Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 18 - 30, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.47512/meujmaf.1200009

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akdeniz, F. (2016). Olasılık ve İstatistik (Probability and Statistics). Akademisyen Kitabevi,Ankara.
  • Bansard International (2021). “Global Top 30 Container Ports in 2021”. https://www.bansard.com/en/news/global-top-30-container-ports-2021, [Accessed 22 October 2022].
  • Beyazgül, M., Öcek, C. and Karadeniz, E. (2022). “Covid-19 Salgınının Kara, Deniz ve Havayolu Yolcu Taşımacılığı Sektörlerinin Likidite ve Finansal Başarısızlık Risklerine Etkisinin Analizi.” Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, No. 6(1), pp282-300.
  • Cengiz H. and Turan E. (2021). “Business Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Global Maritime Industry”. Journal of Naval Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 17, No.,1 pp.43-75.
  • Choquet A.and Sam-Lefebvre (2021). “Ports closed to cruise ships in the context of COVID-19: What choices are there for coastal states?”. Annals of Tourism Research, No. 86, pp. 1-10.
  • Cullinane K. and Haralambides H. (2021). “Global trends in maritime and port economics: the COVID‑19 pandemic and beyond”. Maritime Economics & Logistics, No. 23, pp. 369-380.
  • Dagestani, A., A. (2022). “An Analysis of the Impacts of COVID-19 and Freight Cost on Trade of the Economic Belt and the Maritime Silk Road”. International Journal of Industrial Engineering & Production Research. Vol. 33, No. 1, pp.1-16.
  • Danışman, M. and Akkartal, E. (2020). “Effects of Covid-19 Pandemy Over Maritime Transport: An Evaluation of Supply-demand Balance”. Archives of Business Review, Vol. 8, No. 12, pp. 83-97.
  • Deb P. Furceri D., Ostry J.D. and Tawk N. (2022). “The Economic Effects of COVID‑19 Containment Measures”. Open Economies Review 33, pp. 1-32.
  • Dirzka C. and Acciaro (2022). “Global shipping network dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic's initial phases”. Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 99, pp.1-15.
  • Doumbia-Henry C. (2020). “Shipping and COVID-19: protecting seafarers as frontline workers WMU”. Journal of Maritime Affairs, Vol. 19, pp. 279-293.
  • Ece, N.J. (2020). Covid-19 Salgınının Konteyner Taşımacılığı ve Limanlarına Etkisi. Mersin Üniversitesi Denizcilik ve Lojistik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 47-66.
  • European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) (2022). “COVID-19: impact on the maritime sector in the EU”, https://www.emsa.europa.eu/newsroom/item/4407-covid19.html, [Accessed 25 October 2022]. Grzelakowski, A.S. (2022). “The Covid-19 Pandemic – Challenges for Maritime Transport and Global Logistics Supply Chains”. The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation (TransNav), Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 71-77.
  • International Chamber of Shipping (ICS) (2021). “Coronavirus (COVID-19): Guidance for Ship Operators for the Protection of the Health of Seafarers”. Third Edition, https://www.ics-shipping.org/publication/coronavirus-Covid-19-guidance-for-ship-operators-for-the-protection-of-the-health-of-seafarers-v3/, /, [Accessed 25 October 2022].
  • İncaz, S and Karaköprü, U.O. (2021). “The Importance of Ambarlı Port in Container Handling in Turkey; Forecasting Analysis for the Near Future and the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic”. Journal of Urban Culture and Management (Kent Akademi), Vol. 14, No. 4, pp.899-910.
  • İstanbul&Marmara, Agean, Mediterraneanand Black SeaRegions Chamber of Shipping (İstanbul ve Marmara,Ege,Akdeniz,Karadeniz Bölgeleri Deniz Ticaret Odası)-IMEAK (2021). MaritimeSector Report (Denizcilik Sektör Raporu), 37-39, https://www.denizticaretodasi.org.tr/media/SharedDocuments/sektorraporu/sektor_raporu_tr_2021.pdf., [Accessed 25 Otober 2022].
  • IMEAK (2022). MaritimeSector Report (Denizcilik Sektör Raporu 2022, 37-39, https://www.denizticaretodasi.org.tr/media/SharedDocuments/sektorraporu/sektor_raporu_en_2022.pdf.pdf [Accessed 25 Otober 2022].
