Araştırma Makalesi
Investigation of the effect of sodium selenite on metallothioneine expression in the liver and kidney in experimental cyclophosphamide toxicity
Öz
In this study, the effect of sodium selenite (SS) on metallothionine expression in liver and kidney tissues of rats administered cyclophosphamide (CP) at high dose intraperitoneally (i.p.) was investigated. In the study, a total of 24 Wistar Albino female rats with a weight of 200±10 g were used in 4 groups. Grouping in the study: Group I (Control group; daily 1 mL serum physiologique given as ip), Group II (CP group; 200 mg/kg/day CP administered as ip for 1 day), Group III (SS Group; 1 day ip 1 mg/kg/day SS was given as a treatment), Group IV (CP Group + SS Group; 200 mg/kg/day CP and 1 mg/kg/day SS was given as ip for 1 day) by forming 4 different groups. The effect of histopathological findings was found to be significantly lower in the group in which CP was given at high doses and SS was applied at the same time, compared to the group in which only CP was applied. When immunohistochemical findings related to MTs of liver and kidney tissues in this group were compared with histopathological findings, similar results were observed in terms of evaluation results. The study was concluded to be important in terms of animal and human health because SS is well tolerated in the organism and has no side effects at the appropriate dose.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Proje Numarası
VTF-17028
Kaynakça
- Abraham, P., Indirani, K., & E. Sugumar, E. (2007). Effect of cyclophosphamide treatment on selected lysosomal enzymes in the kidney of rats. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, 59(2), 143–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2007.05.003
- Acar, Ö. (2015). Protective effect of selenium against oxidative stress and liver damage in cyclophosphamide induced hepatotoxicity in rat. (Publication No: 392173) [Master of science thesis, Eskisehir Osmangazi University].
- Akkus, İ., Sekeroğlu, R., & Uner, A. (1991). Selenium; distribution, metabolism and physiopathology. Selcuk Medical Journal, 7(4), 547-551.
- Aksoy, M. (2000). Nutritional Biochemistry. Hatipoglu Publications. 541-546.
- Avci, H., Sekkin, S., Boyacioğlu, M., Aksit, H., Tunca, R., & Epikmen, E. T. (2016). Protective and antigenotoxic effects of silymarin and curcumin in experimental cyclophosphamide intoxication in rats. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(5), 693-701. https://doi.org/10.9775/kvfd.2016.15145
- Bernacki, R.J., Bansl, S. H., & Gurtoo, H. I. (1987). Combinations of mesna with cyclophosphamide adriamycine in treatment of mice with tumors. Cancer Research, 47 (3), 799-802.
- Bertram, G. (2012). Basic Clinical Pharmacology. (12nd ed.) McGraw-Hill. (pp. 956)
- Bhattacharjee, A., Basu, A., Abhishek, B. A., Ghosh, P., Biswas, J., & Bhattacharya, S. (2014). Protective effect of selenium nanoparticle against cyclophosphamide induced hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity in Swiss albino mice. Journal of Biomaterials Applications, 29(2), 303-317. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885328214523323
- Bildik, A., Vur, F., Camas, H., Dede, S., & Sekin, S. (1996). Investigation of glutathione and lipid peroxidation levels with respect to haemoglobin types in lambs with white muscle disease. Van Veterinary Journal, 7(1-2), 95-98.
- Bulkley, G. B. (1989). The role of oxygen free radicals, Doctor: A Review. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 82(12), 747-752.
- Candan, İ. A., Bayram D., Calapoglu, N. S., Gürbüz, N., Cankara, F. N., Ozgocmen, N., & Armagan, I. (2017). Effect of melatonin and selenium on reproductive system of cadmium given female rats. Selcuk Medical Journal, 24(3), 84-95. https://doi.org/10.17343/sdutfd.270310
- Cavalletti, E., Tofanetti, O., & Zuino, F. (1986). Comparison of reduced glutathione with 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate to prevent cyclophosphamide induced urotoxicity. Cancer Letters, 32(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(86)90032-7
- Cherian, M. G., Jayasurya, A., & Bay, B. H. (2003). Metallothioneins in human tumors and potential roles in carcinogenesis. Mutation Research, 533(1-2), 201-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2003.07.013
- Chmielewska, M., Symonowicz, K., Pula, B., Owczarek, T., Podhorska-Okolow, M., Ugorski, M., & Dziegiel, P. (2015). Expression of metallothioneins I and II in kidney of doxorubicin-treated rats. Experimental Pathology, 67(4), 297-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2015.01.006
- Conover, W. J. (1980). Practical Nonparametric Statistics. In: Chapter 5 Some methods based on ranks, Section 5.2 Several independent samples. 2th ed. John Wiley&Sons. 229-239.
