Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

PANDEMİ SONRASI YENİDOĞANLARDA VİRAL SOLUNUM YOLU ENFEKSİYONLARI

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2, 329 - 339, 31.08.2023

Ümit Ayşe Tandırcıoğlu Serdar Alan

https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.1319593

Öz

İnsanlarda ‘severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2’ (SARS-CoV-2) olarak adlandırılan yeni coronavirüs suşuna bağlı enfeksiyonlar ilk olarak 2019 yılında görülmeye başlamış ve Mart 2020 yılında dünya sağlık örgütü tarafından COVİD-19 pandemisi kabul edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte bireysel, toplumsal ve ülkesel bazda farmakolojik olmayan müdahaleler hayatımıza girmiş ve pandemi yavaşlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu farmakolojik olmayan müdahaleler ile sadece SARS-CoV-2 değil, diğer solunum sistemini tutan viral ajanlarda etkilenmiştir. Özellikle küçük çocuklar ve yenidoğanlarda ciddi alt solunum yolu enfeksiyonu yapan başta respiratuvar sinsityal virüs, rinovirüs ve respiratuvar enterovirüsler olmak üzere diğer tüm virüslerin toplumda görülmesinde ve enfeksiyon şiddetinde değişiklikler ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu derlemede özellikle respiratuvar sinsityal virüs, influenza virüs, rinovirüs ve respiratuvar enterovirüsler, adenovirüs, insan metapnömovirüs ve parainfluenza üzerinde durularak pandemi öncesi, pandemi sırası ve pandemi sonrasında görülme sıklıkları ve yenidoğan üzerindeki farklılaşan etkilerine değinilmiştir. COVID-19 pandemisi sırasında elde edilen bu bulgular gelecekte başka bir virüsün yol açabileceği olası bir pandemi yönetiminde ışık tutucu olacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID- 19 pandemisi yenidoğan RSV rhinovirüs influenza

