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EFFECT OF PROBIOTIC MICROORGANISMS ON HEALTH

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 161 - 166, 31.08.2022

İlknur Aydın Zehra Gülsünoğlu Konuşkan

https://doi.org/10.52831/kjhs.1100508

Öz

Probiotics are living microorganisms that provide health-improving and protective effects when taken into the body adequately. Probiotic microorganisms colonize the intestinal mucosa and must be resistant to adhesion, pH, bile salt, antibiotics and acidic enzymes and prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestine. Taking probiotics with food plays an important role in protecting human health. A well-balanced intestinal microflora is important to maintain homeostasis. Probiotic foods help to form a healthy microflora and provide balance in the intestine. Probiotic foods which have beneficial effects in dysbiosis, prevent chronic inflammation and provide protective effects against diseases. In addition, it has positive effects on general health factors such as antiobesity, anticancer, antidiabetic effect, lactose intolerance, gastrointestinal system disorders and immune system. This review aims to provide an overview of the beneficial effects and properties of probiotic microorganisms, as well as probiotic food consumption.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Probiotic Intestinal Microflora Homeostasis

Kaynakça

  • Uymaz B, Probiyotikler ve kullanım alanları. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2010;16(1):95-104.
  • Ozen M, Dinleyici EC. The history of probiotics: the untold story. Benef Microbes. 2015;6(2):159-165.
  • Fijan S. Microorganisms with claimed probiotic properties: an overview of recent literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(5):4745-4767.
  • Behnsen J, Deriu E, Sassone-Corsi M, Raffatellu M. Probiotics: properties, examples, and specific applications. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2013;3(3):5-6.
  • Gueimonde M, Ouweh AC, Salminen S. Safety of probiotics. Scand J Nutr. 2004;48(1):42-48.
  • Kim JA, Bayo J, Cha J, et al. Investigating the probiotic characteristics of four microbial strains with potential application in feed industry. PloS one. 2019;14(6):3.
  • Roy D. Comprehensive Biotechnology Probiotics. 2 nd. Elsevier; 2011.
  • Ho V, Turner M. Future Probiotic Foods. In Foc. 2020;1-3.
  • Awaisheh S, Probiotic food products classes, types, and processing. Intechopen; 2012.
  • Mishra S, Mishra HN. Technological aspects of probiotic functional food development. Nutrafoods. 2012;11(4):117-130.
  • Bermudez-Brito M, Plaza-Díaz J, Muñoz-Quezada S, Gómez-Llorente C, Gil A. Probiotic mechanisms of action. Ann Nutr Met. 2012;61(2):160-174.
  • Indira M, Venkateswarulu TC, Abraham Peele K, Nazneen Bobby MD, Krupanidhi S. Bioactive molecules of probiotic bacteria and their mechanism of action: a review. 3 Biotech. 2019;9(8):306.
  • Cheng FS, Dan Pan B, Chang MJ. Sang LX. Probiotic mixture VSL#3:An overview of basic and clinical studies in chronic diseases. World J Clin Cases. 2020;8(8):1361-1384.
  • Patil S, (2013). Probiotics and prebiotics:fabulous nutritional supplement. Int J Eng Res. 2013;4(4):320.
  • Szajewska H, Ruszczyński H, Gieruszczak-Białek D. Meta-analysis: Lactobacillus GG for treating acute gastroenteritis in children-updated analysis of randomised controlled trials. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;38(5):467-476.
  • Vitellio P, Celano G, Bonfrate L, Gobbetti M, Portincasa P, De Angelis M. Effects of Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on gut microbiota in patients with lactose intolerance and persisting functional gastrointestinal symptoms: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study. Nutrients. 2019;11(4):1-15.
  • Tripathy A, Dash J, Kancharla S, et al. Probiotics: A promising candidate for management of colorectal cancer. Cancers. 2021;13(3):23.