- Cousin, F. B., & Cairney, I. M. (1961). Some effects of selenium in sheep. Australian Journal Agricultural Research, 12(5), 927-943.
- Culling, A. F., Allison, T. R., & Barr, T. W. (1985). Cellulary Patholog Technique. 4.th ed: Mid-County Pres. Droller, M. J., Saral, R., & Santos, G. (1982). Prevention of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Urology, 20(3), 256-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-4295(82)90633-1
- Fraser, L. H., Kanekel, S., & Kehrer, J. P. (1991). Cyclophosphamide toxicity: Characterizing and avoiding the problem. Drugs, 42, 781-795. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199142050-00005
- Glode M., Robinson, J., & Gould, F. S. (1981). Protection from cyclophosphamide-induced testicular damage with an analoque of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Lancet, 317(8230), 1132-1134. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(81)92301-1
- Göger, H. (1997). The effect of different levels vitamin E and selenium on egg hatchability in laying hen. (Publication No: 58425) [Doctoral thesis, Ankara University].
- Gomulkiewwicz, A., Podhorska, M., Szulc, R., Smorag, Z., Wonjar, A., & Zabel, M. (2010). Correlation between metallthionein (MT) expression and selected prognostic factors in ductal breast cancers. Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica, 48(2), 242-248. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10042-010-0011-5
- Halliwell, B., & Gutteridge, J. M. (1984). Lipid peroxidation, oxygen radicals, cell damage, and antioxidant therapy. Lancet, 323(8391), 1396-1397. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(84)91886-5
- Ilio, C. D., Boccio, G. D., Casaccia, R., Aceto, A., F. D. Giacomo, & Federici, G. (1987). Selenium level and glutathione- dependent enzyme activities in normal and neoplastic human lung tissues. Carcinogenesis, 8(2), 281-284. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/8.2.281
- Kawabata, T. T., Chapman, M. Y., Kim, D. H., Stevens, W. D. & Holsapple, M. P. (1990). Mechanisms of in vitro immunosuppression by hepatocyte-generated cyclophosphamide metabolites and 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide. Biochemical Pharmacology, 40(5), 927-935. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(90)90476-2
- Kaya, S., Princci, İ., Ünsal, A., Karaer, Z., Traş, B., Bilgili, A., & Akar, F. (2007). Veterinary Pharmacology. 4th Edition: Medisan Publishing; p. 700-716.
- Klaassen, C. D., Liu, J., & Choudhuri, S. (1999). Metallothionein: an intracellular protein to protect against cadmium toxicity. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 39, 267–294. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmatox.39.1.267
- Limandal, Ç. (2013). Immunohistochemical examination of the role of the vitamin e in cyclophosphamide-induced rat gonadotesticular injury. (Publication No: 351140) [Master of science thesis, Necmettin Erbakan University].
