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Protective Effect of Nitrilotriacetic Acid on Lead Toxicity in Muscle and Liver Tissues of Oreochromis niloticus

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 33 - 38, 31.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1060168

Öz

In this study, some enzyme activities and oxidative stress levels in the muscle and liver tissues of freshwater fish O. niloticus, which were exposed to the sublethal concentrations of Lead (Pb) and a mixture of Pb + NTA (Nitrilotriacetic acid) for 7 and 21 days were investigated. Parameters were measured with autoanalyzer devices. As a result of the data obtained; increase in total oxidant (TOS), oxidative index (OSI) levels and alanine transaminase (ALT), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme activities in liver tissue, total antioxidant (TAS) level decrease was observed. In muscle tissue, an increase was observed in TOS, OSI levels and ALT enzyme activity, while TAS level and GGT, ALP enzyme activities were found to be at kontrol levels. In the presence of NTA, it was observed that the decreases or increases in some parameters were milder. As a result, we can say that Pb causes changes in the physiology of fish, and NTA partially reduces these changes.

Kaynakça

  • Adeyemi, J.A., Adewale, O.O. & Oguma A.Y. (2014). Mortality, oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in juvenile african catfish, clarias Gariepinus burchell, exposed to lead and cypermethrin. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol., 92, 529–533. Doi; 10.1007/S00128-013-1169-2
  • Akbary P., Yarahmadi, S.S. & Jahanbakhshi A. (2018). Hematological, hepatic enzymes’ activity and oxidative stress responses of gray mullet (Mugil cephalus) after sub-acute exposure to copper oxide. Environ Sci Pollut Res., 25:1800–1808 Doi:10.1007/S11356-017-0582-1
  • Ale, A., Bacchetta, C. & Cazenave, J. (2016). Responses of multıple bıomarkers ın the fısh Hoplosternum lıttorale after exposure to chromıum and lead. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 25(10), 4052-4059 .
  • Alkan-Uçkun, A. & Uçkun, M. (2021). Evaluation of some biomarkers in carp (Cyprinus carpio linnaeus, 1758) depending on water and sediment pollution of Atatürk dam lake. Beü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 10 (3), 744-753.
  • Al-Khshali, M.S & Al-Hilali, H.A. (2019). Some physıologıcal changes (ALP, AST and ALT) of common carp (Cyprınus carpıo) caused by hıgh salınıty. Biochem. Cell. Arch., 19(2), 4605-4610. Doı: 10.35124/Bca.2019.19.2.4605
  • Altunkaş, F., Karaman, K., Şahin, Ş., Celik, A.& Koc, F. (2014). Gamma-glutamil transferaz aktivitesi ve kardiyovasküler hastalıklar. Mn Kardiyoloji, 21,1, 56-59.
  • Anderson, RL., Bishop, WE. & Campbell, RL. (1985). A review of the environmental and mammalian toxicology of nitrilotriacetic acid. Critical Reviews İn Toxicology,15(1):1-10. Doi:10.3109/10408448509023766
  • Arınç Tulgar (2014). Propargite (Akarisit)’Nin Sublethal Dozlarının Sazan Balığı (Cyprinus Carpio, Linnaeus, 1758)’Nda Kan Parametrelerine Etkisi Ve Kas Dokusundaki Birikimi. T.C. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Çanakkale, Türkiye 118s.
  • Aytekin, T. (2011). Oreochromıs nılotıcus’da bakır, kadmiyum ve bakır-kadmium etkileşiminde metallerin doku ve organlarda birikimi, eliminasyonu ve antioksidant enzim aktivitelerine etkileri. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Adana, Türkiye, 169s.
  • Asztalos, B. & Nemcsok J. (1985). Effect of pesticides on the LDH Activityand isoenzyme pattern of carp, Cyprinus carpio (l.), sera. Comparative Biochemistry And Physiology 82(1), 214-219. Doı: 10.1016/0742-8413(85)90233-6
