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Phenological and Morphological Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Rhizobia and Azotobacter Inoculation

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 230 - 242, 22.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1008204

Öz

Excessive use of nitrogen has become a threat to human health and the environment due to high concentrations of nitrate and nitrite accumulating in surface and ground waters. Biological dinitrogen fixation (N2) is a very important natural process in world agriculture. Rhizobia is a common name for a certain Gram-negative group of Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria that can form nodules on the root and fix nitrogen in symbiosis with legumes as their host plants. Azotobacter spp. is a free-living microorganism that has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen into the soil. Field trials were carried out of Eskişehir Osmangazi University Field Crops Department experiment areas during the production season of 2017 and 2019. The study was evaluated the effects on morphological and phenologocial characters of two N doses (0 and 25 kg ha-1 N), four bacteria inoculations (control, Rhizobia, Azotobacter, Rhizobia + Azotobacter) on chickpea cultivars (Azkan, Akca, Cakir, Isik). Experiment arranged in split split plot experimental design with three replications. Nitrogen application positively affected number of days to emergence, number of branches, branch diameter and grain yield. Phenological and morphological properties affected by climate conditions. The high temperature caused the number of days to emergence, number of days to flowering and number of days to maturity to be earlier in the second year. Plant height, first pod height and grain yield were higher first year than second year due to high precipitation. While the response of the cultivars was different in terms of phenological properties, Azkan cultivar gave the best results in terms of morphological properties. Rhizobia + Azotobacter inoculation gave the best results in terms of phenological and morphological characteristics except for number of days to maturity. Rhizobia + Azotobacter inoculation can lead to additional income generation of the farming community in Turkey. The use of biofertilizers may reduce the application of chemical fertilizers and we get healthy, pollution-free production for a better future for our increasing populations.