  • Kahraman M, Karahan AG. Probiyotiklerin tümör baskılayıcı etkileri. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2018;75(4):421-442.
  • Liu Z, Qin H, Yang Z, et al. Randomised clinical trial: The effects of perioperative probiotic treatment on barrier function and post-operative infectious complications in colorectal cancer surgery: A double-blind study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33:50-63.
  • Sha J, Swami OC. Role of probiotics in diabetes: a review of their rationale and efficacy. Emj Diabet. 2017;5(1):104-110.
  • Khalili L, Alipour B, Asghari J, Hassanalilou T, Abbasi MM, Faraji I. Probiotic assisted weight management as a main factor for glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2019;11(5):1-9.
  • Ostadrahimi A, Taghizadeh A, Mobasseri M, et al. Effect of probiotic fermented milk (kefir) on glycemic control and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Iran J Public Health. 2015;44(2):228-237.
  • Khalili L, Alipour B, Jafar-Abadi M, et al. The effects of lactobacillus casei on glycemic response, serum sirtuin1 and fetuin-a levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial. Iran Biomed J. 2019;23(1):68-77.
  • Yong SJ, Tong T, Chew J, Lim WL. Antidepressive mechanisms of probiotics and their therapeutic potential. Front Neurosci. 2020;13:1-5.
  • Khalesi S, Bellissimo N, Vandelanotte C, Williams S, Stanley D, Irwin C. A review of probiotic supplementation in healthy adults: helpful or hype? Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018;73(1):24-37.
  • Özer M, Özyurt G, Tellioğlu Harsa Ş. Probiyotik ve prebiyotiklerin bağırsak-beyin aksına etkisi. Akademik Gıda. 2019;17(2):269-280.
  • Marin IA, Goertz JE, Ren T, et al. Microbiota alteration is associated with the development of stress-induced despair behavior. Sci Rep. 2017;7:1-10.
  • Dhaliwal J, Singh P, Singh S, et al. Lactobacillus plantarum MTCC 9510 supplementation protects from chronic unpredictable and sleep deprivation-induced behaviour, biochemical and selected gut microbial aberrations in mice. NJ Appl Microbiol. 2018;125:257-269.
  • Hao Z, Wang W, Guo, Liu H. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (ATCC 27766) has preventive and therapeutic effects on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression-like and anxiety-like behavior in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019;104:132-142.
  • Nikolova VL, Cleare AJ, Young AH, Stone JM. Updated review and meta-analysis of probiotics for the treatment of clinical depression: adjunctive vs. stand-alone treatment. J Clin Med. 2021;10(4):1-14.
  • Chi C, Li C, Wu D, et al. Effects of probiotics on patients with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2020;22(5):1-8.
  • Ahtesh F, Stojanovska L, Apostolopoulos V. Antihypertensive peptides released from milk proteins by probiotics. Maturitas. 2018;115:103-109.
  • Robles Vera I, Toral M, Romero M, et al. Antihypertensive effects of probiotics. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2017;19(4):26.
  • Shaukat A, Levitt D, Taylor BC, et al. Systematic review: effective management strategies for lactose ıntolerance. Ann Inter Med. 2010;152(12):797-803.
  • Akal C, Yetişmeyen A. Probiyotik ve prebiyotik tüketiminin laktoz intoleransı üzerine etkileri. GIDA. 2020;45(2):380-389.
  • İsmailoğlu Ö, Öngün Yılmaz H. Probiyotik kullanımının bağırsak mikrobiyotası üzerine etkisi. J Health Sci Res. 2019;1(1):38-56.
  • Green M, Arora K, Prakash S. Microbial medicine: prebiotic and probiotic functional foods to target obesity and metabolic syndrome. Int J Mo Sci. 2020;21(8):1-28.
  • Kadooka Y, Sato M, Imaizumi K, et al. Regulation of abdominal adiposity by probiotics (Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055) in adults with obese tendencies in a randomized controlled trial. Eur. J Clin Nutr. 2010;64:636-643.