Destekleyen Kurum

yok

Proje Numarası

yok

Teşekkür

yok

Kaynakça

  • World Health Organization. Director-General's remarks at the media briefing on 2019-nCoV on 11 February 2020.https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-remarks-at-the-mediabriefing-on-2019-ncov-on-11-february-2020 (12- 03-2020)
  • World Health Organization. Non-pharmaceutical public health measures for mitigating the risk and impact of epidemic and pandemic influenza (2019). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/non-pharmaceutical-public-health-measuresfor-mitigating-the-risk-and-impact-of-epidemic-and-pandemic-influenza
  • Pan American Health Organization. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs): Actions to limit the spread of the pandemic in your municipality. Non Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs).pdf (2004).
  • Qualls N, Levitt A, Kanade N, Wright-Jegede N, Dopson S, Biggerstaff M, et al. CDC Community Mitigation Guidelines Work Group. Community Mitigation Guidelines to Prevent Pandemic Influenza- United States, 2017. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2017;66(1):1-34.
  • Chow EJ, Uyeki TM, Chu HY. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on community respiratory virus activity. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21(3):195-210.
  • Sullivan SG, Carlson S, Cheng AC, Chilver MB, Dwyer DE, Irwin M, et al. Where has all the influenza gone? The impact of COVID-19 on the circulation of influenza and other respiratory viruses, Australia, March to September 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(47):2001847.
  • Bish DR, Bish EK, El-Hajj H, Aprahamian H. A robust pooled testing approach to expand COVID-19 screening capacity. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0246285.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS) https://www.cdc.gov/surveillance/nrevss/index.html (2022).
  • World Health Organization. Global Influenza Programme https://www.who.int/tools/flunet (2022).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Weekly U.S. influenza surveillance report: FluView https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/index.htm (2022).
  • Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center. COVID-19 United States cases 2020 https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/us-map (2020).
  • World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard https://covid19.who.int/ (2022).
  • Chanock R, Roizman B, Myers R. Recovery from infants with respiratory illness of a virus related to chimpanzee coryza agent (CCA). I. Isolation, properties and characterization. Am J Hyg. 1957;66(3):281-90.
  • Afonso CL, Amarasinghe GK, Bányai K, Bào Y, Basler CF, Bavari S, et al. Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: Update 2016. Arch Virol. 2016;161(8):2351-60.
  • Perk Y, Özdil M. Respiratory syncytial virüs infections in neonates and infants. Turk Pediatri Ars. 2018;53(2):63-70.
  • White LJ, Waris M, Cane PA, Nokes DJ, Medley GF. The transmission dynamics of groupsA and B human respiratory syncytial virüs (hRSv) in England & Wales and Finland: Seasonality and cross-protection. Epidemiol Infect.2005;133(2): 279-89.
  • Hall CB, Weinberg GA, Blumkin AK, Edwards KM, Staat MA, Schultz AF, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations among children less than 24 months of age. Pediatrics. 2013;132(2):e341-8.
  • Parikh RC, McLaurin KK, Margulis AV, Mauskopf J, Ambrose CS, Pavilack M, et al. Chronologic age at hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus among preterm and term infants in the United States. Infect Dis Ther. 2017;6(4):477-86.
  • Alan S, Erdeve O, Cakir U, Akduman H, Zenciroglu A, Akcakus M, et al.; TurkNICU-RSV Trial Group. Outcome of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus related acute lower respiratory tract infection among hospitalized newborns: A prospective multicenter study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;29(13):2186-93.
  • National Institute for Health and care Excellence (NICE) (2015) Bronchiolitis: Diagnosis and management of bronchiolitis in children. clinical Guideline 9, London: NIcE.
  • Huang K, Wu H. prevention of respiratory syncytial virüs infection: From vaccine to antibody. Microbiol Spectrum. 2014; 2(4): AID-0014.
  • Britton PN, Hu N, Saravanos G, Shrapnel J, Davis J, Snelling T, et al. COVID-19 public health measures and respiratory syncytial virus. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(11):e42-e43.
  • Agha R, Avner JR. Delayed Seasonal RSV Surge Observed During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Pediatrics. 2021;148(3):e2021052089.
  • Olsen SJ, Winn AK, Budd AP, Prill MM, Steel J, Midgley CM, et al. Changes in Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, 2020-2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(29):1013-19.
  • RSV-NET Interactive Dashboard. cdc.gov/rsv/ research/rsv-net/dashboard.html (Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2023)
