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Protective effect of L-carnitine against ethanol-induced gastric damage: investigation of possible mechanisms of action

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 73 - 83, 30.08.2023

Emrah İpek Şule Yurdagül Özsoy

https://doi.org/10.31797/vetbio.1264050

Öz

The underlying mechanisms of L-carnitine’s (L-CAR) protective effect against ethanol (EtOH)-induced gastric mucosal damage were investigated in this study. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: control (CON), EtOH, EtOH + L-CAR50, and EtOH + LCAR100. Control group was given saline (5 mL/kg) twice at 1-hour interval. EtOH group was given 5 mL/kg saline 1-hour before absolute EtOH administration (5 mL/kg). EtOH + LCAR50 group received 50 mg/kg LCAR 1-hour before absolute EtOH administration (5 mL/kg). EtOH + LCAR100 group received 100 mg/kg LCAR 1-hour before absolute EtOH administration (5 mL/kg). All the rats were euthanized 1 hour after the administration of EtOH. The gastric lesion area was grossly examined, and gastric lesions were histopathologically evaluated. Real-time PCR was used to examine the expression of cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1 and COX-2), inducible- and endothelial- nitric oxide synthase (iNOS and eNOS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) mRNA in the gastric mucosa. Histopathological examination revealed that L-CAR treatment reduced the severity and extent of gastric lesions caused by EtOH administration, such as shedding of the superficial epithelium, glandular gland necrosis, intralesional hemorrhage, submucosal edema, and neutrophil infiltration. L-CAR administration was found to significantly reduce the mRNA levels of COX-2, iNOS, eNOS, and TNF-α in the gastric mucosa compared to EtOH administration alone. It was determined that L-CAR administration further increased the gastric mucosal HSP70 mRNA expression than EtOH administration alone. L-CAR treatment increased TFF2 expression which was decreased after EtOH administration. Finally, L-CAR administration was thought to protect against EtOH-induced gastric mucosal damage by regulating the expression of gastric mucosal COX and NOS systems, reducing the inflammatory cytokine levels, inducing a cellular stress response, and stimulating the expression of factors associated with mucus secretion and gastric epithelium restitution.

Anahtar Kelimeler

cyclooxygenase ethanol heat shock protein L-carnitine nitric oxide synthetase trefoil peptides