  • Keshta J. and Elmesmary H. (2020). ”Investigating the impact of COVID-19 on maritime supply chain sustainability and technology: a review”. ICAMS 2020 – 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems, https://doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.III.10, Romania, Bucharest, pp. 315.
  • Koyuncu, K. Tavacıoğlu, L. Gökmen, N. Arican, U. Ç. (2021). “Forecasting COVID-19 impact on RWI/ISL container throughput index by using SARIMA models”. Maritime Policy & Management, Vol. 48, No. 8, pp. 1096-1108.
  • Kuhn K. Bicakci S. and Shaikh A. (2021). “COVID-19 digitization in maritime: understanding cyber risks”. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, Vol. 20, No.2, pp. 193-214.
  • Kumar, S. and Jolly, A. (2021). “Consequences of COVID-19 pandemic on global maritime trade industry”. International Maritime Health, Vol.72, No.1, 82-83.
  • Merk O., Hoffmann J. and Haralambides H. (2022). “Post‑COVID‑19 scenarios for the governance of maritime transport and ports”. Maritime Economics & Logistics, pp. 673-685.
  • Monios J. and Wilmsmeier G. (2022). “Maritime governance after COVID‑19: how responses to market developments and environmental challenges lead towards”. Maritime Economics & Logistics, pp.699-722.
  • Narasimha, P. T., Jena, P. R., Majhi, R.(2021). “Impact of COVID-19 on the Indian seaport transportation and maritime supply chain”. Transport Policy, Vol. 110, pp. 191-203.
  • Notteboom, T. and Pallis, T. (2020). “IAPH-WPSP Port Economic Impact Barometer”. IAPH Report, https://sustainableworldports.org/wp-content/uploads/ IAPH-WPSP-Port-Economic-Impact-Barometer-20-21-View.pdf., [Accessed 25 October 2022].
  • Notteboom T. and Haralambides H. E. (2020). “Port management and governance in a post‑COVID‑19 era: quo Vadis?”. Maritime Economics & Logistics, Vol. 22, pp. 329-352.
  • Notteboom, T., Pallis, T. and Rodrigue, J.P. (2021). “Disruptions and resilience in global container shipping and ports: the COVID‑19 pandemic versus the 2008–2009 financial crisis”. Maritime Economics&Logistics, Vol. 23, pp. 179-210.
  • Peng, WY and Chu, CW (2009). “A comparison of univariate methods for forecasting container throughput volumes”. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, No.50, 1945, 1045-1057.
  • Permal, S. (2022).” Cascading effect of COVID-19: de-globalization and its impact on global governance”. Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 220-228.
  • Piñeiro, L.C., Mejia M. Q. and Ballini F. (2021). “Beyond COVID-19: the future of maritime transport”. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, Vol. 20, pp. 127-133.
  • Polat, D. and Bamyacı M. (2022). “COVID-19 Salgınının Boş Konteyner Hareketlerine Etkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Lojistik Dergisi, No.55, pp.18-38.
  • Saral, G.A. and Sanrı, Ö. (2022). “A Bibliometric Analysis of The Impact of COVID-19 on Maritime Logistics and Ports” The Journal of International Scientific Researches, Vol.7, No. 2, pp. 131-148.
  • Statista (2022). “Global container trade in 2021, by trade lane”. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1130550/global -container-trade-by-trade-lane/ [Accessed 25 October 2022].
  • The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2020). Review of Maritime Transport 2020. Geneva: UNCTAD, XİV, 1-2, https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ rmt2021_en_0.pdf., [Accessed 18 October 2022].
  • The World Health Organization (2020). “Handbook for the management of public health events on board ships”, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/handbook-for-management-of-public-health-events-on-board-ships, [Accessed 22 October 2022].
  • Tianming, G., Erokhin, V., Arskiy, A. and Khudzhatov, M. (2021). “Has the COVID-19 Pandemic Affected Maritime Connectivity? An Estimation for China and the Polar Silk Road Countries. MDPI”, Sustainability, Vol. 13, pp. 1-39.