  • Bermúdez BL, Matías DPV, López-Casillas P, Brezmes RM, Gutiérrez ZM, Pino VMA. Variation in the seasonality of the respiratory syncytial virus during the COVID-19 pandemic. Infection. 2022;50(4):1001-5.
  • Saravanos GL, Hu N, Homaira N, Muscatello DJ, Jaffe A, Bartlett AW, et al. RSV epidemiology in australia before and during COVID-19. Pediatrics. 2022;149(2):e2021053537.
  • Zheng Z, Pitzer VE, Shapiro ED, Bont LJ, Weinberger DM. Estimation of the timing and ıntensity of reemergence of respiratory syncytial virus following the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(12):e2141779.
  • Vij NK, Stryker cc, Esper Fp, Jacobs MR, Gonzalez BE. Influenza A/H1N1/09-10 infections in a NIcU during the 2009-2010 H1N1 pandemic. pediatrics. 2011;128(5):e1297-301.
  • Wang N, Liu X, zhang Y, Xie Y, Zhao W. Hematologic Markers of Influenza A H1N1 for Early laboratory diagnosis and treatment assessment. Lab Medicine. 2011;42(10):607-11.
  • Feng L, Zhang T, Wang Q, Xie Y, Peng Z, Zheng J, et al. Impact of COVID-19 outbreaks and interventions on influenza in China and the United States. Nat. Commun. 2021;12(1):3249.
  • https://www.cdc.gov/flu/season/faq-flu-season-2021-2022.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2023)
  • https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2023)
  • Hills T, Kearns N, Kearns C, Beasley R. Influenza control during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2020;396(10263):1633-34.
  • Laurie KL, Rockman S. Which influenza viruses will emerge following the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic? Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2021;15(5):573-76.
  • Olsen SJ, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Budd AP, Brammer L, Sullivan S, Pineda RF, Cohen C, Fry AM. Decreased Influenza Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, Australia, Chile, and South Africa, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(37):1305-09.
  • Steiner M, Strassl R, Straub J, Böhm J, popow-Kraupp T, Berger A. Nosocomial rinovirus infection in preterm infants. pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31(12):1302-4.
  • Lin TY, Kao HT, Hsieh SH, Huang YC, Chiu CH, Chou YH, et al. Neonatal enterovirus infections: emphasis on risk factors of severe and fatal infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22(10):889-94.
  • Verboon-Maciolek MA, Krediet TG, Gerards LJ, Fleer A, Van Loon TM. Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of viral infections in a neonatal intensive care unit during a 12 year period. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24(10):901-4.
  • Olsen SJ, Winn AK, Budd AP, Prill MM, Steel J, Midgley CM, et al. Changes in influenza and other respiratory virus activity during the COVID-19 pandemic- United States, 2020–2021. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2021;70(29),1013-19.
  • Cooksey GLS, Morales C, Linde L, Schildhauer S, Guevara H, Chan E, et al. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Respiratory Virus Sentinel Surveillance, California, USA, May 10, 2020-June 12, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(1):9-19.
  • Kim HM, Lee EJ, Lee NJ, Woo SH, Kim JM, Rhee JE, Kim EJ. Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on respiratory surveillance and explanation of high detection rate of human rinovirus during the pandemic in the Republic of Korea. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2021;15(6):721-31.
  • Kuitunen I, Artama M, Haapanen M, Renko M. Rinovirus spread in children during the COVID-19 pandemic despite social restrictions-A nationwide register study in Finland. J Med Virol. 2021;93(10):6063-67.
  • Baley JA, Gonzalez BE. perinatal viral infections. In Fanaroff and Martin’s Neonatal perinatal Medicine, Diseases of the Fetus and Infant, 10th ed (Eds RJ Martin, AA Fanaroff, Mc Walsh):782-833. Philadelphia, Elsevier Saunders, 2015.
  • Ronchi A, Doern c, Brock E, pugni L, Sánchez pJ. Neonatal adenoviral infection: a seventeen year experience and review of the literature. J Pediatr. 2014;164(3):529-35.
  • Park KY, Seo S, Han J, Park JY. Respiratory virus surveillance in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic: An epidemiological analysis of the effectiveness of pandemic-related public health measures in reducing seasonal respiratory viruses test positivity. PLoS One. 2021;18;16(6):e0253451.
  • Broor S, Bharaj P, Chahar HS. Human metapneumovirus: A new respiratory pathogen. J Biosci 2008;33(4):483-93.
  • Wong SC, Lam GK, AuYeung CH, Chan VW, Wong NL, So SY, et al. Absence of nosocomial influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infection in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era: Implication of universal masking in hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2021;42(2):218-21.
  • Lefebvre MA, Rajda E, Frenette C, Paquet F, Rubin E, Sleno H, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare-associated viral respiratory infections at a tertiary care pediatric hospital. Am J Infect Control. 2023;51(8):961-3

