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Su Kalite İndeksi ve İstatistiksel Analiz Kullanılarak Orta Karadeniz Bölgesi Kızılırmak ve Yeşilırmak Nehirleri Su Kalitesinin Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 645 - 662, 15.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1100682

Öz

Karadeniz Bölgesi’nin en büyük akarsularından olan Kızılırmak ve Yeşilırmak, havza alanlarındaki insan aktiviteleri, tarım ve hayvancılık faaliyetleri nedeniyle kirletici faktörlerin yoğun baskısı altındadır. Bu kirletici etkilerin belirlenmesi için Orta Karadeniz Bölgesi, Samsun’da yer alan Kızılırmak ve Yeşilırmak nehirlerinin fizikokimyasal özelliklerinin ve su kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ekim 2018 ve Ağustos 2019 olmak üzere dört mevsim olacak şekilde örnekleme çalışmaları yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlar Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliği (YSKY) ne göre ve mevsimsel olarak Su Kalite İndeksine (WQI) göre değerlendirilmiştir. İstatiksel olarak veriler arasında farklılıklar için bağımsız t-testi, parametreler arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi için pearson korelasyon indeksi (PCI), kirletici kaynaklarının belirlenmesi için temel bileşen analizi (TBA/FA) uygulanmıştır. TBA/FA ya göre dört faktör tüm faktörlerin %90,118 ni oluşturmuştur. YSKY’ne göre Kızılırmak I. ve II. sınıf, Yeşilırmak ise II.ve III. sınıf su kalite özelliği taşımaktadır. WQI sonuçlarına göre Kızılırmak ilkbahar mevsiminde “zayıf”, Yeşilırmak ise sadece kış mevsiminde “iyi” diğer tüm mevsimlerde zayıf ve çok zayıf su kalite özelliği taşımaktadır. Sonuçlar Kızılırmak’ın içme, sulama ve endüstriyel kullanım için uygun, Yeşilırmak’ın ise sadece sulama amaçlı kullanım açısından uygun olduğunu göstermiştir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi

Proje Numarası

PYO.MUH.1904.19.004

Teşekkür

Bu çalışma Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi tarafından PYO.MUH.1904.19.004 numaralı Bilimsel Araştırma Projesi ile desteklenmiştir.