  • UNCTAD (2021). COVID-19 and maritime transport: Impact and responses,Transport and Trade Facilitation Serious No 15, Geneva: United Nations Publications. https://unctad.org/system/files/officialdocument/dtltlbinf2020d1_en.pdf, 14-24.
  • UNCTAD (2022). “Review of Maritime Transport 2021”, https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ rmt2021_en_0.pdf, [Accessed 25 October 2022].
  • UNCTADSTAT(2022a). “World seaborne trade by types of Cargo and by a group of economies, annual Table summary”, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=32363, [Accessed 20 October 2022].
  • UNCTADSTAT(2022b). “Number of port calls”, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=194889, [Accessed 20 October 2022].
  • UNCTADSTAT(2022c). “Port call and performance statistics: time spent in ports, vessel age and size, annual”, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/ tableView.aspx, [Accessed 18 October 2022].
  • UNCTADSTAT(2022d). “Container port throughput”, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=13321, [Accessed 22 October 2022].
  • Verschuur, J.; Koks, E. E.; Hall, J.W. (2021). “Global economic impacts of COVID-19 lockdown measures stand out in high-frequency shipping data”. PLoS ONE, Vol.16, No. 4, pp. 1-16.
  • World Shipping Council (WSC) (2021). “The Top 10 World Container Ports, https://www.worldshipping.org/ top-50-ports, [Accessed 28 October 2022].
  • Xu, L.,Yang, S., Chen, J. And Shi, J. (2021). “The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on port performance: Evidence from China”. Ocean and Coastal Management, Vol. 209, pp.1-6.
  • Yazır, D.; Şahin, B.; Yip, T.L. and Po-Hsing Tseng, P,H.(2020). ”Effects of COVID-19 on the maritime industry: a review”. Via Medica, Vol. 71, No. 4, pp. 253-264.
  • Yazır, D. and Yay, S. (2022). “The Economical Effects of COVID-19 on Publicly Listed Companies Operating in the Commercial Shipping Sector: A Special Research Based on Carnival Corporation and Golden Ocean Group Companies”. Mersin University Journal of Maritime and Logistics Research, Vol. 4, pp. 91-111.
  • Yılmazkuday, H (2022). “Coronavirus disease 2019 and the global economy”. Transport Policy, Vol. 120, pp. 40-46.

THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON MARITIME TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION: AN ESTIMATION OF THE MARITIME TRADE POST-COVID-19

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 18 - 30, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.47512/meujmaf.1200009

Öz

The coronavirus which emerged in December 2019 has affected the health of people and the whole world’s social and working life. This pandemic has impressed not only people’s health and life but also the world economy and especially maritime trade. International organizations and maritime authorities such as World Health Organization (WHO) and International Maritime Organization (IMO) have taken several measures and responses to mitigate the impact the Covid-19 on the maritime industry. Taking precautions, implementing protocols, and complying with guidelines at ships and ports which helps to protect the health of seafarers, passengers, port workers, and the general public have adversely affected the entire world economy and international trade. The study aims to identify the impacts of Covid-19 on maritime trade and transportation and to estimate world maritime trade for the years 2023, 2025, and 2030. In the study, a literature review was conducted, the impact of the Covid-19 on world maritime trade, maritime transportation, port calls, and shipping companies have been examined and the least squares method which is a form of regression analysis was used to estimate maritime trade and container throughput for these years. According to the result of the analysis, it is estimated that the world maritime trade will be 24,100.8 million tons in 2023, 25,163.2 million tons in 2025, and 27,819.2 million tons in 2030, and the estimated total container throughput at container ports in the world will be 906,104.1 thousand TEU in 2023, 959,701.5 thousand TEU in 2025 and 1,093,695 thousand TEU in 2030. It has been concluded that the total global maritime trade and amount of containers handled will increase gradually.

Kaynakça

  • Akdeniz, F. (2016). Olasılık ve İstatistik (Probability and Statistics). Akademisyen Kitabevi,Ankara.
  • Bansard International (2021). “Global Top 30 Container Ports in 2021”. https://www.bansard.com/en/news/global-top-30-container-ports-2021, [Accessed 22 October 2022].
  • Beyazgül, M., Öcek, C. and Karadeniz, E. (2022). “Covid-19 Salgınının Kara, Deniz ve Havayolu Yolcu Taşımacılığı Sektörlerinin Likidite ve Finansal Başarısızlık Risklerine Etkisinin Analizi.” Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, No. 6(1), pp282-300.