  • Can, E., Cikcikoglu-Yildirim, N. & Erdogan, D. (2017). Seasonal changes ın antıoxıdant defence system on brown trout (salmo sp.) ın Munzur stream. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 26(10) 5936-5941.
  • Çaylak, E. (2010). Çocuklarda kurşun zehirlenmesi, oksidatif stres ve tiyol bileşiklerin antioksidan etkisi. Çocuk Dergisi, 10(1),13-23. Doi:10.5222/J.Child.2010.01
  • Çoğun H.Y. & Şahin M.(2012). Nil Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus Linnaeus, 1758)’da kurşun toksisitesinin azaltılmasında zeolitin etkisi. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 18(1): 135-140. Doı:10.9775/Kvfd.2011.5170
  • Demirpençe, Ö., Sevim, B., Yıldırım, M., Ayan Nurlu, N., Mert, D. & Evliyaoğlu, O. (2014). Serum paraoxonase, Tas, Tos and ceruloplasmin in brucellosis. Int J Clin Exp Med., 7(6), 1592–1597.
  • Dündar, Y. & Aslan, Y. (2005). Yaşamı kuşatan ağır metal kurşunun etkileri. Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi, 6, 1-5.
  • Elbeshtı, R.T.A., Elderwısh, N.M., Abdelalı, K.M, & Taştan, Y. (2018). Effects of heavy metals on fish. Menba Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 36-47.
  • Erel, O. (2004). A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable abts radical cation. Clinical Biochemistry, 37, 277– 285.
  • Erel, O. (2005). A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clinical Biochemistry, 38, 1103–1111.
  • Firidin, G. (2019).Effects of lead and ıts selenıum mıxtures on bıochemıcal parameters of Oreochromıs nılotıcus. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 28(1), 383-390.
  • Franco A.L., Romero A.D., García-Navarro A.J., Teles B.M., Tvarijonaviciute A. (2016). Esterase activity (ea), total oxidant status (tos) and total antioxidant capacity (tac) in gills of mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to pollutants: analytical validation and effects evaluation by single and mixed heavy metal exposure. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 102, 30–35.
  • Fırat Ö. & Kargın F. (2010). Individual And Combined Effects Of Heavy Metals On Serum Biochemistry Of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol., 58,151–157. Doı: 10.1007/S00244-009-9344-5.
  • Fırat, Ö., Cogun, H.Y., Yüzereroğlu, T.A., Gök, G., Fırat, Ö., Kargin, F. & Kötemen, Y. (2011). A comparative study on the effects of a pesticide (cypermethrin) and two metals (copper, lead) to serum biochemistry of nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Physiology And Biochemistry, 37, 657-666. Doi: 10.1007/S10695-011-9466-3.
  • Fırat Ö. & Şahin-İnandı A (2016). Oreochromis niloticus’ta bazı serum biyokimyasal parametreleri kullanılarak civa toksisitesi üzerine zeolitin birlikte etkisinin araştırılması. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 33(3), 251-257. DOI: 10.12714/egejfas.2016.33.3.09
  • Fitori, A., Abdulnabi, B.M., Ali, R.A.S. & Ali, S.M. (2020). Effects of some heavy metal pollutants on liver and kidney performance of mullet captured from Tubruk harbor comparing to Umm Hufayan lagoon. DYSONA- Life Science, 1, 83-90.
  • Helal, E.G.E., El-Atti, M. S.A. & Ekraim Y.M (2018). Harmful effects of water pollution on some physiological responses of the nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) in both qarun and burullus lakes. The Egyptian Journal Of Hospital Medicine, 72(2), 4021-4025.