Kaynakça

  • Aihara, E., Engevik, K. A., & Montrose, M. H. (2017). Trefoil Factor Peptides and Gastrointestinal Function. Annual Review of Physiology, 79, 357–380. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105447
  • Arafa, H. M., & Sayed-Ahmed, M. M. (2003). Protective role of carnitine esters against alcohol-induced gastric lesions in rats. Pharmacological Research, 48(3), 285–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1043-6618(03)00154-3
  • Aziz, R. S., Siddiqua, A., Shahzad, M., Shabbir, A., & Naseem, N. (2019). Oxyresveratrol ameliorates ethanol-induced gastric ulcer via downregulation of IL-6, TNF-α, NF-ĸB, and COX-2 levels, and upregulation of TFF-2 levels. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy, 110, 554–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.002
  • Bakalarz, D., Surmiak, M., Yang, X., Wójcik, D., Korbut, E., Śliwowski, Z., Ginter, G., Buszewicz, G., Brzozowski, T., Cieszkowski, J., Głowacka, U., Magierowska, K., Pan, Z., Wang, B., & Magierowski, M. (2021). Organic carbon monoxide prodrug, BW-CO-111, in protection against chemically-induced gastric mucosal damage. Acta pharmaceutica Sinica B, 11(2), 456–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2020.08.005
  • Chen, X., Zhao, Y., Liu, K., Li, Z., Tan, X., Wang, Y., Gao, N., Liu, C., Fang, X., & Wang, Y. (2021). Lycopene Aggravates Acute Gastric Injury Induced by Ethanol. Frontiers in Nutrition, 8, 697879. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.697879
  • Dokmeci, D., Akpolat, M., Aydogdu, N., Doganay, L., & Turan, F. N. (2005). L-carnitine inhibits ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Pharmacological Reports, 57(4), 481–488.
  • Erkin, B., Dokmeci, D., Altaner, S., & Turan, F. N. (2006). Gastroprotective effect of L-carnitine on indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats: a preliminary study. Folia Medica, 48(3-4), 86–89.
  • Guth, P. H., Paulsen, G., & Nagata, H. (1984). Histologic and microcirculatory changes in alcohol-induced gastric lesions in the rat: effect of prostaglandin cytoprotection. Gastroenterology, 87(5), 1083–1090.
  • Hanby, A. M., Poulsom, R., Singh, S., Elia, G., Jeffery, R. E., & Wright, N. A. (1993). Spasmolytic polypeptide is a major antral peptide: distribution of the trefoil peptides human spasmolytic polypeptide and pS2 in the stomach. Gastroenterology, 105(4), 1110–1116. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(93)90956-d
  • Izgüt-Uysal, V. N., Bülbül, M., Tan, R., Derin, N., Ustünel, I., Ağar, A., & Yargiçoğlu, P. (2007). Effect of chronic stress and L-carnitine on rat stomach. The Journal of Physiological Sciences, 57(3), 187–192. https://doi.org/10.2170/physiolsci.RP004707
  • Kart, A., Yapar, K., Karapehlivan, M., Tunca, R., Ogun, M., & Citil, M. (2006). Effects of L-carnitine on kidney histopathology, plasma and tissue total sialic acid, malondialdehyde and glutathione concentrations in response to gentamicin administration in Balb/C mice. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire, 157(4), 179.
  • Kim, M. R., Kim, T. I., Choi, B. R., Kim, M. B., Cho, I. J., Lee, K. W., & Ku, S. K. (2020). Brassica oleracea Prevents HCl/Ethanol-Induced Gastric Damages in Mice. Applied Sciences, 11(1), 16.
  • Kubes, P., & Wallace, J. L. (1995). Nitric oxide as a mediator of gastrointestinal mucosal injury?-Say it ain't so. Mediators of Inflammation, 4(6), 397–405. https://doi.org/10.1155/S0962935195000640
  • Lacy, E. R., & Ito, S. (1982). Microscopic analysis of ethanol damage to rat gastric mucosa after treatment with a prostaglandin. Gastroenterology, 83(3), 619–625.
  • Livak, K. J., & Schmittgen, T. D. (2001). Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods, 25(4), 402–408. https://doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262
  • MacNaughton, W. K., Keenan, C. M., McKnight, G. W., & Wallace, J. L. (1989a). The modulation of gastric mucosal integrity by endothelin-1 and prostacyclin. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 13 Suppl 5, S118–S123. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005344-198900135-00029
  • MacNaughton, W. K., Cirino, G., & Wallace, J. L. (1989b). Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (nitric oxide) has protective actions in the stomach. Life Sciences, 45(20), 1869–1876. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(89)90540-7
  • Madi, N., & Al-Barr, A. (2014). Comparative evaluation of the gastroprotective effect of L-Carnitine and Omeprazole on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in male Albino Wister rats. Bulletin of Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences, 34(2), 293-309.
  • Magierowska, K., Wojcik, D., Chmura, A., Bakalarz, D., Wierdak, M., Kwiecien, S., Sliwowski, Z., Brzozowski, T., & Magierowski, M. (2018). Alterations in Gastric Mucosal Expression of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptides, Vanilloid Receptors, and Heme Oxygenase-1 Mediate Gastroprotective Action of Carbon Monoxide against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Lesions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(10), 2960. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19102960