- Margoshes, M., & Vallee, B. L. (1957). A cadmium protein from equine kidney cortex. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 79(17), 4813-4814. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01574a064
- Mccaroll, N., Keshava, N., Cimino, M., Chu, M., Dearfield, K., Keshava, C., Kligerman, A., Owen, R., Protzel, A., Putzrath, R., & Schoeny, R. (2008). An evaluation of the mode of action framework for mutagenic carcinogenesis case study: cyclophosphamide. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 49(2), 117-131. https://doi.org/10.1002/em.20372
- Mosleh, Y. Y., Paris-Palacios, S., Counderchet, M., Biagianti-Risbourg, S., & Vernet, G. (2005). Effects of herbicide isoproturon on metallothioneins, growth, and 60 antioxidative defenses in the aquatic worm tubifex tubifex (oligochaeta, tubificidae). Ecotoxicology, 14(5), 559-571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-005-0008-6
- Ozyazgan, Y., Yurdakul, S., Yazici, H., Tüzün, B., Iscimen, A., Tüzün, Y., Aktunc, T., Pazarli, H., Hamuryudan, V., & Muftuoglu, A. (1992). Low dose cyclosporin a versus pulsed cyclophosphamide in Behçet's syndrome: A single masked trial. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 76(4), 241-243. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.76.4.241
- Pool, B. L., Bos, R. P., Niemeyer, U., Theuws, J. L. G., & Schmahl, D. (1988). In vitro/ in vivo effect of mesna on the genotoxicity and toxicty of cyclophosphamide, a study aimed at clarifying the mechanism of mesna’s anticarcinogenic activity. Toxicollogy Letters, 41(1), 49-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(88)90007-0
- Rayman, M. (2000). The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet, 356(9225), 233-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02490-9 Sabik, L. M. E., & El-Rahman, S. S. A. (2009). Alpha-tocopherol and ginger are protective on cylophosphamide-induced gonodal toxicity in adult male albino rats. Basic and Applied Pathology, 2(1), 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-9294.2009.01034.x
- Sato, M., & Bremner, I. (1993). Oxygen free radicals and metallothionein. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 14(3), 325-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(93)90029-t
- Schimmel, K. J. M., Richel, D. J., Renee, B. A., Brick, V. D., & Guchelaar, H. J. (2004). Cardiotoxicity of cytotoxic drugs. Cancer Treatment Reviews, 30(2), 181-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2003.07.003
- Schwarz, K., & Foltz, C. M. (1957). Selenium as an integral part of factor 3 against dietary necrotic liver degeneration. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 79(12), 3292-3293. https://doi.org/10.1021/j01569a087
- Senthilkumar, S., Devaki, T., Manohar, B. H. & Babu, M. S. (2006). Effect of squalene on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity. Clinica Chimica Acta, 364(1-2), 335-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2005.07.032
- Simsek, N., & Alabay., B. (2007). Histophysiological importance of metallothioneins. 2(2), 75-81. Ullery, D. E. (1992). Basis for regulation of selenium supplements in animal diets. Journal of Animal Science, 70(12), 3922-3927. https://doi.org/10.2527/1992.70123922x
- Valko, M., Leibfritz, D., Moncol, J., Cronin, M. T., Mazur, M., & Telser, J. (2007). Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological and human disease. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 39(1), 44-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001
- Viarengo, A., & Nott, J. A. (1993). Mechanisms of heavy metal cation homeostasis in marine invertebrate. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C, 104(3), 355-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(93)90001-2
- Viarengo, A., Burlando, B., Cavaletto, B. M., Ponzano, E., & Blasco, J. (1999). Role of metallothionein against oxidative stress in the Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. American Journal of Physiology, 277(6), 1612-1619. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.6.r1612
- Yang, Z., Faustino, P. J. P. A. Andrews, R. Monastra, A. A., Rasmussen, C. D. Ellison, C.D., & Cullen, K. J. (2000). Decreased cisplatin / DNA adduct formation is associated with cisplatin resistance in human and neck cancer cells lines, cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 46(4), 255-262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002800000167