  • Hong, J. & Pintauro P.N. (1996). Selective removal of heavy metals from contaminated kaolin by chelators. Water, Air, And Soil Pollution, 87, 73–91. Ismail, N.M., Ali, S.E & Mohamed I.K. (2017). Biochemical and histological biomarker approaches in the assessment of the water pollution in some lined and unlined watercourses of Egypt. International Journal Of Fisheries And Aquatic Studies, 5(3), 288-296.
  • Li, M., Kong, Y., Wu, X., Yin, Z., Niu, X., Wang G. (2021). Dietary α-lipoic acid can alleviate the bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and inflammation induced by lead (pb) in Channa argus. Fish And Shellfish Immunology, 119, 249–261.
  • Kavitha, P., Ramesh, R., Bupesh, G., Stalin, A., & Subramanian, P. (2011). Hepatoprotective activity of tribulus terrestris extract against acetaminophen-induced toxicity in a freshwater fish (Oreochromis mossambicus). In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.—Animal 47, 698–706 . Doı:10.1007/S11626-011-9457-9
  • Kaya, İ., Yılmaz, M., Koç, E., Deveci H.A., Ersan Y. & Karapehlivan, M. (2014). Tebukonazol (fungusit) uygulanan Cyprinus carpio (l. 1758)’da serum total antioksidan, oksidan ve sialik asit düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Journal of Fisheries sciences, 8(3): 214-219.
  • Kim, DW., Ock, J., Moon, KW & Choong-Hee Park, CH. (2021). Association between pb, cd, and hg exposure and liver ınjury among korean adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18, 67-83. Doi:10.3390/İjerph18136783
  • Kovacik, A., Tvrda, E., Miskeje M., Arvay, J., Tomka, M., Zbynovska, K., Andreji, J., Hleba, L., Kovacikova, E., Fik, M., Cupka P., Nahacky J. & Massanyi, P. (2019). Trace metals in the freshwater fish cyprinus carpio: effect to serum biochemistry and oxidative status markers. Biological Trace Element Research, 188, 494–507 Doi: 10.1007/S12011-018-1415-X
  • Kumari, K., Ranjan, N. & Sinha, R.C. (2011). Multiple Biomarker Response İn The Fish, Labeo Rohita Due To Hexavalent Chromium. 2nd International Conference On Biotechnology And Food Science. 155-158.
  • Mirmazloomi, S., Shahsavani. & Baghshani, H. (2015). Studies on the protective effects of ascorbic acid and thiamine on lead-induced lipid and protein oxidation as well as enzymatic alterations in some tissues of Cyprinus carpio. Comp Clin Pathol., 24, 1231–1236. Doi: 10.1007/s00580-015-2065-4
  • Rao J.V. (2006). Biochemical alterations in euryhaline fish, oreochromis mossambicus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of an organophosphorus insecticide, monocrotophos. Chemosphere, 65, 1814–1820.
  • Tunçsoy, M. & Erdem E. (2021). Comparison to toxic effects of copper oxide nanoparticles and copper sulphate on some serum parameters and enzyme activities of Oreochromis niloticus. Journal Of Anatolian Environmental And Animal Sciences. 6(4), 514-521. Doı: 10.35229/Jaes.987548
  • Yağcı, R., Özyurt H., Akbaş, A., Aydın, B., Özlük E., Ekşioğlu, M. & Totan, Y. (2007). Behçet hastalığında toplam antioksidan kapasite, toplam oksidan durum ve dehidroepiandrosteron sülfat düzeyleri. Ret-Vit., 15, 263-266.
  • Yancheva, V., Velcheva, I., Stoyanova, S. & Georgieva E. (2015). Fish in ecotoxicological studies. Ecologıa Balkanıca, 7(1), 149-169.
  • Yılmaz, M., Koç, E., Atakişi, O., Harmankaya, A., Ersan, Y., Karaman M. & Çitil, M. (2016). The protective effects of l-carnitine against lead (ıı) acetate toxicity in Capoeta capoeta (guldensteadt 1773) Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg., 22(4): 511-518. Doı: 10.9775/Kvfd.2015.14942
  • Zhang, Y., Klamerth, N., Chelme-Ayala, P. & Gamal El-Din, M. (2017). Comparison of classical fenton, nitrilotriacetic acid (nta)-fenton, uv-fenton, uv photolysis of fe-nta, uv-nta-fenton, and UV-H2O2 for the degradation of cyclohexanoic acid. Chemosphere, 175, 178-185.