  • Magierowska, K., Magierowski, M., Hubalewska-Mazgaj, M., Adamski, J., Surmiak, M., Sliwowski, Z., Kwiecien, S., & Brzozowski, T. (2015). Carbon Monoxide (CO) Released from Tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) Dimer (CORM-2) in Gastroprotection against Experimental Ethanol-Induced Gastric Damage. PloS One, 10(10), e0140493. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140493
  • Martin, G. R., & Wallace, J. L. (2006). Gastrointestinal inflammation: a central component of mucosal defense and repair. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 231(2), 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/153537020623100202
  • McKenzie, C., Thim, L., & Parsons, M. E. (2000). Topical and intravenous administration of trefoil factors protect the gastric mucosa from ethanol-induced injury in the rat. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 14(8), 1033–1040. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00796.x
  • Nakamura, K., Rokutan, K., Marui, N., Aoike, A., & Kawai, K. (1991). Induction of heat shock proteins and their implication in protection against ethanol-induced damage in cultured guinea pig gastric mucosal cells. Gastroenterology, 101(1), 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(91)90473-x
  • Oates, P. J., & Hakkinen, J. P. (1988). Studies on the mechanism of ethanol-induced gastric damage in rats. Gastroenterology, 94(1), 10–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(88)90604-x
  • Poulsen, S. S., Thulesen, J., Christensen, L., Nexo, E., & Thim, L. (1999). Metabolism of oral trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) and the effect of oral and parenteral TFF2 on gastric and duodenal ulcer healing in the rat. Gut, 45(4), 516–522. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.45.4.516
  • Robert, A., Nezamis, J. E., Lancaster, C., & Hanchar, A. J. (1979). Cytoprotection by prostaglandins in rats. Prevention of gastric necrosis produced by alcohol, HCl, NaOH, hypertonic NaCl, and thermal injury. Gastroenterology, 77(3), 433–443.
  • Rokutan, K. (2000). Role of heat shock proteins in gastric mucosal protection. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 15, 12-19.
  • Sun, Y., Zheng, J., Yi, J., & Cai, S. (2022). Investigation on the Effects and Mechanisms of Alkaline Natural Mineral Water and Distilled Water on Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcers In Vivo and In Vitro. Processes, 10(3), 498.
  • Saika, M., Ueyama, T., & Senba, E. (2000). Expression of immediate early genes, HSP70, and COX-2 mRNAs in rat stomach following ethanol ingestion. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 45(12), 2455–2462. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005615714451
  • Szabo, S., Trier, J. S., Brown, A., & Schnoor, J. (1985). Early vascular injury and increased vascular permeability in gastric mucosal injury caused by ethanol in the rat. Gastroenterology, 88(1 Pt 2), 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(85)80176-1
  • Tepperman, B. L., & Soper, B. D. (1994). Nitric oxide synthase induction and cytoprotection of rat gastric mucosa from injury by ethanol. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 72(11), 1308–1312. https://doi.org/10.1139/y94-188
  • Thim, L., Madsen, F., & Poulsen, S. S. (2002). Effect of trefoil factors on the viscoelastic properties of mucus gels. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 32(7), 519–527. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2362.2002.01014.x
  • Tsukimi, Y., & Okabe, S. (2001). Recent advances in gastrointestinal pathophysiology: role of heat shock proteins in mucosal defense and ulcer healing. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 24(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.24.1
  • Wallace J. L. (2008). Prostaglandins, NSAIDs, and gastric mucosal protection: why doesn't the stomach digest itself?. Physiological Reviews, 88(4), 1547–1565. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00004.2008
  • Xue, L., Aihara, E., Wang, T. C., & Montrose, M. H. (2011). Trefoil factor 2 requires Na/H exchanger 2 activity to enhance mouse gastric epithelial repair. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 286(44), 38375–38382. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.268219
  • Yu, L., Li, R., Liu, W., Zhou, Y., Li, Y., Qin, Y., Chen, Y., & Xu, Y. (2020). Protective Effects of Wheat Peptides against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Lesions in Rats: Vasodilation and Anti-Inflammation. Nutrients, 12(8), 2355. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082355
  • Zhao, W., Zhu, F., Shen, W., Fu, A., Zheng, L., Yan, Z., Zhao, L., & Fu, G. (2009). Protective effects of DIDS against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica, 41(4), 301–308. https://doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gmp014