  • Cengiz H. and Turan E. (2021). “Business Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Global Maritime Industry”. Journal of Naval Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 17, No.,1 pp.43-75.
  • Choquet A.and Sam-Lefebvre (2021). “Ports closed to cruise ships in the context of COVID-19: What choices are there for coastal states?”. Annals of Tourism Research, No. 86, pp. 1-10.
  • Cullinane K. and Haralambides H. (2021). “Global trends in maritime and port economics: the COVID‑19 pandemic and beyond”. Maritime Economics & Logistics, No. 23, pp. 369-380.
  • Dagestani, A., A. (2022). “An Analysis of the Impacts of COVID-19 and Freight Cost on Trade of the Economic Belt and the Maritime Silk Road”. International Journal of Industrial Engineering & Production Research. Vol. 33, No. 1, pp.1-16.
  • Danışman, M. and Akkartal, E. (2020). “Effects of Covid-19 Pandemy Over Maritime Transport: An Evaluation of Supply-demand Balance”. Archives of Business Review, Vol. 8, No. 12, pp. 83-97.
  • Deb P. Furceri D., Ostry J.D. and Tawk N. (2022). “The Economic Effects of COVID‑19 Containment Measures”. Open Economies Review 33, pp. 1-32.
  • Dirzka C. and Acciaro (2022). “Global shipping network dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic's initial phases”. Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 99, pp.1-15.
  • Doumbia-Henry C. (2020). “Shipping and COVID-19: protecting seafarers as frontline workers WMU”. Journal of Maritime Affairs, Vol. 19, pp. 279-293.
  • Ece, N.J. (2020). Covid-19 Salgınının Konteyner Taşımacılığı ve Limanlarına Etkisi. Mersin Üniversitesi Denizcilik ve Lojistik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 47-66.
  • European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) (2022). “COVID-19: impact on the maritime sector in the EU”, https://www.emsa.europa.eu/newsroom/item/4407-covid19.html, [Accessed 25 October 2022]. Grzelakowski, A.S. (2022). “The Covid-19 Pandemic – Challenges for Maritime Transport and Global Logistics Supply Chains”. The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation (TransNav), Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 71-77.
  • International Chamber of Shipping (ICS) (2021). “Coronavirus (COVID-19): Guidance for Ship Operators for the Protection of the Health of Seafarers”. Third Edition, https://www.ics-shipping.org/publication/coronavirus-Covid-19-guidance-for-ship-operators-for-the-protection-of-the-health-of-seafarers-v3/, /, [Accessed 25 October 2022].
  • İncaz, S and Karaköprü, U.O. (2021). “The Importance of Ambarlı Port in Container Handling in Turkey; Forecasting Analysis for the Near Future and the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic”. Journal of Urban Culture and Management (Kent Akademi), Vol. 14, No. 4, pp.899-910.
  • İstanbul&Marmara, Agean, Mediterraneanand Black SeaRegions Chamber of Shipping (İstanbul ve Marmara,Ege,Akdeniz,Karadeniz Bölgeleri Deniz Ticaret Odası)-IMEAK (2021). MaritimeSector Report (Denizcilik Sektör Raporu), 37-39, https://www.denizticaretodasi.org.tr/media/SharedDocuments/sektorraporu/sektor_raporu_tr_2021.pdf., [Accessed 25 Otober 2022].
  • IMEAK (2022). MaritimeSector Report (Denizcilik Sektör Raporu 2022, 37-39, https://www.denizticaretodasi.org.tr/media/SharedDocuments/sektorraporu/sektor_raporu_en_2022.pdf.pdf [Accessed 25 Otober 2022].
  • Keshta J. and Elmesmary H. (2020). ”Investigating the impact of COVID-19 on maritime supply chain sustainability and technology: a review”. ICAMS 2020 – 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems, https://doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.III.10, Romania, Bucharest, pp. 315.
  • Koyuncu, K. Tavacıoğlu, L. Gökmen, N. Arican, U. Ç. (2021). “Forecasting COVID-19 impact on RWI/ISL container throughput index by using SARIMA models”. Maritime Policy & Management, Vol. 48, No. 8, pp. 1096-1108.