Kaynakça

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  • Akbal, F., Gürel, L., Bahadır, T., Güler, İ., Bakan, G. and Büyükgüngör, H., (2011b). Multivariate statistical techniques for the assessment of surface water quality at the mid-black sea coast of turkey. Water Air Soil Pollution, 216, 21– 37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0511-0.
  • Akkan, T., Mutlu, T. (2022). Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution of Çoruh River (Turkey) . Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi , 12 (1) , 355-367 . DOI: 10.31466/kfbd.1073227
  • Akter, T., Jhohura, F.T., Akter, F., Chowdhury, T.R., Mistry, S.K., Dey, D., Barua, M.K., Islam, M.A. & Rahman, M., (2016). Water Quality Index for measuring drinking water quality in rural Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition 35: 4. doi: 10.1186/s41043-016-0041-5.
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  • Aydin H., Ustaoğlu F., Tepe T., Soylu E.N., (2020): Assessment of water quality of streams in northeast Turkey by water quality index and multiple statistical methods, Environmental Forensics, DOI: 10.1080/15275922.2020.1836074
  • Aydin Uncumusaoğlu, A., Akkan, T., (2017). Assessment of Water Quality of Yağlidere Stream (Turkey) Using Multivariate Statistical Techniquess. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 26(4), 1715-1723. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/68952
  • Bakan, G., Özkoç, H.B., Tülek, S., Cüce, H., (2010). Integrated Environmental Quality Assessment of Kizilirmak River and its Coastal Environment. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 10, 453-462.
  • Bellos, D. and Sawidis, T. (2005). Chemical pollution monitoring of the River Pinios (Thessalia–Greece), Journal of Environmental Management, 76: 282-292.
  • Blanke, A., Huang, Q., Rozelle, S., Huang, J., Wang, J., (2007). Agriculture and groundwater development in northern China: trends, institutional responses, and policy options. Water Policy 9 (S1), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.045.
  • Can, Ö. ve Taş, B., (2012). Ramsar Alanı İçinde Yer Alan Cernek Gölü ve Sulak Alanının (Kızılırmak Deltası, Samsun) Ekolojik ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Önemi . TÜBAV Bilim Dergisi , 5 (2) , 1-11 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tubav/issue/21527/230967
  • Cüce, H., Kalıpcı, E., Taş, B., Yılmaz, M. (2020). Rakım Farklılığı Nedeniyle Oluşan Meteorolojik Değişimlerin Su Kalitesine Olan Etkilerinin CBS ile Değerlendirilmesi: Morfolojik Olarak Farklı İki Göl için Bir Karşılaştırma. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 10(1), 1-26. DOI: 10.31466/kfbd.649297
  • de Carvalho, V.S., Dos Santos, I.F., Almeida, L.C., de Souza, C.T., da Silva Júnior, J.B., Souza, L.A., Ferreira, S.L., (2021). Spatio-temporal assessment, sources and health risks of water pollutants at trace levels in public supply river using multivariate statistical techniques. Chemosphere 282, 130942
  • Eqani, S., Kanwal, A., Ali, S. M., Sohail, M., Bhowmik, A.K, Ambreen, A., Ali, N., Fasola, M. and Shen, H., (2016). Spatial distribution of dust–bound trace metals from Pakistan and its implications for human exposure. Environmental Pollution, 213: 213–222. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.017.
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  • Haghnazar H, Hudson-Edwards KA, Kumar V, Pourakbar M, Mahdavianpour M, Aghayani E.,(2021) Potentially toxic elements contamination in surface sediment and indigenous aquatic macrophytes of the Bahmanshir River, Iran: Appraisal of phytoremediation capability. Chemosphere. Jul 5;285:131446. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131446.
  • Haghnazar H, Johannesson KH, González-Pinzón R, Pourakbar M, Aghayani E, Rajabi A, Hashemi AA., (2022). Groundwater geochemistry, quality, and pollution of the largest lake basin in the Middle East: Comparison of PMF and PCA-MLR receptor models and application of the source-oriented HHRA approach. Chemosphere. 2022 Feb;288(Pt 1):132489. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132489.
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Evaluation of Water Quality of the Middle Black Sea Region, Kızılırmak and Yeşilırmak Rivers Using Water Quality Index and Statistical Analysis

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 645 - 662, 15.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1100682

Öz

Kızılırmak and Yeşilırmak, one of the largest rivers of the Black Sea Region, are under intense pressure of polluting factors due to human activities, agriculture and livestock activities in the basin areas. In order to determine these polluting effects, it was aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties and water quality of Kızılırmak and Yeşilırmak rivers in Samsun, Middle Black Sea Region. Sampling studies were carried out in four seasons, October 2018 and August 2019. The results obtained in the study were evaluated according to the Surface Water Quality Regulation (SWQR) and seasonally according to the Water Quality Index (WQI). Independent t-test for statistical differences between data, Pearson Correlation Index (PCI) to determine the relationship between parameters, Principal Component Analysis/Factor Analysis (PCA) to identify pollutant sources was applied. According to PCA/FA, four factors constituted 90,118% of all factors. According to SWQR, Kızılırmak I and II. Class, Yesilirmak II. and III. class water quality feature. According to the WQI results, Kızılırmak is “weak” in spring, Yeşilırmak is “good” only in winter, but weak and very poor in all other seasons. The results showed that Kızılırmak is suitable for drinking, irrigation and industrial use, while Yeşilırmak is suitable for use only for irrigation purposes.