Kaynakça

  • Amarger, N. (2001). Rhizobia in the field. Advances in Agronomy, 73:109-168.
  • Bange, M. P., Hammer, G. L. and Ricket, K. G. (1998). Temperature and sowing date affect the linear increase of sunflower harvest index. Agronomy Journal, 90(3): 324-328.
  • Basal, O. and Szabo, A. (2020). Yield and quality of two soybean cultivars in response to drought and N fertilization. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 17(2): 203-210.
  • Beck, D. P. (1988). Biological nitrogen fixation studies. Food Legume Improvement Program. Annual Report, Icarda, p.177-183.
  • Belliturk, K. and Saglam, M. T. (2005). Tekirdag Ili topraklarinin mineralize olan azot miktarlari ile mineralizasyon kapasiteleri uzerinde bir arastirma. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 2(1): 89-101.
  • Caliskan, S., Ozkaya, I., Caliskan, M. E. and Arslan, M. (2008). The effect of nitrogen and iron fertilization on growth, yield and fertilizer use efficiency of soybean in Mediterranean type soil. Field Crops Research 108: 126-132.
  • Cheng, Q. (2008). Perspectives in biological nitrogen fixation research. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 50(7): 786–798.
  • Dobereiner, J. (1997). Biologial nitrogen fixation in the tropics: Social and economic contributions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 29: 771–774.
  • Erkovan, S., Ileri, O., Erkovan, H. I. ve Koc, A. (2020). Eskişehir ekolojisinde uygun ekim zamanı ve ekim sıklığının yem bezelyesinin yaş ot verimi ve bazı özelliklerine etkisi. ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 8 (1): 225–232.
  • Erman, M., Demir, S., Ocak, E., Tufenkci, S., Oguz, F. and Akkopru, A. (2011). Effects of Rhizobium, arbuscular mycorrhiza and whey applications on some properties in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under irrigated and rainfed conditions 1-Yield, yield components, nodulation and AMF colonization. Field Crops Research, 122(1): 14-24.
  • Gupta, S., Subrahmanyam, D. and Rathore, V. S. (1994). Influence of sowing dates on yields and oil quality in sunflower. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 172(2): 137-144.
  • Halbleib, C. M. and Ludden, P. W. (2000). Regulation of biological nitrogen fixation. Journal of Nutrition 130: 1081–1084.
  • Herridge, D. F., Peoples, M. B. and Boddey, R. M. (2008). Global inputs of biological nitrogen fixation in agricultural systems. Plant and Soil, 311:1–18.
  • Holt, N. W. and Campbell, S. J. (1984). Effect of plant density on the agronomic performance of sunflower on dry land. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 64: 599-605.
  • Karaboz, I. ve Ozcan, N. H. (2005). İzmir ve Aydin yoresindeki topraklardan izole edilen Azotobacter chroococcum (Beijerinck, 1901) izolatlarinin tuz, sicaklik ve bazi agir metallere toleranslarinin belirlenmesi. Orlab On-Line Microbioloji Dergisi, 3: 2-10.
  • Mahato, P., Badoni, A. and Chauhan, J. S. (2009). Effect of Azotobacter and nitrogen on seed germination and early seedling growth in tomato. Researhcer, 1(4): 62-66.
  • Mirza, B. S., Mirza, M. S., Bano, A. and Malik, K. A. (2007). Coinoculation of chickpea with Rhizobium isolates from roots and nodules and phytohormone producing Enterobacter strains. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 47 (8): 1008–1015.
  • Mishra, P. K., Mishra, S., Selvakumar, G., Kundu, S. and Shankar, G. H. (2009). Enhanced soybean (Glycine max L.) plant growth and nodulation by Bradyrhizobium japonicum-SB1 in presence of Bacillus thuringiensis-KR1. Acta Agriculture Scandinavica, Sec. B - Plant Soil Science, 59: 189–196.
  • Namvar, A., Seyed Sharifi, R., Sedghi, M., Asghari Zakaria, R., Khandan, T. and Eskandarpour, B. (2011). Study on the effects of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components and nodulation state of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Communication Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 42(9): 1097-1109.
  • Ndlovu, T. J. (2015). Effect of Rhizobium phaseoli inoculation and phosphorus application on nodulation, growth and yield components of two drybean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars. (MSc thesis) University of Limpopo (unpublished).
  • Pathak, D. V., Singh, S. and Saini, R. S. (2013). Impact of bio-inoculantas on seed germination and plant growth of Gauva (Psidium guajava). Journal of Horticulture and Forestry, 5(10): 183-185.
  • Soysal, S. ve Erman, M. (2020). Siirt ekolojik koşullarında mikrobiyolojik ve inorganik gübrelemenin nohut (Cicer arietinum L.)’un verim, verim öğeleri ve nodülasyonu üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması. ISPEC Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(3): 649-670.
  • Sprent, J. I. (2008). 60Ma of legume nodulation. What's new? What's changing? Journal of Experimental Botany, 59: 1081–1084.
  • Tosun, O. ve Eser, D. (1975). Nohut (Cicer arietinum L.) üzerinde ekim sıklığı çalışmaları, I. ekim sıklığının verim üzerine etkileri. Ankara Universitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, 25 (1): 171-180.
  • Tuncturk, R., Tuncturk, M. ve Turkozu, D. (2011). Van ekolojik koşullarında değişik azot ve fosfor dozlarının rezene (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)’ de verim ve kalite üzerine etkisi. YYU Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(1): 19-27.
  • Turk, M. ve Alagoz, M. (2020). Farklı azot dozlarının arı otu (Phacelia tanacetifolia Bentham.)'nun tohum verimi ve bazı tarımsal özellikleri üzerine etkisi. Türk Bilim ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 2(2): 53-56.
  • Vartanli, S. and Emeklier, H. Y. (2007). Determination of the yield and quality characteristics of hybrid maize varieties under Ankara conditions. Journal of Agricultural Science 17(3): 195-202.
  • Wani, S. A., Chand, S. and Ali, T. (2013). Potential use of Azotobacter chroococcum in crop production: An overview. Current Agriculture Research Journal, 1(1): 35-38.
  • Wani, S. A., Chand, S., Wani, M. A., Ramzan, M. and Hakeem, K. R. (2016). Azotobacter chroococcum – A potential biofertilizer in agriculture: An overview, K.R. Hakeem et al. (eds.), Springer.
  • Willems, A. (2006). The taxonomy of rhizobia: an overview. Plant and Soil, 287:3–14.
  • Yasari, E. and Patwardhan, A. M. (2007). Effects of (Azotobacter and Azosprillum) inoculants and chemical fertilizers on growth and productivity of canola (Brassica napus L.). Asian Journal of Plant Science, 6(1): 77-82.
  • Zaman, S., Mazid, M. A. and Kabir, G. (2011). Effect of rhizobium inoculant on nodulation, yield and yield traits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in four different soils of greater Rajshahi. Journal of Life and Earth Science, 6: 45- 50.