Viral Respiratory Infections in Newborns After The Pandemic

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2, 329 - 339, 31.08.2023

Ümit Ayşe Tandırcıoğlu Serdar Alan

https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.1319593

Öz

Infections in humans due to the new coronavirus strain called 'severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2' (SARS-CoV-2) first started to be seen in 2019 and the COVID-19 pandemic was accepted by the World Health Organization in March 2020. Non-pharmacological interventions have been introduced on an individual, community and national basis and efforts have been made to slow down the pandemic. With these non-pharmacological interventions, not only SARS-CoV-2 but also other respiratory viral agents were affected. Especially respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus and respiratory enteroviruses, which cause severe lower respiratory tract infections, especially in young children and newborns, have caused changes in the circulation of all other viruses in the community and in the severity of their infections. This review focuses on respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, rhinovirus and respiratory enteroviruses, adenovirus, human metapneumovirus and parainfluenza, and discusses the circulation of these viruses and their differential effects on newborns before, during and after the pandemic. We anticipate that these findings obtained during the COVID-19 pandemic will shed light on pandemics caused by other viruses in the future.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID- 19 pandemic neonatal RSV rhinovirus influenza

Proje Numarası

yok

Kaynakça

  • World Health Organization. Director-General's remarks at the media briefing on 2019-nCoV on 11 February 2020.https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-remarks-at-the-mediabriefing-on-2019-ncov-on-11-february-2020 (12- 03-2020)
  • World Health Organization. Non-pharmaceutical public health measures for mitigating the risk and impact of epidemic and pandemic influenza (2019). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/non-pharmaceutical-public-health-measuresfor-mitigating-the-risk-and-impact-of-epidemic-and-pandemic-influenza
  • Pan American Health Organization. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs): Actions to limit the spread of the pandemic in your municipality. Non Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs).pdf (2004).
  • Qualls N, Levitt A, Kanade N, Wright-Jegede N, Dopson S, Biggerstaff M, et al. CDC Community Mitigation Guidelines Work Group. Community Mitigation Guidelines to Prevent Pandemic Influenza- United States, 2017. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2017;66(1):1-34.
  • Chow EJ, Uyeki TM, Chu HY. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on community respiratory virus activity. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21(3):195-210.
  • Sullivan SG, Carlson S, Cheng AC, Chilver MB, Dwyer DE, Irwin M, et al. Where has all the influenza gone? The impact of COVID-19 on the circulation of influenza and other respiratory viruses, Australia, March to September 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(47):2001847.
  • Bish DR, Bish EK, El-Hajj H, Aprahamian H. A robust pooled testing approach to expand COVID-19 screening capacity. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0246285.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS) https://www.cdc.gov/surveillance/nrevss/index.html (2022).
  • World Health Organization. Global Influenza Programme https://www.who.int/tools/flunet (2022).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Weekly U.S. influenza surveillance report: FluView https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/index.htm (2022).
  • Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center. COVID-19 United States cases 2020 https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/us-map (2020).
  • World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard https://covid19.who.int/ (2022).
  • Chanock R, Roizman B, Myers R. Recovery from infants with respiratory illness of a virus related to chimpanzee coryza agent (CCA). I. Isolation, properties and characterization. Am J Hyg. 1957;66(3):281-90.
  • Afonso CL, Amarasinghe GK, Bányai K, Bào Y, Basler CF, Bavari S, et al. Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: Update 2016. Arch Virol. 2016;161(8):2351-60.
  • Perk Y, Özdil M. Respiratory syncytial virüs infections in neonates and infants. Turk Pediatri Ars. 2018;53(2):63-70.
  • White LJ, Waris M, Cane PA, Nokes DJ, Medley GF. The transmission dynamics of groupsA and B human respiratory syncytial virüs (hRSv) in England & Wales and Finland: Seasonality and cross-protection. Epidemiol Infect.2005;133(2): 279-89.
  • Hall CB, Weinberg GA, Blumkin AK, Edwards KM, Staat MA, Schultz AF, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations among children less than 24 months of age. Pediatrics. 2013;132(2):e341-8.
  • Parikh RC, McLaurin KK, Margulis AV, Mauskopf J, Ambrose CS, Pavilack M, et al. Chronologic age at hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus among preterm and term infants in the United States. Infect Dis Ther. 2017;6(4):477-86.
  • Alan S, Erdeve O, Cakir U, Akduman H, Zenciroglu A, Akcakus M, et al.; TurkNICU-RSV Trial Group. Outcome of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus related acute lower respiratory tract infection among hospitalized newborns: A prospective multicenter study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;29(13):2186-93.
  • National Institute for Health and care Excellence (NICE) (2015) Bronchiolitis: Diagnosis and management of bronchiolitis in children. clinical Guideline 9, London: NIcE.
  • Huang K, Wu H. prevention of respiratory syncytial virüs infection: From vaccine to antibody. Microbiol Spectrum. 2014; 2(4): AID-0014.