Proje Numarası

PYO.MUH.1904.19.004

Kaynakça

  • Akbal, F., Gürel, L., Bahadır, T., Güler, İ, Bakan, G., Büyükgüngör, H., (2011a). Water and sediment quality assessment in the mid-Black Sea coast of Turkey using multivariate statistical techniques. Environmental Earth Science, 64, 1387–1395
  • Akbal, F., Gürel, L., Bahadır, T., Güler, İ., Bakan, G. and Büyükgüngör, H., (2011b). Multivariate statistical techniques for the assessment of surface water quality at the mid-black sea coast of turkey. Water Air Soil Pollution, 216, 21– 37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0511-0.
  • Akkan, T., Mutlu, T. (2022). Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution of Çoruh River (Turkey) . Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi , 12 (1) , 355-367 . DOI: 10.31466/kfbd.1073227
  • Akter, T., Jhohura, F.T., Akter, F., Chowdhury, T.R., Mistry, S.K., Dey, D., Barua, M.K., Islam, M.A. & Rahman, M., (2016). Water Quality Index for measuring drinking water quality in rural Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition 35: 4. doi: 10.1186/s41043-016-0041-5.
  • Atıcı, T., (2004). Sarıyar Barajı planktonik algleri Kısım: I – Cyanophyta. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi., 2 (12): 94.
  • Aydin H., Ustaoğlu F., Tepe T., Soylu E.N., (2020): Assessment of water quality of streams in northeast Turkey by water quality index and multiple statistical methods, Environmental Forensics, DOI: 10.1080/15275922.2020.1836074
  • Aydin Uncumusaoğlu, A., Akkan, T., (2017). Assessment of Water Quality of Yağlidere Stream (Turkey) Using Multivariate Statistical Techniquess. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 26(4), 1715-1723. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/68952
  • Bakan, G., Özkoç, H.B., Tülek, S., Cüce, H., (2010). Integrated Environmental Quality Assessment of Kizilirmak River and its Coastal Environment. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 10, 453-462.
  • Bellos, D. and Sawidis, T. (2005). Chemical pollution monitoring of the River Pinios (Thessalia–Greece), Journal of Environmental Management, 76: 282-292.
  • Blanke, A., Huang, Q., Rozelle, S., Huang, J., Wang, J., (2007). Agriculture and groundwater development in northern China: trends, institutional responses, and policy options. Water Policy 9 (S1), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.045.
  • Can, Ö. ve Taş, B., (2012). Ramsar Alanı İçinde Yer Alan Cernek Gölü ve Sulak Alanının (Kızılırmak Deltası, Samsun) Ekolojik ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Önemi . TÜBAV Bilim Dergisi , 5 (2) , 1-11 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tubav/issue/21527/230967
  • Cüce, H., Kalıpcı, E., Taş, B., Yılmaz, M. (2020). Rakım Farklılığı Nedeniyle Oluşan Meteorolojik Değişimlerin Su Kalitesine Olan Etkilerinin CBS ile Değerlendirilmesi: Morfolojik Olarak Farklı İki Göl için Bir Karşılaştırma. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 10(1), 1-26. DOI: 10.31466/kfbd.649297
  • de Carvalho, V.S., Dos Santos, I.F., Almeida, L.C., de Souza, C.T., da Silva Júnior, J.B., Souza, L.A., Ferreira, S.L., (2021). Spatio-temporal assessment, sources and health risks of water pollutants at trace levels in public supply river using multivariate statistical techniques. Chemosphere 282, 130942
  • Eqani, S., Kanwal, A., Ali, S. M., Sohail, M., Bhowmik, A.K, Ambreen, A., Ali, N., Fasola, M. and Shen, H., (2016). Spatial distribution of dust–bound trace metals from Pakistan and its implications for human exposure. Environmental Pollution, 213: 213–222. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.017.
  • Gümüş, N.E., (2021). Akarçay Akarsuyu (Afyonkarahisar) Su Kalitesi Ve Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Belirlenmesi. Anadolu Çevre ve Hayvancılık Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 120-127.
  • Haghnazar H, Hudson-Edwards KA, Kumar V, Pourakbar M, Mahdavianpour M, Aghayani E.,(2021) Potentially toxic elements contamination in surface sediment and indigenous aquatic macrophytes of the Bahmanshir River, Iran: Appraisal of phytoremediation capability. Chemosphere. Jul 5;285:131446. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131446.