Phenological and Morphological Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Rhizobia and Azotobacter Inoculation

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 230 - 242, 22.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1008204

Öz

Azotun aşırı kullanımı, yüzey ve yer altı sularında biriken yüksek konsantrasyonlardaki nitrat ve nitrit nedeniyle insan sağlığını ve çevreyi tehdit eder hale gelmiştir. Biyolojik azot fiksasyonu dünya tarımında çok önemli doğal bir süreçtir. Rhizobia, kök üzerinde nodüller oluşturabilen ve konukçu bitkileri olarak baklagillerle simbiyozda azotu sabitleyebilen belirli bir Gram-negatif Alphaproteobacteria ve Betaproteobacteria grubunun ortak adıdır. Azotobacter spp., atmosferik nitrojeni toprağa sabitleme yeteneğine sahip serbest yaşayan bir mikroorganizmadır. Tarla denemeleri 2017 ve 2019 üretim sezonunda Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümünde yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada iki azot dozu (0 ve 25 kg/ha N) dört nohut çeşidi (Azkan, Akça, Çakır ve Işık) ve dört bakteri uygulamasının (kontrol, Rhizobia, Azotobacter ve Rhizobia + Azotobacter) nohutun fenolojik ve morfolojik özellikleri üzerine etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma bölünen bölünmüş parseller deneme deseninde üç tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Ana parsellerde azot dozları, alt parsellerde nohut çeşitleri ve altın-altı parsellerde ise bakteri uygulamaları yer almıştır. Fenolojik ve morfolojik özellikler iklim koşullarından etkilenmiştir. Yüksek sıcaklık, ikinci yılda çıkış, çiçeklenme ve olgunlaşmanın daha erken olmasına neden olmuştur. Bitki boyu, ilk bakla yüksekliği ve tane verimi, yüksek yağış nedeniyle birinci yıl ikinci yıla göre daha yüksek olmuştur. Azot uygulamaları çıkış zamanı, dal sayısı, dal çapı ve tane verimini olumlu yönde etkilemiştir. Fenolojik özellikler bakımından çeşitlerin tepkileri farklı olurken, morfolojik özellikler bakımından en iyi sonuçları Azkan çeşidi vermiştir. Olgunluk süresi dışında fenolojik ve morfolojik özellikler açısından Rhizobia + Azotobacter uygulaması en iyi sonuçları vermiştir. Rhizobia + Azotobacter uygulaması Türkiye'deki çiftçilerin ek gelir elde etmesine yol açabilir. Biyogübre kullanımı kimyasal gübre kullanımını azaltabilir. Biyogübreler ile artan nüfusumuza daha iyi bir gelecek sağlamak için sağlıklı ve kirlilik içermeyen temiz bir üretim elde edebiliriz.