Oreochromis niloticus’un Kas ve Karaciğer Dokularında Kurşun Toksisitesi Üzerine Nitrilotriasetik Asitin Etkisi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 33 - 38, 31.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1060168

Öz

Bu çalışmada Kurşun (Pb)’un sublethal derişimlerinin ve Pb + NTA (Nitrilotriasetik asit) karışımının, 7 ve 21 gün süreyle, etkisine bırakılan tatlısu balığı O. niloticus’un kas ve karaciğer dokularındaki bazı enzim aktiviteleri ve oksidatif stres düzeyi incelenmiştir. Parametreler, otoanalizatör cihazlarla ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen veriler neticesinde; karaciğer dokusunda total oksidan (TOS), oksidatif indeksi (OSİ) düzeyleri ile alanin transaminaz (ALT), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkalin fosfataz (ALP) ve laktat dehidrojenaz (LDH) enzim aktivitelerinde artış, total antioksidan (TAS) düzeyinde azalış gözlenmiştir. Kas dokusunda ise TOS, OSİ düzeyleri ile ALT enzim aktivitesinde artış gözlenirken TAS düzeyi ile GGT ve ALP enzim aktivitelerinin kontrol seviyesinde olduğu saptanmıştır. NTA’nın varlığında bazı parametreler görülen azalma veya artmaların daha hafif olduğu gözlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak Pb’nin balığın fizyolojisinde değişikliklere neden olduğu, NTA’nın bu değişiklikleri kısmen de olsa azalttığı söylenebilir.