- Zambenedetti, P., Giordano, R., &Zatta, P. (1998). Metallothioneins are highly expressed in astrocytes and microcapillaries in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy, 15(1), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-0618(98)00024-6
- Zhou, Z., Sun, X., & Kang, Y. J. (2002). Metallothionein protection against alcoholic liver injury through inhibition of oxidative stress. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 227(3), 214–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/153537020222700310
Deneysel siklofosfamid toksikasyonunda sodyum selenit’in karaciğer ve böbrekte metallotiyonin ekspresyonu üzerine etkisinin araştırılması
Öz
Bu araştırmada, yüksek dozda intraperitoneal (i.p.) olarak siklofosfamid (CP) uygulanan ratlarda sodyum selenitin (SS) karaciğer ve böbrek dokularında metallothionin ekspresyonuna etkisi araştırıldı. Araştırmada, ağırlıkları 200±10 gram olan Wistar Albino ırkı dişi ratlardan 4 grupta toplamda 24 adet kullanıldı. Araştırmada gruplandırma: Grup I (Kontrol grubu; çalışma süresince günlük 1 ml serum fizyolojik i.p. olarak verildi), Grup II (CP grubu; her bir rata 1 gün süreyle i.p. olarak 200 mg/kg/gün CP verildi), Grup III (SS Grubu; her bir rata 1 gün süreyle i.p. olarak 1 mg/kg/gün SS verildi), Grup IV (CP Grubu+ SS Grubu; her bir rata 1 gün süreyle i.p. olarak 200 mg/kg/gün CP ile 1 mg/kg/gün SS verildi) olacak şekilde 4 ayrı grup oluşturularak yapıldı. CP’nin yüksek dozda verildiği, aynı zamanda SS’nin de uygulandığı grupta histopatolojik bulguların şiddeti, sadece CP uygulanan gruba gore anlamlı şekilde düşük bulundu. Bu gruptaki karaciğer ve böbrek dokularına ait MT’ler ile ilgili immunohistokimyasal bulgularla, histolopatolojik bulgular karşılaştırıldıklarında değerlendirme sonuçları bakımından paralellik görüldü. SS’ nin organizmada iyi tolere edilebilmesi, doğru dozda yan etkilerinin olmaması sebebiyle ve araştırma sonuçları göz önüne alındığında, çalışmanın hayvan ve insan sağlığı bakımından önemli olduğu sonucuna varıldı.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Destekleyen Kurum
AYDIN ADNAN MENDERES ÜNİVERSİTESİ BİLİMSEL ARAŞTIRMA PROJELERİ BİRİMİ
Proje Numarası
VTF-17028
Teşekkür
BAP BİRİMİNE TEŞEKKÜR EDERİZ
Kaynakça
- Abraham, P., Indirani, K., & E. Sugumar, E. (2007). Effect of cyclophosphamide treatment on selected lysosomal enzymes in the kidney of rats. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, 59(2), 143–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2007.05.003
- Acar, Ö. (2015). Protective effect of selenium against oxidative stress and liver damage in cyclophosphamide induced hepatotoxicity in rat. (Publication No: 392173) [Master of science thesis, Eskisehir Osmangazi University].
- Akkus, İ., Sekeroğlu, R., & Uner, A. (1991). Selenium; distribution, metabolism and physiopathology. Selcuk Medical Journal, 7(4), 547-551.
- Aksoy, M. (2000). Nutritional Biochemistry. Hatipoglu Publications. 541-546.
- Avci, H., Sekkin, S., Boyacioğlu, M., Aksit, H., Tunca, R., & Epikmen, E. T. (2016). Protective and antigenotoxic effects of silymarin and curcumin in experimental cyclophosphamide intoxication in rats. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(5), 693-701. https://doi.org/10.9775/kvfd.2016.15145
- Bernacki, R.J., Bansl, S. H., & Gurtoo, H. I. (1987). Combinations of mesna with cyclophosphamide adriamycine in treatment of mice with tumors. Cancer Research, 47 (3), 799-802.
- Bertram, G. (2012). Basic Clinical Pharmacology. (12nd ed.) McGraw-Hill. (pp. 956)
- Bhattacharjee, A., Basu, A., Abhishek, B. A., Ghosh, P., Biswas, J., & Bhattacharya, S. (2014). Protective effect of selenium nanoparticle against cyclophosphamide induced hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity in Swiss albino mice. Journal of Biomaterials Applications, 29(2), 303-317. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885328214523323
- Bildik, A., Vur, F., Camas, H., Dede, S., & Sekin, S. (1996). Investigation of glutathione and lipid peroxidation levels with respect to haemoglobin types in lambs with white muscle disease. Van Veterinary Journal, 7(1-2), 95-98.
- Bulkley, G. B. (1989). The role of oxygen free radicals, Doctor: A Review. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 82(12), 747-752.