Kaynakça

  • Amarger, N. (2001). Rhizobia in the field. Advances in Agronomy, 73:109-168.
  • Bange, M. P., Hammer, G. L. and Ricket, K. G. (1998). Temperature and sowing date affect the linear increase of sunflower harvest index. Agronomy Journal, 90(3): 324-328.
  • Basal, O. and Szabo, A. (2020). Yield and quality of two soybean cultivars in response to drought and N fertilization. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 17(2): 203-210.
  • Beck, D. P. (1988). Biological nitrogen fixation studies. Food Legume Improvement Program. Annual Report, Icarda, p.177-183.
  • Belliturk, K. and Saglam, M. T. (2005). Tekirdag Ili topraklarinin mineralize olan azot miktarlari ile mineralizasyon kapasiteleri uzerinde bir arastirma. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 2(1): 89-101.
  • Caliskan, S., Ozkaya, I., Caliskan, M. E. and Arslan, M. (2008). The effect of nitrogen and iron fertilization on growth, yield and fertilizer use efficiency of soybean in Mediterranean type soil. Field Crops Research 108: 126-132.
  • Cheng, Q. (2008). Perspectives in biological nitrogen fixation research. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 50(7): 786–798.
  • Dobereiner, J. (1997). Biologial nitrogen fixation in the tropics: Social and economic contributions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 29: 771–774.
  • Erkovan, S., Ileri, O., Erkovan, H. I. ve Koc, A. (2020). Eskişehir ekolojisinde uygun ekim zamanı ve ekim sıklığının yem bezelyesinin yaş ot verimi ve bazı özelliklerine etkisi. ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 8 (1): 225–232.
  • Erman, M., Demir, S., Ocak, E., Tufenkci, S., Oguz, F. and Akkopru, A. (2011). Effects of Rhizobium, arbuscular mycorrhiza and whey applications on some properties in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under irrigated and rainfed conditions 1-Yield, yield components, nodulation and AMF colonization. Field Crops Research, 122(1): 14-24.
  • Gupta, S., Subrahmanyam, D. and Rathore, V. S. (1994). Influence of sowing dates on yields and oil quality in sunflower. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 172(2): 137-144.
  • Halbleib, C. M. and Ludden, P. W. (2000). Regulation of biological nitrogen fixation. Journal of Nutrition 130: 1081–1084.
  • Herridge, D. F., Peoples, M. B. and Boddey, R. M. (2008). Global inputs of biological nitrogen fixation in agricultural systems. Plant and Soil, 311:1–18.
  • Holt, N. W. and Campbell, S. J. (1984). Effect of plant density on the agronomic performance of sunflower on dry land. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 64: 599-605.
  • Karaboz, I. ve Ozcan, N. H. (2005). İzmir ve Aydin yoresindeki topraklardan izole edilen Azotobacter chroococcum (Beijerinck, 1901) izolatlarinin tuz, sicaklik ve bazi agir metallere toleranslarinin belirlenmesi. Orlab On-Line Microbioloji Dergisi, 3: 2-10.
  • Mahato, P., Badoni, A. and Chauhan, J. S. (2009). Effect of Azotobacter and nitrogen on seed germination and early seedling growth in tomato. Researhcer, 1(4): 62-66.
  • Mirza, B. S., Mirza, M. S., Bano, A. and Malik, K. A. (2007). Coinoculation of chickpea with Rhizobium isolates from roots and nodules and phytohormone producing Enterobacter strains. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 47 (8): 1008–1015.
  • Mishra, P. K., Mishra, S., Selvakumar, G., Kundu, S. and Shankar, G. H. (2009). Enhanced soybean (Glycine max L.) plant growth and nodulation by Bradyrhizobium japonicum-SB1 in presence of Bacillus thuringiensis-KR1. Acta Agriculture Scandinavica, Sec. B - Plant Soil Science, 59: 189–196.
  • Namvar, A., Seyed Sharifi, R., Sedghi, M., Asghari Zakaria, R., Khandan, T. and Eskandarpour, B. (2011). Study on the effects of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components and nodulation state of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Communication Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 42(9): 1097-1109.
  • Ndlovu, T. J. (2015). Effect of Rhizobium phaseoli inoculation and phosphorus application on nodulation, growth and yield components of two drybean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars. (MSc thesis) University of Limpopo (unpublished).
  • Pathak, D. V., Singh, S. and Saini, R. S. (2013). Impact of bio-inoculantas on seed germination and plant growth of Gauva (Psidium guajava). Journal of Horticulture and Forestry, 5(10): 183-185.
  • Soysal, S. ve Erman, M. (2020). Siirt ekolojik koşullarında mikrobiyolojik ve inorganik gübrelemenin nohut (Cicer arietinum L.)’un verim, verim öğeleri ve nodülasyonu üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması. ISPEC Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(3): 649-670.
  • Sprent, J. I. (2008). 60Ma of legume nodulation. What's new? What's changing? Journal of Experimental Botany, 59: 1081–1084.
  • Tosun, O. ve Eser, D. (1975). Nohut (Cicer arietinum L.) üzerinde ekim sıklığı çalışmaları, I. ekim sıklığının verim üzerine etkileri. Ankara Universitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, 25 (1): 171-180.
  • Tuncturk, R., Tuncturk, M. ve Turkozu, D. (2011). Van ekolojik koşullarında değişik azot ve fosfor dozlarının rezene (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)’ de verim ve kalite üzerine etkisi. YYU Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(1): 19-27.
  • Turk, M. ve Alagoz, M. (2020). Farklı azot dozlarının arı otu (Phacelia tanacetifolia Bentham.)'nun tohum verimi ve bazı tarımsal özellikleri üzerine etkisi. Türk Bilim ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 2(2): 53-56.
  • Vartanli, S. and Emeklier, H. Y. (2007). Determination of the yield and quality characteristics of hybrid maize varieties under Ankara conditions. Journal of Agricultural Science 17(3): 195-202.
  • Wani, S. A., Chand, S. and Ali, T. (2013). Potential use of Azotobacter chroococcum in crop production: An overview. Current Agriculture Research Journal, 1(1): 35-38.
  • Wani, S. A., Chand, S., Wani, M. A., Ramzan, M. and Hakeem, K. R. (2016). Azotobacter chroococcum – A potential biofertilizer in agriculture: An overview, K.R. Hakeem et al. (eds.), Springer.
  • Willems, A. (2006). The taxonomy of rhizobia: an overview. Plant and Soil, 287:3–14.
  • Yasari, E. and Patwardhan, A. M. (2007). Effects of (Azotobacter and Azosprillum) inoculants and chemical fertilizers on growth and productivity of canola (Brassica napus L.). Asian Journal of Plant Science, 6(1): 77-82.
  • Zaman, S., Mazid, M. A. and Kabir, G. (2011). Effect of rhizobium inoculant on nodulation, yield and yield traits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in four different soils of greater Rajshahi. Journal of Life and Earth Science, 6: 45- 50.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Engin Takıl 0000-0002-0076-5949