Kaynakça

  • Adeyemi, J.A., Adewale, O.O. & Oguma A.Y. (2014). Mortality, oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in juvenile african catfish, clarias Gariepinus burchell, exposed to lead and cypermethrin. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol., 92, 529–533. Doi; 10.1007/S00128-013-1169-2
  • Akbary P., Yarahmadi, S.S. & Jahanbakhshi A. (2018). Hematological, hepatic enzymes’ activity and oxidative stress responses of gray mullet (Mugil cephalus) after sub-acute exposure to copper oxide. Environ Sci Pollut Res., 25:1800–1808 Doi:10.1007/S11356-017-0582-1
  • Ale, A., Bacchetta, C. & Cazenave, J. (2016). Responses of multıple bıomarkers ın the fısh Hoplosternum lıttorale after exposure to chromıum and lead. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 25(10), 4052-4059 .
  • Alkan-Uçkun, A. & Uçkun, M. (2021). Evaluation of some biomarkers in carp (Cyprinus carpio linnaeus, 1758) depending on water and sediment pollution of Atatürk dam lake. Beü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 10 (3), 744-753.
  • Al-Khshali, M.S & Al-Hilali, H.A. (2019). Some physıologıcal changes (ALP, AST and ALT) of common carp (Cyprınus carpıo) caused by hıgh salınıty. Biochem. Cell. Arch., 19(2), 4605-4610. Doı: 10.35124/Bca.2019.19.2.4605
  • Altunkaş, F., Karaman, K., Şahin, Ş., Celik, A.& Koc, F. (2014). Gamma-glutamil transferaz aktivitesi ve kardiyovasküler hastalıklar. Mn Kardiyoloji, 21,1, 56-59.
  • Anderson, RL., Bishop, WE. & Campbell, RL. (1985). A review of the environmental and mammalian toxicology of nitrilotriacetic acid. Critical Reviews İn Toxicology,15(1):1-10. Doi:10.3109/10408448509023766
  • Arınç Tulgar (2014). Propargite (Akarisit)’Nin Sublethal Dozlarının Sazan Balığı (Cyprinus Carpio, Linnaeus, 1758)’Nda Kan Parametrelerine Etkisi Ve Kas Dokusundaki Birikimi. T.C. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Çanakkale, Türkiye 118s.
  • Aytekin, T. (2011). Oreochromıs nılotıcus’da bakır, kadmiyum ve bakır-kadmium etkileşiminde metallerin doku ve organlarda birikimi, eliminasyonu ve antioksidant enzim aktivitelerine etkileri. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Adana, Türkiye, 169s.
  • Asztalos, B. & Nemcsok J. (1985). Effect of pesticides on the LDH Activityand isoenzyme pattern of carp, Cyprinus carpio (l.), sera. Comparative Biochemistry And Physiology 82(1), 214-219. Doı: 10.1016/0742-8413(85)90233-6
  • Can, E., Cikcikoglu-Yildirim, N. & Erdogan, D. (2017). Seasonal changes ın antıoxıdant defence system on brown trout (salmo sp.) ın Munzur stream. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 26(10) 5936-5941.
  • Çaylak, E. (2010). Çocuklarda kurşun zehirlenmesi, oksidatif stres ve tiyol bileşiklerin antioksidan etkisi. Çocuk Dergisi, 10(1),13-23. Doi:10.5222/J.Child.2010.01
  • Çoğun H.Y. & Şahin M.(2012). Nil Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus Linnaeus, 1758)’da kurşun toksisitesinin azaltılmasında zeolitin etkisi. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 18(1): 135-140. Doı:10.9775/Kvfd.2011.5170
  • Demirpençe, Ö., Sevim, B., Yıldırım, M., Ayan Nurlu, N., Mert, D. & Evliyaoğlu, O. (2014). Serum paraoxonase, Tas, Tos and ceruloplasmin in brucellosis. Int J Clin Exp Med., 7(6), 1592–1597.
  • Dündar, Y. & Aslan, Y. (2005). Yaşamı kuşatan ağır metal kurşunun etkileri. Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi, 6, 1-5.
  • Elbeshtı, R.T.A., Elderwısh, N.M., Abdelalı, K.M, & Taştan, Y. (2018). Effects of heavy metals on fish. Menba Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 36-47.
  • Erel, O. (2004). A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable abts radical cation. Clinical Biochemistry, 37, 277– 285.
  • Erel, O. (2005). A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clinical Biochemistry, 38, 1103–1111.
  • Firidin, G. (2019).Effects of lead and ıts selenıum mıxtures on bıochemıcal parameters of Oreochromıs nılotıcus. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 28(1), 383-390.
  • Franco A.L., Romero A.D., García-Navarro A.J., Teles B.M., Tvarijonaviciute A. (2016). Esterase activity (ea), total oxidant status (tos) and total antioxidant capacity (tac) in gills of mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to pollutants: analytical validation and effects evaluation by single and mixed heavy metal exposure. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 102, 30–35.
  • Fırat Ö. & Kargın F. (2010). Individual And Combined Effects Of Heavy Metals On Serum Biochemistry Of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol., 58,151–157. Doı: 10.1007/S00244-009-9344-5.
  • Fırat, Ö., Cogun, H.Y., Yüzereroğlu, T.A., Gök, G., Fırat, Ö., Kargin, F. & Kötemen, Y. (2011). A comparative study on the effects of a pesticide (cypermethrin) and two metals (copper, lead) to serum biochemistry of nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Physiology And Biochemistry, 37, 657-666. Doi: 10.1007/S10695-011-9466-3.