  • Kobyliak N, Conte C, Cammarota G. et al. Probiotics in prevention and treatment of obesity: a critical view. Nutr Metab. 2016;13:1-13.
  • Walsh CJ, Healy S, O’Toole PW, Murphy EF, Cotter PD. The probiotic L.casei LC-XCAL™ improves metabolic health in a diet-induced obesity mouse model without altering the microbiome. Gut Microbes. 2020;12(1):1-17.
  • Lye HS, RahmatAli GR, Liong MT. Mechanisms of cholesterol removal by lactobacilli under conditions that mimic the human gastrointestinaltract. Int Dairy J 2010;20(3):169-175.
  • Hassan A, Din AU, Zhu Y, et al. Updates in understanding the hypocholesterolemia effect of probiotics on atherosclerosis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019;103(15):5993-6006.
  • Rerksuppaphol S, Rerksuppaphol LA. Randomized double-blind controlled trial of lactobacillus acidophilus plus bifidobacterium bifidum versus placebo in patients with hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(3):1-4.
  • Michael DR, Davies TS, Moss JWE. Et al. The anti-cholesterolaemic effect of a consortium of probiotics: An acute study in C57BL/6J mice. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):2883.
  • Verna E, Lucak S. Use of probiotics in gastrointestinaldisorders: what to recommend? Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2010;3(5):307-319.
  • Choi CH, Chang S. Alteration of gut microbiota and efficacy of probiotics in functional constipation. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2015; 21(1):4-7.
  • Saracino IM, Pavoni M, Saccomanno L, et al. Antimicrobial efficacy of five probiotic strains against helicobacter pylori. Antibiotics. 2020;9(5):244.
  • Etienne-Mesmin L, Livrelli V, Privat M, et al. Effect of a new probiotic saccharomyces cerevisiae strain on survival of escherichia coli O157:H7 in a dynamic gastrointestinal model. Appl Environmental Microbiol. 2011;77(3):1127-1131.
  • Avadhani A, Miley H. Probiotics for prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile-associated disease in hospitalized adults-a meta-analysis. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2011;23(6):269-274.
  • Johnson L, Dekerlegand A, Hymel S, Payne C. Utility of probiotics in gastrointestinal disease. US Pharm. 2015;40(12):20-23.
  • Maldonado Galdeano C, Perdigon G. The probiotic bacterium ´Lactobacillus casei induces activation of the gut mucosal immune systemthrough innate immunity. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2006;13:219-226.
  • Ashraf R, Shah NP. Immune system stimulation by probiotic microorganisms. critical reviews in food science and nutrition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2014;54(7):938-956.
  • Yan F, Polk DB. Probiotics and immune health. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2011;27(6):496–501.
  • Fata G, Weber H, Mohajeri H. Probiotics and the gut ımmune system: indirect regulation. Probiotics. Antimicrob Proteins. 2018;10(1):11-21.
  • Hawryłkowicz V, Lietz Kijak D, Kaźmierczak Siedlecka K, et al. Patient nutrition and probiotic therapy in covid-19: what do we know in 2021? Nutrients. 2021;13(10):3385.
  • Hamida RS, Shami A, Ali M, et al. Kefir: A protective dietary supplementation against viral infection. Biomed & Pharmacother. 2021; 133:1-10.
  • Eslami M, Bahar A, Keikha M, Karbalaei M, Kobyliak NM, Yousefi B. Probiotics function and modulation of the immune system in allergic diseases. Allergol et Immunopathol. 2020;48(6):771-788.
  • Tang R, Chang J, Chen H. Can probiotics be used to treat allergic diseases? J Chin Med Assoc. 2015;78(3):154-157.
  • Castellazzi AM, Valsecchi C, Caimmi S, et al. Probiotics and food allergy. Ital J Pediatr. 2013;39:47.
  • Skolnick HS, Conover-Walker MK, Koerner CB, Sampson HA, Burks W, Wood RA. The natural history of peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107(2):367-374.

