rodolfi, L., Zittelli, G.C., Barsanti, L., Rosati, G., & Tredici, M.R. (2003). Growth medium recycling in Nannochloropsis sp. mass cultivation, Biomolecular Engineering, 20, pp. 243-248. doi: 10.1016/S1389-0344(03)00063-7
  • Rosenberg, J.N., Oyler, G.A., Wilkinson, L., & Betenbaugh, M.J. (2008). A green light for engineered algae: redirecting metabolism to fuel a biotechnology revolution. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19: 430–436. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2008.07.008
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  • Sayre, R.T., Wagner, R.E., Siripornadulsil, S., & Farias, C. (2001). Use of Chlamydomonas reinharditii and other transgenic algae in food or feed for delivery of antigens. International Patent Number W.O. 01/98335 A2.
  • Sicko-Goad, I., & Andresen, N.A. (1991). Effect of growth and light/dark cycles on diatom lipid content and composition. Journal of Phycology, 27: 710-718. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-3646.1991.00710.x
  • Spolaore, P., Joannis-Cassan, C., Duran, E., & Isambert, A. (2006). Commercial applications of microalgae. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 101: 87–96. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1263/jbb.101.87
  • Torzillo, G., Goksan, T., Faraloni, C., Kopecky, J., & Masojídek, J. (2003). Interplay between photochemical activities and pigment composition in an outdoor culture of Haematococcus pluvialis during the shift from the green to red stage, Journal of Applied Phycology, 15: 127-136. doi: 10.1023/A:1023854904163
  • Watanabe, T., Kitajima, C., & Fujita, S. (1983). Nutritional values of live organisms used in Japan for mass propagation of fish: a review. Aquaculture, 34: 115-143. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(83)90296-X
  • Wen, Z,Y., & Chen, F. (2003). Heterotrophic production of eicosapentaenoic acid by microalgae. Biotechnology Advances, 21: 273–294. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0734-9750(03)00051-X
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  • Yamasaki, S., Tanabe, K., & Hirata, H. (1989). Efficiency of chilled and frozen Nannochloropsis sp. (Marine Chlorella) for culture of rotifer. Memoirs of Faculty of Fisheries Kagoshima University, 38: 77–82.
  • Yılmaz, H.K. (2006). Mikroalg Üretimi İçin Fotobiyoreaktör Tasarımları. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 23(1/2): 327-332.
Toplam 72 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Esin Özçiçek

Erkan Can

Kadir Yılmaz

Şafak Seyhaneyıldız Can

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Eylül 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Mart 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017Cilt: 34 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Özçiçek, E., Can, E., Yılmaz, K., Seyhaneyıldız Can, Ş. (2017). Usage of microalgae as a sustainable food source in aquaculture. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 34(3), 347-354. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2017.34.3.15