  • Kuhn K. Bicakci S. and Shaikh A. (2021). “COVID-19 digitization in maritime: understanding cyber risks”. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, Vol. 20, No.2, pp. 193-214.
  • Kumar, S. and Jolly, A. (2021). “Consequences of COVID-19 pandemic on global maritime trade industry”. International Maritime Health, Vol.72, No.1, 82-83.
  • Merk O., Hoffmann J. and Haralambides H. (2022). “Post‑COVID‑19 scenarios for the governance of maritime transport and ports”. Maritime Economics & Logistics, pp. 673-685.
  • Monios J. and Wilmsmeier G. (2022). “Maritime governance after COVID‑19: how responses to market developments and environmental challenges lead towards”. Maritime Economics & Logistics, pp.699-722.
  • Narasimha, P. T., Jena, P. R., Majhi, R.(2021). “Impact of COVID-19 on the Indian seaport transportation and maritime supply chain”. Transport Policy, Vol. 110, pp. 191-203.
  • Notteboom, T. and Pallis, T. (2020). “IAPH-WPSP Port Economic Impact Barometer”. IAPH Report, https://sustainableworldports.org/wp-content/uploads/ IAPH-WPSP-Port-Economic-Impact-Barometer-20-21-View.pdf., [Accessed 25 October 2022].
  • Notteboom T. and Haralambides H. E. (2020). “Port management and governance in a post‑COVID‑19 era: quo Vadis?”. Maritime Economics & Logistics, Vol. 22, pp. 329-352.
  • Notteboom, T., Pallis, T. and Rodrigue, J.P. (2021). “Disruptions and resilience in global container shipping and ports: the COVID‑19 pandemic versus the 2008–2009 financial crisis”. Maritime Economics&Logistics, Vol. 23, pp. 179-210.
  • Peng, WY and Chu, CW (2009). “A comparison of univariate methods for forecasting container throughput volumes”. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, No.50, 1945, 1045-1057.
  • Permal, S. (2022).” Cascading effect of COVID-19: de-globalization and its impact on global governance”. Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 220-228.
  • Piñeiro, L.C., Mejia M. Q. and Ballini F. (2021). “Beyond COVID-19: the future of maritime transport”. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, Vol. 20, pp. 127-133.
  • Polat, D. and Bamyacı M. (2022). “COVID-19 Salgınının Boş Konteyner Hareketlerine Etkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Lojistik Dergisi, No.55, pp.18-38.
  • Saral, G.A. and Sanrı, Ö. (2022). “A Bibliometric Analysis of The Impact of COVID-19 on Maritime Logistics and Ports” The Journal of International Scientific Researches, Vol.7, No. 2, pp. 131-148.
  • Statista (2022). “Global container trade in 2021, by trade lane”. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1130550/global -container-trade-by-trade-lane/ [Accessed 25 October 2022].
  • The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2020). Review of Maritime Transport 2020. Geneva: UNCTAD, XİV, 1-2, https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ rmt2021_en_0.pdf., [Accessed 18 October 2022].
  • The World Health Organization (2020). “Handbook for the management of public health events on board ships”, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/handbook-for-management-of-public-health-events-on-board-ships, [Accessed 22 October 2022].
  • Tianming, G., Erokhin, V., Arskiy, A. and Khudzhatov, M. (2021). “Has the COVID-19 Pandemic Affected Maritime Connectivity? An Estimation for China and the Polar Silk Road Countries. MDPI”, Sustainability, Vol. 13, pp. 1-39.
  • UNCTAD (2021). COVID-19 and maritime transport: Impact and responses,Transport and Trade Facilitation Serious No 15, Geneva: United Nations Publications. https://unctad.org/system/files/officialdocument/dtltlbinf2020d1_en.pdf, 14-24.
  • UNCTAD (2022). “Review of Maritime Transport 2021”, https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ rmt2021_en_0.pdf, [Accessed 25 October 2022].
  • UNCTADSTAT(2022a). “World seaborne trade by types of Cargo and by a group of economies, annual Table summary”, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=32363, [Accessed 20 October 2022].
  • UNCTADSTAT(2022b). “Number of port calls”, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=194889, [Accessed 20 October 2022].