PROBİYOTİK MİKROORGANİZMALARIN SAĞLIK ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 161 - 166, 31.08.2022

İlknur Aydın Zehra Gülsünoğlu Konuşkan

https://doi.org/10.52831/kjhs.1100508

Öz

Probiyotik vücuda yeterli olarak alındığı durumda sağılığı iyileştirici ve koruyucu etki sağlayan canlı mikroorganizmalardır. Probiyotik mikroorganizmalar bağırsak mukozasında kolonize olup yapışmalı, pH, safra tuzu, antibiyotik ve asidik enzimlere karşı dirençli olmalı ve patojenik bakterilerin bağırsakta üremesini engellemelidir. Probiyotiklerin gıdalar ile birlikte alınması insan sağlığının korunmasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. İyi dengelenmiş bir bağırsak mikroflorası homeostazı korumak için önemlidir. Probiyotik besinler, sağlıklı bir mikroflora oluşmasına yardımcı olarak bağırsakta dengeyi sağlamaktadır. Disbiyozda yararlı etkiler gösteren probiyotik gıdalar, kronik inflamasyonu engelleyerek hastalıklara karşı koruyucu etkiler sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca, antiobezite, antikanser, antidiyabetik etki, laktoz intoleransı, gastroinstestinal sistem bozuklukları ve immün sistem üzerinde olumlu etkileri vardır. Bu derleme, probiyotik mikroorganizmaların yararlı etkilerinin ve özelliklerinin yanı sıra probiyotik gıda tüketimine genel bir bakış sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Probiyotik Bağırsak Mikroflorası Homeostaz