Nihal Kayan 0000-0001-7505-0959

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 8 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Mayıs 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Ekim 2021
Kabul Tarihi 15 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Takıl, E., & Kayan, N. (2023). Phenological and Morphological Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Rhizobia and Azotobacter Inoculation. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(2), 230-242. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1008204
AMA Takıl E, Kayan N. Phenological and Morphological Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Rhizobia and Azotobacter Inoculation. JOTAF. Mayıs 2023;20(2):230-242. doi:10.33462/jotaf.1008204
Chicago Takıl, Engin, ve Nihal Kayan. “Phenological and Morphological Response of Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L.) Rhizobia and Azotobacter Inoculation”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 20, sy. 2 (Mayıs 2023): 230-42. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1008204.
EndNote Takıl E, Kayan N (01 Mayıs 2023) Phenological and Morphological Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Rhizobia and Azotobacter Inoculation. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 20 2 230–242.
IEEE E. Takıl ve N. Kayan, “Phenological and Morphological Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Rhizobia and Azotobacter Inoculation”, JOTAF, c. 20, sy. 2, ss. 230–242, 2023, doi: 10.33462/jotaf.1008204.
ISNAD Takıl, Engin - Kayan, Nihal. “Phenological and Morphological Response of Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L.) Rhizobia and Azotobacter Inoculation”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 20/2 (Mayıs 2023), 230-242. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1008204.
JAMA Takıl E, Kayan N. Phenological and Morphological Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Rhizobia and Azotobacter Inoculation. JOTAF. 2023;20:230–242.
MLA Takıl, Engin ve Nihal Kayan. “Phenological and Morphological Response of Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L.) Rhizobia and Azotobacter Inoculation”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 20, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 230-42, doi:10.33462/jotaf.1008204.
Vancouver Takıl E, Kayan N. Phenological and Morphological Response of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Rhizobia and Azotobacter Inoculation. JOTAF. 2023;20(2):230-42.