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 73 - 83, 30.08.2023

Emrah İpek Şule Yurdagül Özsoy

https://doi.org/10.31797/vetbio.1264050

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aihara, E., Engevik, K. A., & Montrose, M. H. (2017). Trefoil Factor Peptides and Gastrointestinal Function. Annual Review of Physiology, 79, 357–380. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105447
  • Arafa, H. M., & Sayed-Ahmed, M. M. (2003). Protective role of carnitine esters against alcohol-induced gastric lesions in rats. Pharmacological Research, 48(3), 285–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1043-6618(03)00154-3
  • Aziz, R. S., Siddiqua, A., Shahzad, M., Shabbir, A., & Naseem, N. (2019). Oxyresveratrol ameliorates ethanol-induced gastric ulcer via downregulation of IL-6, TNF-α, NF-ĸB, and COX-2 levels, and upregulation of TFF-2 levels. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy, 110, 554–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.002
  • Bakalarz, D., Surmiak, M., Yang, X., Wójcik, D., Korbut, E., Śliwowski, Z., Ginter, G., Buszewicz, G., Brzozowski, T., Cieszkowski, J., Głowacka, U., Magierowska, K., Pan, Z., Wang, B., & Magierowski, M. (2021). Organic carbon monoxide prodrug, BW-CO-111, in protection against chemically-induced gastric mucosal damage. Acta pharmaceutica Sinica B, 11(2), 456–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2020.08.005
  • Chen, X., Zhao, Y., Liu, K., Li, Z., Tan, X., Wang, Y., Gao, N., Liu, C., Fang, X., & Wang, Y. (2021). Lycopene Aggravates Acute Gastric Injury Induced by Ethanol. Frontiers in Nutrition, 8, 697879. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.697879
  • Dokmeci, D., Akpolat, M., Aydogdu, N., Doganay, L., & Turan, F. N. (2005). L-carnitine inhibits ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Pharmacological Reports, 57(4), 481–488.
  • Erkin, B., Dokmeci, D., Altaner, S., & Turan, F. N. (2006). Gastroprotective effect of L-carnitine on indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats: a preliminary study. Folia Medica, 48(3-4), 86–89.
  • Guth, P. H., Paulsen, G., & Nagata, H. (1984). Histologic and microcirculatory changes in alcohol-induced gastric lesions in the rat: effect of prostaglandin cytoprotection. Gastroenterology, 87(5), 1083–1090.
  • Hanby, A. M., Poulsom, R., Singh, S., Elia, G., Jeffery, R. E., & Wright, N. A. (1993). Spasmolytic polypeptide is a major antral peptide: distribution of the trefoil peptides human spasmolytic polypeptide and pS2 in the stomach. Gastroenterology, 105(4), 1110–1116. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(93)90956-d
  • Izgüt-Uysal, V. N., Bülbül, M., Tan, R., Derin, N., Ustünel, I., Ağar, A., & Yargiçoğlu, P. (2007). Effect of chronic stress and L-carnitine on rat stomach. The Journal of Physiological Sciences, 57(3), 187–192. https://doi.org/10.2170/physiolsci.RP004707
  • Kart, A., Yapar, K., Karapehlivan, M., Tunca, R., Ogun, M., & Citil, M. (2006). Effects of L-carnitine on kidney histopathology, plasma and tissue total sialic acid, malondialdehyde and glutathione concentrations in response to gentamicin administration in Balb/C mice. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire, 157(4), 179.
  • Kim, M. R., Kim, T. I., Choi, B. R., Kim, M. B., Cho, I. J., Lee, K. W., & Ku, S. K. (2020). Brassica oleracea Prevents HCl/Ethanol-Induced Gastric Damages in Mice. Applied Sciences, 11(1), 16.
  • Kubes, P., & Wallace, J. L. (1995). Nitric oxide as a mediator of gastrointestinal mucosal injury?-Say it ain't so. Mediators of Inflammation, 4(6), 397–405. https://doi.org/10.1155/S0962935195000640
  • Lacy, E. R., & Ito, S. (1982). Microscopic analysis of ethanol damage to rat gastric mucosa after treatment with a prostaglandin. Gastroenterology, 83(3), 619–625.
  • Livak, K. J., & Schmittgen, T. D. (2001). Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods, 25(4), 402–408. https://doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262
  • MacNaughton, W. K., Keenan, C. M., McKnight, G. W., & Wallace, J. L. (1989a). The modulation of gastric mucosal integrity by endothelin-1 and prostacyclin. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 13 Suppl 5, S118–S123. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005344-198900135-00029
  • MacNaughton, W. K., Cirino, G., & Wallace, J. L. (1989b). Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (nitric oxide) has protective actions in the stomach. Life Sciences, 45(20), 1869–1876. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(89)90540-7
  • Madi, N., & Al-Barr, A. (2014). Comparative evaluation of the gastroprotective effect of L-Carnitine and Omeprazole on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in male Albino Wister rats. Bulletin of Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences, 34(2), 293-309.
  • Magierowska, K., Wojcik, D., Chmura, A., Bakalarz, D., Wierdak, M., Kwiecien, S., Sliwowski, Z., Brzozowski, T., & Magierowski, M. (2018). Alterations in Gastric Mucosal Expression of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptides, Vanilloid Receptors, and Heme Oxygenase-1 Mediate Gastroprotective Action of Carbon Monoxide against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Lesions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(10), 2960. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19102960