  • Fırat Ö. & Şahin-İnandı A (2016). Oreochromis niloticus’ta bazı serum biyokimyasal parametreleri kullanılarak civa toksisitesi üzerine zeolitin birlikte etkisinin araştırılması. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 33(3), 251-257. DOI: 10.12714/egejfas.2016.33.3.09
  • Fitori, A., Abdulnabi, B.M., Ali, R.A.S. & Ali, S.M. (2020). Effects of some heavy metal pollutants on liver and kidney performance of mullet captured from Tubruk harbor comparing to Umm Hufayan lagoon. DYSONA- Life Science, 1, 83-90.
  • Helal, E.G.E., El-Atti, M. S.A. & Ekraim Y.M (2018). Harmful effects of water pollution on some physiological responses of the nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) in both qarun and burullus lakes. The Egyptian Journal Of Hospital Medicine, 72(2), 4021-4025.
  • Hong, J. & Pintauro P.N. (1996). Selective removal of heavy metals from contaminated kaolin by chelators. Water, Air, And Soil Pollution, 87, 73–91. Ismail, N.M., Ali, S.E & Mohamed I.K. (2017). Biochemical and histological biomarker approaches in the assessment of the water pollution in some lined and unlined watercourses of Egypt. International Journal Of Fisheries And Aquatic Studies, 5(3), 288-296.
  • Li, M., Kong, Y., Wu, X., Yin, Z., Niu, X., Wang G. (2021). Dietary α-lipoic acid can alleviate the bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and inflammation induced by lead (pb) in Channa argus. Fish And Shellfish Immunology, 119, 249–261.
  • Kavitha, P., Ramesh, R., Bupesh, G., Stalin, A., & Subramanian, P. (2011). Hepatoprotective activity of tribulus terrestris extract against acetaminophen-induced toxicity in a freshwater fish (Oreochromis mossambicus). In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.—Animal 47, 698–706 . Doı:10.1007/S11626-011-9457-9
  • Kaya, İ., Yılmaz, M., Koç, E., Deveci H.A., Ersan Y. & Karapehlivan, M. (2014). Tebukonazol (fungusit) uygulanan Cyprinus carpio (l. 1758)’da serum total antioksidan, oksidan ve sialik asit düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Journal of Fisheries sciences, 8(3): 214-219.
  • Kim, DW., Ock, J., Moon, KW & Choong-Hee Park, CH. (2021). Association between pb, cd, and hg exposure and liver ınjury among korean adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18, 67-83. Doi:10.3390/İjerph18136783
  • Kovacik, A., Tvrda, E., Miskeje M., Arvay, J., Tomka, M., Zbynovska, K., Andreji, J., Hleba, L., Kovacikova, E., Fik, M., Cupka P., Nahacky J. & Massanyi, P. (2019). Trace metals in the freshwater fish cyprinus carpio: effect to serum biochemistry and oxidative status markers. Biological Trace Element Research, 188, 494–507 Doi: 10.1007/S12011-018-1415-X
  • Kumari, K., Ranjan, N. & Sinha, R.C. (2011). Multiple Biomarker Response İn The Fish, Labeo Rohita Due To Hexavalent Chromium. 2nd International Conference On Biotechnology And Food Science. 155-158.
  • Mirmazloomi, S., Shahsavani. & Baghshani, H. (2015). Studies on the protective effects of ascorbic acid and thiamine on lead-induced lipid and protein oxidation as well as enzymatic alterations in some tissues of Cyprinus carpio. Comp Clin Pathol., 24, 1231–1236. Doi: 10.1007/s00580-015-2065-4
  • Rao J.V. (2006). Biochemical alterations in euryhaline fish, oreochromis mossambicus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of an organophosphorus insecticide, monocrotophos. Chemosphere, 65, 1814–1820.
  • Tunçsoy, M. & Erdem E. (2021). Comparison to toxic effects of copper oxide nanoparticles and copper sulphate on some serum parameters and enzyme activities of Oreochromis niloticus. Journal Of Anatolian Environmental And Animal Sciences. 6(4), 514-521. Doı: 10.35229/Jaes.987548
  • Yağcı, R., Özyurt H., Akbaş, A., Aydın, B., Özlük E., Ekşioğlu, M. & Totan, Y. (2007). Behçet hastalığında toplam antioksidan kapasite, toplam oksidan durum ve dehidroepiandrosteron sülfat düzeyleri. Ret-Vit., 15, 263-266.
  • Yancheva, V., Velcheva, I., Stoyanova, S. & Georgieva E. (2015). Fish in ecotoxicological studies. Ecologıa Balkanıca, 7(1), 149-169.
  • Yılmaz, M., Koç, E., Atakişi, O., Harmankaya, A., Ersan, Y., Karaman M. & Çitil, M. (2016). The protective effects of l-carnitine against lead (ıı) acetate toxicity in Capoeta capoeta (guldensteadt 1773) Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg., 22(4): 511-518. Doı: 10.9775/Kvfd.2015.14942
  • Zhang, Y., Klamerth, N., Chelme-Ayala, P. & Gamal El-Din, M. (2017). Comparison of classical fenton, nitrilotriacetic acid (nta)-fenton, uv-fenton, uv photolysis of fe-nta, uv-nta-fenton, and UV-H2O2 for the degradation of cyclohexanoic acid. Chemosphere, 175, 178-185.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Tüzün Aytekin 0000-0003-2666-0798

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Ocak 2022
Kabul Tarihi 8 Şubat 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Aytekin, T. (2022). Oreochromis niloticus’un Kas ve Karaciğer Dokularında Kurşun Toksisitesi Üzerine Nitrilotriasetik Asitin Etkisi. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 7(1), 33-38. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1060168


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