- Candan, İ. A., Bayram D., Calapoglu, N. S., Gürbüz, N., Cankara, F. N., Ozgocmen, N., & Armagan, I. (2017). Effect of melatonin and selenium on reproductive system of cadmium given female rats. Selcuk Medical Journal, 24(3), 84-95. https://doi.org/10.17343/sdutfd.270310
- Cavalletti, E., Tofanetti, O., & Zuino, F. (1986). Comparison of reduced glutathione with 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate to prevent cyclophosphamide induced urotoxicity. Cancer Letters, 32(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(86)90032-7
- Cherian, M. G., Jayasurya, A., & Bay, B. H. (2003). Metallothioneins in human tumors and potential roles in carcinogenesis. Mutation Research, 533(1-2), 201-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2003.07.013
- Chmielewska, M., Symonowicz, K., Pula, B., Owczarek, T., Podhorska-Okolow, M., Ugorski, M., & Dziegiel, P. (2015). Expression of metallothioneins I and II in kidney of doxorubicin-treated rats. Experimental Pathology, 67(4), 297-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2015.01.006
- Conover, W. J. (1980). Practical Nonparametric Statistics. In: Chapter 5 Some methods based on ranks, Section 5.2 Several independent samples. 2th ed. John Wiley&Sons. 229-239.
- Cousin, F. B., & Cairney, I. M. (1961). Some effects of selenium in sheep. Australian Journal Agricultural Research, 12(5), 927-943.
- Culling, A. F., Allison, T. R., & Barr, T. W. (1985). Cellulary Patholog Technique. 4.th ed: Mid-County Pres. Droller, M. J., Saral, R., & Santos, G. (1982). Prevention of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Urology, 20(3), 256-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-4295(82)90633-1
- Fraser, L. H., Kanekel, S., & Kehrer, J. P. (1991). Cyclophosphamide toxicity: Characterizing and avoiding the problem. Drugs, 42, 781-795. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199142050-00005
- Glode M., Robinson, J., & Gould, F. S. (1981). Protection from cyclophosphamide-induced testicular damage with an analoque of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Lancet, 317(8230), 1132-1134. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(81)92301-1
- Göger, H. (1997). The effect of different levels vitamin E and selenium on egg hatchability in laying hen. (Publication No: 58425) [Doctoral thesis, Ankara University].
- Gomulkiewwicz, A., Podhorska, M., Szulc, R., Smorag, Z., Wonjar, A., & Zabel, M. (2010). Correlation between metallthionein (MT) expression and selected prognostic factors in ductal breast cancers. Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica, 48(2), 242-248. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10042-010-0011-5
- Halliwell, B., & Gutteridge, J. M. (1984). Lipid peroxidation, oxygen radicals, cell damage, and antioxidant therapy. Lancet, 323(8391), 1396-1397. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(84)91886-5
- Ilio, C. D., Boccio, G. D., Casaccia, R., Aceto, A., F. D. Giacomo, & Federici, G. (1987). Selenium level and glutathione- dependent enzyme activities in normal and neoplastic human lung tissues. Carcinogenesis, 8(2), 281-284. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/8.2.281
- Kawabata, T. T., Chapman, M. Y., Kim, D. H., Stevens, W. D. & Holsapple, M. P. (1990). Mechanisms of in vitro immunosuppression by hepatocyte-generated cyclophosphamide metabolites and 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide. Biochemical Pharmacology, 40(5), 927-935. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(90)90476-2
- Kaya, S., Princci, İ., Ünsal, A., Karaer, Z., Traş, B., Bilgili, A., & Akar, F. (2007). Veterinary Pharmacology. 4th Edition: Medisan Publishing; p. 700-716.
- Klaassen, C. D., Liu, J., & Choudhuri, S. (1999). Metallothionein: an intracellular protein to protect against cadmium toxicity. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 39, 267–294. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmatox.39.1.267
- Limandal, Ç. (2013). Immunohistochemical examination of the role of the vitamin e in cyclophosphamide-induced rat gonadotesticular injury. (Publication No: 351140) [Master of science thesis, Necmettin Erbakan University].