  • Britton PN, Hu N, Saravanos G, Shrapnel J, Davis J, Snelling T, et al. COVID-19 public health measures and respiratory syncytial virus. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(11):e42-e43.
  • Agha R, Avner JR. Delayed Seasonal RSV Surge Observed During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Pediatrics. 2021;148(3):e2021052089.
  • Olsen SJ, Winn AK, Budd AP, Prill MM, Steel J, Midgley CM, et al. Changes in Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, 2020-2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(29):1013-19.
  • RSV-NET Interactive Dashboard. cdc.gov/rsv/ research/rsv-net/dashboard.html (Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2023)
  • Bermúdez BL, Matías DPV, López-Casillas P, Brezmes RM, Gutiérrez ZM, Pino VMA. Variation in the seasonality of the respiratory syncytial virus during the COVID-19 pandemic. Infection. 2022;50(4):1001-5.
  • Saravanos GL, Hu N, Homaira N, Muscatello DJ, Jaffe A, Bartlett AW, et al. RSV epidemiology in australia before and during COVID-19. Pediatrics. 2022;149(2):e2021053537.
  • Zheng Z, Pitzer VE, Shapiro ED, Bont LJ, Weinberger DM. Estimation of the timing and ıntensity of reemergence of respiratory syncytial virus following the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(12):e2141779.
  • Vij NK, Stryker cc, Esper Fp, Jacobs MR, Gonzalez BE. Influenza A/H1N1/09-10 infections in a NIcU during the 2009-2010 H1N1 pandemic. pediatrics. 2011;128(5):e1297-301.
  • Wang N, Liu X, zhang Y, Xie Y, Zhao W. Hematologic Markers of Influenza A H1N1 for Early laboratory diagnosis and treatment assessment. Lab Medicine. 2011;42(10):607-11.
  • Feng L, Zhang T, Wang Q, Xie Y, Peng Z, Zheng J, et al. Impact of COVID-19 outbreaks and interventions on influenza in China and the United States. Nat. Commun. 2021;12(1):3249.
  • https://www.cdc.gov/flu/season/faq-flu-season-2021-2022.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2023)
  • https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2023)
  • Hills T, Kearns N, Kearns C, Beasley R. Influenza control during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2020;396(10263):1633-34.
  • Laurie KL, Rockman S. Which influenza viruses will emerge following the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic? Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2021;15(5):573-76.
  • Olsen SJ, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Budd AP, Brammer L, Sullivan S, Pineda RF, Cohen C, Fry AM. Decreased Influenza Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, Australia, Chile, and South Africa, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(37):1305-09.
  • Steiner M, Strassl R, Straub J, Böhm J, popow-Kraupp T, Berger A. Nosocomial rinovirus infection in preterm infants. pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31(12):1302-4.
  • Lin TY, Kao HT, Hsieh SH, Huang YC, Chiu CH, Chou YH, et al. Neonatal enterovirus infections: emphasis on risk factors of severe and fatal infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22(10):889-94.
  • Verboon-Maciolek MA, Krediet TG, Gerards LJ, Fleer A, Van Loon TM. Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of viral infections in a neonatal intensive care unit during a 12 year period. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24(10):901-4.
  • Olsen SJ, Winn AK, Budd AP, Prill MM, Steel J, Midgley CM, et al. Changes in influenza and other respiratory virus activity during the COVID-19 pandemic- United States, 2020–2021. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2021;70(29),1013-19.
  • Cooksey GLS, Morales C, Linde L, Schildhauer S, Guevara H, Chan E, et al. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Respiratory Virus Sentinel Surveillance, California, USA, May 10, 2020-June 12, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(1):9-19.
  • Kim HM, Lee EJ, Lee NJ, Woo SH, Kim JM, Rhee JE, Kim EJ. Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on respiratory surveillance and explanation of high detection rate of human rinovirus during the pandemic in the Republic of Korea. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2021;15(6):721-31.
  • Kuitunen I, Artama M, Haapanen M, Renko M. Rinovirus spread in children during the COVID-19 pandemic despite social restrictions-A nationwide register study in Finland. J Med Virol. 2021;93(10):6063-67.
  • Baley JA, Gonzalez BE. perinatal viral infections. In Fanaroff and Martin’s Neonatal perinatal Medicine, Diseases of the Fetus and Infant, 10th ed (Eds RJ Martin, AA Fanaroff, Mc Walsh):782-833. Philadelphia, Elsevier Saunders, 2015.
  • Ronchi A, Doern c, Brock E, pugni L, Sánchez pJ. Neonatal adenoviral infection: a seventeen year experience and review of the literature. J Pediatr. 2014;164(3):529-35.
  • Park KY, Seo S, Han J, Park JY. Respiratory virus surveillance in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic: An epidemiological analysis of the effectiveness of pandemic-related public health measures in reducing seasonal respiratory viruses test positivity. PLoS One. 2021;18;16(6):e0253451.
  • Broor S, Bharaj P, Chahar HS. Human metapneumovirus: A new respiratory pathogen. J Biosci 2008;33(4):483-93.
  • Wong SC, Lam GK, AuYeung CH, Chan VW, Wong NL, So SY, et al. Absence of nosocomial influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infection in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era: Implication of universal masking in hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2021;42(2):218-21.
  • Lefebvre MA, Rajda E, Frenette C, Paquet F, Rubin E, Sleno H, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare-associated viral respiratory infections at a tertiary care pediatric hospital. Am J Infect Control. 2023;51(8):961-3
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Sistemleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Ümit Ayşe Tandırcıoğlu 0000-0002-1743-8194