Kaynakça

  • Uymaz B, Probiyotikler ve kullanım alanları. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2010;16(1):95-104.
  • Ozen M, Dinleyici EC. The history of probiotics: the untold story. Benef Microbes. 2015;6(2):159-165.
  • Fijan S. Microorganisms with claimed probiotic properties: an overview of recent literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(5):4745-4767.
  • Behnsen J, Deriu E, Sassone-Corsi M, Raffatellu M. Probiotics: properties, examples, and specific applications. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2013;3(3):5-6.
  • Gueimonde M, Ouweh AC, Salminen S. Safety of probiotics. Scand J Nutr. 2004;48(1):42-48.
  • Kim JA, Bayo J, Cha J, et al. Investigating the probiotic characteristics of four microbial strains with potential application in feed industry. PloS one. 2019;14(6):3.
  • Roy D. Comprehensive Biotechnology Probiotics. 2 nd. Elsevier; 2011.
  • Ho V, Turner M. Future Probiotic Foods. In Foc. 2020;1-3.
  • Awaisheh S, Probiotic food products classes, types, and processing. Intechopen; 2012.
  • Mishra S, Mishra HN. Technological aspects of probiotic functional food development. Nutrafoods. 2012;11(4):117-130.
  • Bermudez-Brito M, Plaza-Díaz J, Muñoz-Quezada S, Gómez-Llorente C, Gil A. Probiotic mechanisms of action. Ann Nutr Met. 2012;61(2):160-174.
  • Indira M, Venkateswarulu TC, Abraham Peele K, Nazneen Bobby MD, Krupanidhi S. Bioactive molecules of probiotic bacteria and their mechanism of action: a review. 3 Biotech. 2019;9(8):306.
  • Cheng FS, Dan Pan B, Chang MJ. Sang LX. Probiotic mixture VSL#3:An overview of basic and clinical studies in chronic diseases. World J Clin Cases. 2020;8(8):1361-1384.
  • Patil S, (2013). Probiotics and prebiotics:fabulous nutritional supplement. Int J Eng Res. 2013;4(4):320.
  • Szajewska H, Ruszczyński H, Gieruszczak-Białek D. Meta-analysis: Lactobacillus GG for treating acute gastroenteritis in children-updated analysis of randomised controlled trials. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;38(5):467-476.
  • Vitellio P, Celano G, Bonfrate L, Gobbetti M, Portincasa P, De Angelis M. Effects of Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on gut microbiota in patients with lactose intolerance and persisting functional gastrointestinal symptoms: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study. Nutrients. 2019;11(4):1-15.
  • Tripathy A, Dash J, Kancharla S, et al. Probiotics: A promising candidate for management of colorectal cancer. Cancers. 2021;13(3):23.
  • Kahraman M, Karahan AG. Probiyotiklerin tümör baskılayıcı etkileri. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2018;75(4):421-442.
  • Liu Z, Qin H, Yang Z, et al. Randomised clinical trial: The effects of perioperative probiotic treatment on barrier function and post-operative infectious complications in colorectal cancer surgery: A double-blind study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33:50-63.
  • Sha J, Swami OC. Role of probiotics in diabetes: a review of their rationale and efficacy. Emj Diabet. 2017;5(1):104-110.
  • Khalili L, Alipour B, Asghari J, Hassanalilou T, Abbasi MM, Faraji I. Probiotic assisted weight management as a main factor for glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2019;11(5):1-9.
  • Ostadrahimi A, Taghizadeh A, Mobasseri M, et al. Effect of probiotic fermented milk (kefir) on glycemic control and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Iran J Public Health. 2015;44(2):228-237.
  • Khalili L, Alipour B, Jafar-Abadi M, et al. The effects of lactobacillus casei on glycemic response, serum sirtuin1 and fetuin-a levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial. Iran Biomed J. 2019;23(1):68-77.
  • Yong SJ, Tong T, Chew J, Lim WL. Antidepressive mechanisms of probiotics and their therapeutic potential. Front Neurosci. 2020;13:1-5.
  • Khalesi S, Bellissimo N, Vandelanotte C, Williams S, Stanley D, Irwin C. A review of probiotic supplementation in healthy adults: helpful or hype? Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018;73(1):24-37.
  • Özer M, Özyurt G, Tellioğlu Harsa Ş. Probiyotik ve prebiyotiklerin bağırsak-beyin aksına etkisi. Akademik Gıda. 2019;17(2):269-280.
  • Marin IA, Goertz JE, Ren T, et al. Microbiota alteration is associated with the development of stress-induced despair behavior. Sci Rep. 2017;7:1-10.
  • Dhaliwal J, Singh P, Singh S, et al. Lactobacillus plantarum MTCC 9510 supplementation protects from chronic unpredictable and sleep deprivation-induced behaviour, biochemical and selected gut microbial aberrations in mice. NJ Appl Microbiol. 2018;125:257-269.
  • Hao Z, Wang W, Guo, Liu H. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (ATCC 27766) has preventive and therapeutic effects on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression-like and anxiety-like behavior in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019;104:132-142.
  • Nikolova VL, Cleare AJ, Young AH, Stone JM. Updated review and meta-analysis of probiotics for the treatment of clinical depression: adjunctive vs. stand-alone treatment. J Clin Med. 2021;10(4):1-14.
  • Chi C, Li C, Wu D, et al. Effects of probiotics on patients with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2020;22(5):1-8.