  • Haghnazar H, Johannesson KH, González-Pinzón R, Pourakbar M, Aghayani E, Rajabi A, Hashemi AA., (2022). Groundwater geochemistry, quality, and pollution of the largest lake basin in the Middle East: Comparison of PMF and PCA-MLR receptor models and application of the source-oriented HHRA approach. Chemosphere. 2022 Feb;288(Pt 1):132489. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132489.
  • Haider, H., Alkhowaiter, M.H., Shafiquzzaman, Md., AlSaleem, S.S., Almoshaogeh, M., Alharbi, F., (2019). Spatiotemporal water quality variations in smaller water supply systems: using modified CCME WQI from groundwater source to distribution networks. Water 11, 1884.
  • Horton, R.K., (1965). An index number system for rating water quality. Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation, 37(3), 300–306.
  • Howladar, M.F., Chakma, E., Jahan Koley, N., Islam, S.M., Numanbakth, M.A., Ahmed, Z.U., Chowdhury, T.R., Akter, S., (2021). The water quality and pollution sources assessment of Surma river, Bangladesh using, hydrochemical, multivariate statistical and water quality index methods. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 12, 100523.
  • Islam, M.S., Uddin, M.K., Tareq, S.M., Shammi, M., Kamal, A.K.I., Sugano, T., Kurasaki, M., Saito, T., Tanaka, S., Kuramitz, H., (2015). Alteration of water pollution level with the seasonal changes in mean daily discharge in three main rivers around Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Environments 2, 280-294.
  • Kalipci, E., Cüce, H., Toprak, S., (2017). Damsa Barajı Nevşehir Yüzey Suyu Kalitesinin Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi ile Mekansal Analizi. Karaelmas Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 7(1), 312-319.
  • Kangabam, R.D., Bhoomınathan, S.D., Kanagaraj, S., Govındaraju, M., (2017) Development of a water quality index (WQI) for the Loktak Lake in India. Applied Water Science, 7(6):2907–2918. Doi: 10.1007/s13201-017-0579-4.
  • Kazancı, N., Türkmen, G., Ertunç, Ö., Ekingen, P., Öz, B., Gültutan, Y., (2010). Assessment of ecologicalquality of Yeşilırmak River (Turkey) by using macroinvertebrate-based methods in the content of WaterFramework Directive. Review of Hydrobiology, 3(2), 89-110.
  • Khalid, S., (2019). An assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation and drinking purposes around brick kilns in three districts of Balochistan province, Pakistan, through water quality index and multivariate statistical approaches. Journal of Geochemical Exploration,. 197, 14–26.
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  • Kutlu, B., and Mutlu, E. (2021). Multivariate statistical evaluation of dissolved trace elements and water quality assessment in the Karaca dam, Turkey. EQA - International Journal of Environmental Quality, 44, 26–31. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2281-4485/12231
  • Kükrer, S., and Mutlu, E. (2019). Assessment of surface water quality using water quality index and multivariate statistical analyses in Saraydüzü Dam Lake. Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191, 71. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s10661- 019- 7197-6
  • Mahobe H. and Mishra P., (2013). Study of physico-chemical characteristics of water ponds of Rajnandgaon Town, Chhattisgarh, International Journal Science and Engineering Research, 4 (8) 738–748.
  • Mukatea, S., Wagha, V., Panaskara, D., Jacobs, J. A. & Sawantc, A., (2019). Development of new integrated water quality index (IWQI) model to evaluate the drinking suitability of water. Ecological Indicators, 101, 348-354.
  • Mustafa, S., Baloch, N., Muhammad, S., Malik, Y., Khan, T., Bibi, M., Qadir, A., Razaque, G., Baloch, I.A., (2017). Determination of trace and heavy metals in drinking water of Jhal Magsi district of Balochistan , Pakistan. Pure and Applied Biology (PAB), [S.l.], v. 6, n. 1, p. 9-17, mar. 2017. ISSN 2304-2478.
  • Ozdogan, N., Sefercik, U.G., Kılınç, Y., Çalışkan, E., Atalay, C. (2021). Su Kalitesinin İnsansız Hava AracıVerileri ve Fiziko-kimyasal Parametrelerin Analizi ile Belirlenmesi: Aydınlar (Gülüç) Çayı Örneği. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi,(23), 572-582.