  • Magierowska, K., Magierowski, M., Hubalewska-Mazgaj, M., Adamski, J., Surmiak, M., Sliwowski, Z., Kwiecien, S., & Brzozowski, T. (2015). Carbon Monoxide (CO) Released from Tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) Dimer (CORM-2) in Gastroprotection against Experimental Ethanol-Induced Gastric Damage. PloS One, 10(10), e0140493. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140493
  • Martin, G. R., & Wallace, J. L. (2006). Gastrointestinal inflammation: a central component of mucosal defense and repair. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 231(2), 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/153537020623100202
  • McKenzie, C., Thim, L., & Parsons, M. E. (2000). Topical and intravenous administration of trefoil factors protect the gastric mucosa from ethanol-induced injury in the rat. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 14(8), 1033–1040. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00796.x
  • Nakamura, K., Rokutan, K., Marui, N., Aoike, A., & Kawai, K. (1991). Induction of heat shock proteins and their implication in protection against ethanol-induced damage in cultured guinea pig gastric mucosal cells. Gastroenterology, 101(1), 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(91)90473-x
  • Oates, P. J., & Hakkinen, J. P. (1988). Studies on the mechanism of ethanol-induced gastric damage in rats. Gastroenterology, 94(1), 10–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(88)90604-x
  • Poulsen, S. S., Thulesen, J., Christensen, L., Nexo, E., & Thim, L. (1999). Metabolism of oral trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) and the effect of oral and parenteral TFF2 on gastric and duodenal ulcer healing in the rat. Gut, 45(4), 516–522. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.45.4.516
  • Robert, A., Nezamis, J. E., Lancaster, C., & Hanchar, A. J. (1979). Cytoprotection by prostaglandins in rats. Prevention of gastric necrosis produced by alcohol, HCl, NaOH, hypertonic NaCl, and thermal injury. Gastroenterology, 77(3), 433–443.
  • Rokutan, K. (2000). Role of heat shock proteins in gastric mucosal protection. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 15, 12-19.
  • Sun, Y., Zheng, J., Yi, J., & Cai, S. (2022). Investigation on the Effects and Mechanisms of Alkaline Natural Mineral Water and Distilled Water on Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcers In Vivo and In Vitro. Processes, 10(3), 498.
  • Saika, M., Ueyama, T., & Senba, E. (2000). Expression of immediate early genes, HSP70, and COX-2 mRNAs in rat stomach following ethanol ingestion. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 45(12), 2455–2462. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005615714451
  • Szabo, S., Trier, J. S., Brown, A., & Schnoor, J. (1985). Early vascular injury and increased vascular permeability in gastric mucosal injury caused by ethanol in the rat. Gastroenterology, 88(1 Pt 2), 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(85)80176-1
  • Tepperman, B. L., & Soper, B. D. (1994). Nitric oxide synthase induction and cytoprotection of rat gastric mucosa from injury by ethanol. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 72(11), 1308–1312. https://doi.org/10.1139/y94-188
  • Thim, L., Madsen, F., & Poulsen, S. S. (2002). Effect of trefoil factors on the viscoelastic properties of mucus gels. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 32(7), 519–527. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2362.2002.01014.x
  • Tsukimi, Y., & Okabe, S. (2001). Recent advances in gastrointestinal pathophysiology: role of heat shock proteins in mucosal defense and ulcer healing. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 24(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.24.1
  • Wallace J. L. (2008). Prostaglandins, NSAIDs, and gastric mucosal protection: why doesn't the stomach digest itself?. Physiological Reviews, 88(4), 1547–1565. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00004.2008
  • Xue, L., Aihara, E., Wang, T. C., & Montrose, M. H. (2011). Trefoil factor 2 requires Na/H exchanger 2 activity to enhance mouse gastric epithelial repair. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 286(44), 38375–38382. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.268219
  • Yu, L., Li, R., Liu, W., Zhou, Y., Li, Y., Qin, Y., Chen, Y., & Xu, Y. (2020). Protective Effects of Wheat Peptides against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Lesions in Rats: Vasodilation and Anti-Inflammation. Nutrients, 12(8), 2355. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082355
  • Zhao, W., Zhu, F., Shen, W., Fu, A., Zheng, L., Yan, Z., Zhao, L., & Fu, G. (2009). Protective effects of DIDS against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica, 41(4), 301–308. https://doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gmp014
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Emrah İpek 0000-0002-5247-5222

Şule Yurdagül Özsoy 0000-0002-0743-2063

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ağustos 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Mart 2023
Kabul Tarihi 1 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA İpek, E., & Özsoy, Ş. Y. (2023). Protective effect of L-carnitine against ethanol-induced gastric damage: investigation of possible mechanisms of action. Journal of Advances in VetBio Science and Techniques, 8(2), 73-83. https://doi.org/10.31797/vetbio.1264050
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