Serdar Alan 0000-0003-3432-7901

Proje Numarası yok
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Tandırcıoğlu, Ü. A., & Alan, S. (2023). PANDEMİ SONRASI YENİDOĞANLARDA VİRAL SOLUNUM YOLU ENFEKSİYONLARI. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(2), 329-339. https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.1319593
AMA Tandırcıoğlu ÜA, Alan S. PANDEMİ SONRASI YENİDOĞANLARDA VİRAL SOLUNUM YOLU ENFEKSİYONLARI. Kırıkkale Üni Tıp Derg. Ağustos 2023;25(2):329-339. doi:10.24938/kutfd.1319593
Chicago Tandırcıoğlu, Ümit Ayşe, ve Serdar Alan. “PANDEMİ SONRASI YENİDOĞANLARDA VİRAL SOLUNUM YOLU ENFEKSİYONLARI”. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 25, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2023): 329-39. https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.1319593.
EndNote Tandırcıoğlu ÜA, Alan S (01 Ağustos 2023) PANDEMİ SONRASI YENİDOĞANLARDA VİRAL SOLUNUM YOLU ENFEKSİYONLARI. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 25 2 329–339.
IEEE Ü. A. Tandırcıoğlu ve S. Alan, “PANDEMİ SONRASI YENİDOĞANLARDA VİRAL SOLUNUM YOLU ENFEKSİYONLARI”, Kırıkkale Üni Tıp Derg, c. 25, sy. 2, ss. 329–339, 2023, doi: 10.24938/kutfd.1319593.
ISNAD Tandırcıoğlu, Ümit Ayşe - Alan, Serdar. “PANDEMİ SONRASI YENİDOĞANLARDA VİRAL SOLUNUM YOLU ENFEKSİYONLARI”. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 25/2 (Ağustos 2023), 329-339. https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.1319593.
JAMA Tandırcıoğlu ÜA, Alan S. PANDEMİ SONRASI YENİDOĞANLARDA VİRAL SOLUNUM YOLU ENFEKSİYONLARI. Kırıkkale Üni Tıp Derg. 2023;25:329–339.
MLA Tandırcıoğlu, Ümit Ayşe ve Serdar Alan. “PANDEMİ SONRASI YENİDOĞANLARDA VİRAL SOLUNUM YOLU ENFEKSİYONLARI”. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 25, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 329-3, doi:10.24938/kutfd.1319593.
Vancouver Tandırcıoğlu ÜA, Alan S. PANDEMİ SONRASI YENİDOĞANLARDA VİRAL SOLUNUM YOLU ENFEKSİYONLARI. Kırıkkale Üni Tıp Derg. 2023;25(2):329-3.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

Bu Dergi, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Yayınıdır.