  • Pandit, D.N., Kumari, R., & Shitanshu, S.K., (2020). A comparative assessment of the status of Surajkund and Rani Pond, Aurangabad, Bihar, India using overall Index of Pollution and Water Quality Index. Acta Ecologica Sinica. doi: 10.1016/j.chnaes.2020.11.009
  • Sutadian, A.D., Muttil, N., Yilmaz, A. G., Perera, B.J.C., (2016). Development of river water quality indices—A review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188: 58.
  • Şener, Ş., Şener, E., Varol, S., (2020). Hydro-chemical and microbiological pollution assessment of irrigation water in Kızılırmak Delta (Turkey). Environmental pollution, 266 Pt 1, 115214 .
  • Şener, Ş., Şener, E., Davraz, A., (2017). Evaluation of water quality using water quality index (WQI) method and GIS in Aksu River (SW-Turkey). Science of the Total Environment https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.102.
  • Şimşek A., Sancak Ş., Bakan G. (2021). Monitoring of heavy metal pollution in water and sediments at the mid-Black Sea Region by using passive sampling method diffusive gradients in thin films. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology (TURJAF), 9 (2021), pp. 1076-1086, 10.24925/turjaf.v9i6.1076-1086.4217.
  • Taş, B., Yılmaz, Ö., Ustaoğlu, F., (2021). Ilıman bir Türkiye nehir havzasında dere su kalitesinin çok değişkenli analiz ve biyolojik yaklaşımlarla değerlendirilmesi. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 17(1), 34-55. https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.751773
  • Tian, Y., Jiang, Y., Liu, Q., Dong, M., Xu, D., Liu, Y., Xu, X., (2019). Using a water quality index to assess the water quality of the upper and middle streams of the Luanhe River, northern China. Science of the Total Environment. 667, 142-151.
  • Tokatlı, C., and Ustaoğlu, F., (2020). Health risk assessment of toxicants in Meriç river delta wetland, thrace region, Turkey. Environmental Earth Science, 79, 426.
  • Tokatli, C., (2019). Drinking water quality assessment of Ergene River basin (Turkey)by water quality index: Essential and toxic elements. Sains Malaysiana, 48(10),2071–2081.
  • Tokatli, C., (2021). Assessment of spatial – temporal variations in freshwater pollution by means of water quality index: A case study of Hasanağa stream basin (Edirne, Turkey). Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 36(2), 66-71
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  • Tursun, T., (2018). Sürgü Kasabasının Coğrafi Etüdü. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Erzurum (Turkey). Master Thesis, p. 94 (In Turkish with English summary).
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  • Üstün Odabaşi, S., Ceylan, Z., Şentürk, İ., Akbal, F., Bakan, G., Büyükgüngör, H., (2022). Investigation of spatial and seasonal variation of water quality along the mid-Black Sea coast (from Sinop to Ordu) of Turkey, by multivariate statistical techniques. Regional Studies in Marine Science.
  • Varol M.,(2020). Use of water quality index and multivariate statistical methods for the evaluation of water quality of a stream affected by multiple stressors: A case study. Environmental Pollution.v;266(Pt 3):115417. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115417.
  • Varol, M., Gökot, B., Bekleyen, A., Şen, B., (2012). Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Tigris River (Turkey) using multivariate statistical techniques ea case study. River Research and Application, 28, 1428-1438.
  • Varol, S., Davraz, A., (2015). Evaluation of the groundwater quality with WQI (Water Quality Index) and multivariate analysis: A case study of the Tefenni plain (Burdur/Turkey). Environmental. Earth Science, 73 (4), 1725-1744.
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Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Arife Şimşek 0000-0002-7177-1764

Hatice Türkten 0000-0003-2037-7756

Gülfem Bakan 0000-0002-2752-1303

Proje Numarası PYO.MUH.1904.19.004
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Şimşek, A., Türkten, H., & Bakan, G. (2022). Su Kalite İndeksi ve İstatistiksel Analiz Kullanılarak Orta Karadeniz Bölgesi Kızılırmak ve Yeşilırmak Nehirleri Su Kalitesinin Değerlendirilmesi. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(2), 645-662. https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1100682