  • UNCTADSTAT(2022c). “Port call and performance statistics: time spent in ports, vessel age and size, annual”, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/ tableView.aspx, [Accessed 18 October 2022].
  • UNCTADSTAT(2022d). “Container port throughput”, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=13321, [Accessed 22 October 2022].
  • Verschuur, J.; Koks, E. E.; Hall, J.W. (2021). “Global economic impacts of COVID-19 lockdown measures stand out in high-frequency shipping data”. PLoS ONE, Vol.16, No. 4, pp. 1-16.
  • World Shipping Council (WSC) (2021). “The Top 10 World Container Ports, https://www.worldshipping.org/ top-50-ports, [Accessed 28 October 2022].
  • Xu, L.,Yang, S., Chen, J. And Shi, J. (2021). “The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on port performance: Evidence from China”. Ocean and Coastal Management, Vol. 209, pp.1-6.
  • Yazır, D.; Şahin, B.; Yip, T.L. and Po-Hsing Tseng, P,H.(2020). ”Effects of COVID-19 on the maritime industry: a review”. Via Medica, Vol. 71, No. 4, pp. 253-264.
  • Yazır, D. and Yay, S. (2022). “The Economical Effects of COVID-19 on Publicly Listed Companies Operating in the Commercial Shipping Sector: A Special Research Based on Carnival Corporation and Golden Ocean Group Companies”. Mersin University Journal of Maritime and Logistics Research, Vol. 4, pp. 91-111.
  • Yılmazkuday, H (2022). “Coronavirus disease 2019 and the global economy”. Transport Policy, Vol. 120, pp. 40-46.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Deniz Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Volkan Tok 0000-0003-0452-1842

Nur Jale Ece 0000-0003-2048-5458

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Aralık 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Tok, V., & Ece, N. J. (2022). THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON MARITIME TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION: AN ESTIMATION OF THE MARITIME TRADE POST-COVID-19. Mersin University Journal of Maritime Faculty, 4(2), 18-30. https://doi.org/10.47512/meujmaf.1200009
AMA Tok V, Ece NJ. THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON MARITIME TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION: AN ESTIMATION OF THE MARITIME TRADE POST-COVID-19. MEUJMAF. Aralık 2022;4(2):18-30. doi:10.47512/meujmaf.1200009
Chicago Tok, Volkan, ve Nur Jale Ece. “THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON MARITIME TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION: AN ESTIMATION OF THE MARITIME TRADE POST-COVID-19”. Mersin University Journal of Maritime Faculty 4, sy. 2 (Aralık 2022): 18-30. https://doi.org/10.47512/meujmaf.1200009.
EndNote Tok V, Ece NJ (01 Aralık 2022) THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON MARITIME TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION: AN ESTIMATION OF THE MARITIME TRADE POST-COVID-19. Mersin University Journal of Maritime Faculty 4 2 18–30.
IEEE V. Tok ve N. J. Ece, “THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON MARITIME TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION: AN ESTIMATION OF THE MARITIME TRADE POST-COVID-19”, MEUJMAF, c. 4, sy. 2, ss. 18–30, 2022, doi: 10.47512/meujmaf.1200009.
ISNAD Tok, Volkan - Ece, Nur Jale. “THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON MARITIME TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION: AN ESTIMATION OF THE MARITIME TRADE POST-COVID-19”. Mersin University Journal of Maritime Faculty 4/2 (Aralık 2022), 18-30. https://doi.org/10.47512/meujmaf.1200009.
JAMA Tok V, Ece NJ. THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON MARITIME TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION: AN ESTIMATION OF THE MARITIME TRADE POST-COVID-19. MEUJMAF. 2022;4:18–30.
MLA Tok, Volkan ve Nur Jale Ece. “THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON MARITIME TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION: AN ESTIMATION OF THE MARITIME TRADE POST-COVID-19”. Mersin University Journal of Maritime Faculty, c. 4, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 18-30, doi:10.47512/meujmaf.1200009.
Vancouver Tok V, Ece NJ. THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON MARITIME TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION: AN ESTIMATION OF THE MARITIME TRADE POST-COVID-19. MEUJMAF. 2022;4(2):18-30.

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