- Margoshes, M., & Vallee, B. L. (1957). A cadmium protein from equine kidney cortex. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 79(17), 4813-4814. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01574a064
- Mccaroll, N., Keshava, N., Cimino, M., Chu, M., Dearfield, K., Keshava, C., Kligerman, A., Owen, R., Protzel, A., Putzrath, R., & Schoeny, R. (2008). An evaluation of the mode of action framework for mutagenic carcinogenesis case study: cyclophosphamide. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 49(2), 117-131. https://doi.org/10.1002/em.20372
- Mosleh, Y. Y., Paris-Palacios, S., Counderchet, M., Biagianti-Risbourg, S., & Vernet, G. (2005). Effects of herbicide isoproturon on metallothioneins, growth, and 60 antioxidative defenses in the aquatic worm tubifex tubifex (oligochaeta, tubificidae). Ecotoxicology, 14(5), 559-571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-005-0008-6
- Ozyazgan, Y., Yurdakul, S., Yazici, H., Tüzün, B., Iscimen, A., Tüzün, Y., Aktunc, T., Pazarli, H., Hamuryudan, V., & Muftuoglu, A. (1992). Low dose cyclosporin a versus pulsed cyclophosphamide in Behçet's syndrome: A single masked trial. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 76(4), 241-243. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.76.4.241
- Pool, B. L., Bos, R. P., Niemeyer, U., Theuws, J. L. G., & Schmahl, D. (1988). In vitro/ in vivo effect of mesna on the genotoxicity and toxicty of cyclophosphamide, a study aimed at clarifying the mechanism of mesna’s anticarcinogenic activity. Toxicollogy Letters, 41(1), 49-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(88)90007-0
- Rayman, M. (2000). The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet, 356(9225), 233-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02490-9 Sabik, L. M. E., & El-Rahman, S. S. A. (2009). Alpha-tocopherol and ginger are protective on cylophosphamide-induced gonodal toxicity in adult male albino rats. Basic and Applied Pathology, 2(1), 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-9294.2009.01034.x
- Sato, M., & Bremner, I. (1993). Oxygen free radicals and metallothionein. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 14(3), 325-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(93)90029-t
- Schimmel, K. J. M., Richel, D. J., Renee, B. A., Brick, V. D., & Guchelaar, H. J. (2004). Cardiotoxicity of cytotoxic drugs. Cancer Treatment Reviews, 30(2), 181-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2003.07.003
- Schwarz, K., & Foltz, C. M. (1957). Selenium as an integral part of factor 3 against dietary necrotic liver degeneration. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 79(12), 3292-3293. https://doi.org/10.1021/j01569a087
- Senthilkumar, S., Devaki, T., Manohar, B. H. & Babu, M. S. (2006). Effect of squalene on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity. Clinica Chimica Acta, 364(1-2), 335-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2005.07.032
- Simsek, N., & Alabay., B. (2007). Histophysiological importance of metallothioneins. 2(2), 75-81. Ullery, D. E. (1992). Basis for regulation of selenium supplements in animal diets. Journal of Animal Science, 70(12), 3922-3927. https://doi.org/10.2527/1992.70123922x
- Valko, M., Leibfritz, D., Moncol, J., Cronin, M. T., Mazur, M., & Telser, J. (2007). Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological and human disease. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 39(1), 44-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001
- Viarengo, A., & Nott, J. A. (1993). Mechanisms of heavy metal cation homeostasis in marine invertebrate. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C, 104(3), 355-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(93)90001-2
- Viarengo, A., Burlando, B., Cavaletto, B. M., Ponzano, E., & Blasco, J. (1999). Role of metallothionein against oxidative stress in the Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. American Journal of Physiology, 277(6), 1612-1619. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.6.r1612
- Yang, Z., Faustino, P. J. P. A. Andrews, R. Monastra, A. A., Rasmussen, C. D. Ellison, C.D., & Cullen, K. J. (2000). Decreased cisplatin / DNA adduct formation is associated with cisplatin resistance in human and neck cancer cells lines, cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 46(4), 255-262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002800000167
- Zambenedetti, P., Giordano, R., &Zatta, P. (1998). Metallothioneins are highly expressed in astrocytes and microcapillaries in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy, 15(1), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-0618(98)00024-6
- Zhou, Z., Sun, X., & Kang, Y. J. (2002). Metallothionein protection against alcoholic liver injury through inhibition of oxidative stress. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 227(3), 214–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/153537020222700310
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Veteriner Cerrahi |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | VTF-17028 |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 29 Ağustos 2023 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Ağustos 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 19 Nisan 2023 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 5 Temmuz 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2 |