  • Ahtesh F, Stojanovska L, Apostolopoulos V. Antihypertensive peptides released from milk proteins by probiotics. Maturitas. 2018;115:103-109.
  • Robles Vera I, Toral M, Romero M, et al. Antihypertensive effects of probiotics. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2017;19(4):26.
  • Shaukat A, Levitt D, Taylor BC, et al. Systematic review: effective management strategies for lactose ıntolerance. Ann Inter Med. 2010;152(12):797-803.
  • Akal C, Yetişmeyen A. Probiyotik ve prebiyotik tüketiminin laktoz intoleransı üzerine etkileri. GIDA. 2020;45(2):380-389.
  • İsmailoğlu Ö, Öngün Yılmaz H. Probiyotik kullanımının bağırsak mikrobiyotası üzerine etkisi. J Health Sci Res. 2019;1(1):38-56.
  • Green M, Arora K, Prakash S. Microbial medicine: prebiotic and probiotic functional foods to target obesity and metabolic syndrome. Int J Mo Sci. 2020;21(8):1-28.
  • Kadooka Y, Sato M, Imaizumi K, et al. Regulation of abdominal adiposity by probiotics (Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055) in adults with obese tendencies in a randomized controlled trial. Eur. J Clin Nutr. 2010;64:636-643.
  • Kobyliak N, Conte C, Cammarota G. et al. Probiotics in prevention and treatment of obesity: a critical view. Nutr Metab. 2016;13:1-13.
  • Walsh CJ, Healy S, O’Toole PW, Murphy EF, Cotter PD. The probiotic L.casei LC-XCAL™ improves metabolic health in a diet-induced obesity mouse model without altering the microbiome. Gut Microbes. 2020;12(1):1-17.
  • Lye HS, RahmatAli GR, Liong MT. Mechanisms of cholesterol removal by lactobacilli under conditions that mimic the human gastrointestinaltract. Int Dairy J 2010;20(3):169-175.
  • Hassan A, Din AU, Zhu Y, et al. Updates in understanding the hypocholesterolemia effect of probiotics on atherosclerosis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019;103(15):5993-6006.
  • Rerksuppaphol S, Rerksuppaphol LA. Randomized double-blind controlled trial of lactobacillus acidophilus plus bifidobacterium bifidum versus placebo in patients with hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(3):1-4.
  • Michael DR, Davies TS, Moss JWE. Et al. The anti-cholesterolaemic effect of a consortium of probiotics: An acute study in C57BL/6J mice. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):2883.
  • Verna E, Lucak S. Use of probiotics in gastrointestinaldisorders: what to recommend? Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2010;3(5):307-319.
  • Choi CH, Chang S. Alteration of gut microbiota and efficacy of probiotics in functional constipation. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2015; 21(1):4-7.
  • Saracino IM, Pavoni M, Saccomanno L, et al. Antimicrobial efficacy of five probiotic strains against helicobacter pylori. Antibiotics. 2020;9(5):244.
  • Etienne-Mesmin L, Livrelli V, Privat M, et al. Effect of a new probiotic saccharomyces cerevisiae strain on survival of escherichia coli O157:H7 in a dynamic gastrointestinal model. Appl Environmental Microbiol. 2011;77(3):1127-1131.
  • Avadhani A, Miley H. Probiotics for prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile-associated disease in hospitalized adults-a meta-analysis. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2011;23(6):269-274.
  • Johnson L, Dekerlegand A, Hymel S, Payne C. Utility of probiotics in gastrointestinal disease. US Pharm. 2015;40(12):20-23.
  • Maldonado Galdeano C, Perdigon G. The probiotic bacterium ´Lactobacillus casei induces activation of the gut mucosal immune systemthrough innate immunity. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2006;13:219-226.
  • Ashraf R, Shah NP. Immune system stimulation by probiotic microorganisms. critical reviews in food science and nutrition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2014;54(7):938-956.
  • Yan F, Polk DB. Probiotics and immune health. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2011;27(6):496–501.
  • Fata G, Weber H, Mohajeri H. Probiotics and the gut ımmune system: indirect regulation. Probiotics. Antimicrob Proteins. 2018;10(1):11-21.
  • Hawryłkowicz V, Lietz Kijak D, Kaźmierczak Siedlecka K, et al. Patient nutrition and probiotic therapy in covid-19: what do we know in 2021? Nutrients. 2021;13(10):3385.
  • Hamida RS, Shami A, Ali M, et al. Kefir: A protective dietary supplementation against viral infection. Biomed & Pharmacother. 2021; 133:1-10.
  • Eslami M, Bahar A, Keikha M, Karbalaei M, Kobyliak NM, Yousefi B. Probiotics function and modulation of the immune system in allergic diseases. Allergol et Immunopathol. 2020;48(6):771-788.
  • Tang R, Chang J, Chen H. Can probiotics be used to treat allergic diseases? J Chin Med Assoc. 2015;78(3):154-157.
  • Castellazzi AM, Valsecchi C, Caimmi S, et al. Probiotics and food allergy. Ital J Pediatr. 2013;39:47.
  • Skolnick HS, Conover-Walker MK, Koerner CB, Sampson HA, Burks W, Wood RA. The natural history of peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107(2):367-374.
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

İlknur Aydın 0000-0002-1814-2416

Zehra Gülsünoğlu Konuşkan 0000-0001-6497-1912

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Aydın İ, Gülsünoğlu Konuşkan Z. PROBİYOTİK MİKROORGANİZMALARIN SAĞLIK ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ. Karya J Health Sci. 2022;3(2):161-6.
 Kapak Resmi İndir


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