Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Relationship between photosynthesis and fruit quality of ‘Clemenules clementine’ mandarin variety budded on various rootstocks

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3, 236 - 243, 15.09.2020

Turgut Yeşiloğlu Berken Çimen Bilge Yılmaz Meral İncesu

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2020.3.1
Cited By: 1

Öz

‘Clemenules’ (Nules, Clementina de Nules) has been a very popular variety in fresh mandarin markets especially in the Mediterranean region countries. It is commercially grown on sour orange rootstocks in the calcareous soils of Turkey. However, production of ‘Clemenules’ needs a substituted rootstock in addition to sour orange due to hypersensitive of sour orange to the “Citrus Tristeza Virus”. ‘Clemenules’ mandarin grafted onto ten rootstocks was evaluated in order to determine the influences of rootstocks on fruit yield, quality and photosynthetic variables of the scion as well as their relationship. Rootstocks significantly affected (p<0.05) fruit yield and using Volkameriana significantly increased fruit yield of ‘Clemenules’ (44.71 kg tree-1). Similarly, sour orange and Volkameriana rootstocks positively affected fruit weight and height (p<0.05). Total acids (%) and ripening index varied within rootstocks and FA-517 resulted the highest total acids in fruits juice samples of ‘Clemenules’ whereas the lowest ripening index was determined in fruits grafted on Flhorag1. Leaf chlorophyll concentration (Chl) and leaf chlorophyll fluorescence in the light adapted stage (Fv’/Fm’) of the scion differed based on rootstocks. In addition to fruit yield and characteristics, rootstocks also significantly affected variables related to photosynthesis. Cleopatra mandarin, sour orange and Volkameriana increased the photosynthetic rate (PN), while transpiration rate (E), and stomatal conductance (gS) of the scion were higher on Volkameriana rootstocks. FA-5 maintained the highest water use efficiency (WUE) in comparison to other rootstocks evaluated. The present research has clearly shown that rootstocks were able to influence the quality of fruits and the physiological activity. Regarding fruit yield and photosynthetic performance of ‘Clemenules’ mandarin variety, Volkameriana and sour orange performed well. However, considering the calcareous soils of the Mediterranean Region, FA-5 citrandarin proved to be potential rootstock for enhanced photosynthetic rate and WUE. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Citrus fruit characteristics chlorophyll concentration net photosynthetic rate

Destekleyen Kurum

Çukurova Üniversitesi

Proje Numarası

FDK-2015-3290

Teşekkür

This research was supported by the grant from the Çukurova University, Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (FDK-2015-3290).

Kaynakça

  • Bassal, M. A. (2009). Growth, yield and fruit quality of ‘Marisol’ clementine grown on four rootstocks in Egypt. Scientia Horticulturae, 119(2), 132–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.07.020
  • Bavaresco, L., Bertamini, M., and Iacono, F. (2006). Lime-induced chlorosis and physiological responses in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot blanc) leaves. 45, 45–46.
  • Brodribb, T. J., and Holbrook, N. M. (2003). Stomatal Closure during Leaf Dehydration, Correlation with Other Leaf Physiological Traits. Plant Physiology, 132(4), 2166–2173. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.103.023879
  • Byrne, D. H. (Texas A. U., Rouse, R. E., and Sudahono. (1995). Tolerance of citrus rootstocks to lime-induced iron chlorosis. Subtropical Plant Science : Journal of the Rio Grande Valley Horticultural Society (USA).
  • Castle, W. S. (1995). Rootstock as a fruit quality factor in citrus and deciduous tree crops. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 23(4), 383–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.1995.9513914
  • Castle, W. S., Nunnallee, J., and Manthey, J. A. (2009). Screening Citrus Rootstocks and Related Selections in Soil and Solution Culture for Tolerance to Low-iron Stress. HortScience, 44(3), 638–645. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.44.3.638
  • Chouliaras, V., Therios, I., Molassiotis, A., Patakas, A., and Diamantidis, G. (2005). Effect of Iron Deficiency on Gas Exchange and Catalase and Peroxidase Activity in Citrus. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 27(12), 2085–2099. https://doi.org/10.1081/PLN-200034638
  • Cimen, B, Yesiloglu, T., Incesu, M., and Yilmaz, B. (2014). Growth and photosynthetic response of young ‘Navelina’ trees budded on to eight citrus rootstocks in response to iron deficiency. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 42(3), 170–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2014.885064
  • Cimen, B., and Yesiloglu, T. (2016). Rootstock Breeding for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Citrus. Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.5772/62047
  • Cimen, B., Yesiloglu, T., Incesu, M., and Yildirim, B. (2015). Physiological Investigation of Tolerance to Iron Chlorosis of Navelina Orange Budded on Different Citrus Rootstocks. Acta Horticulturae, 1065, 1423–1430. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1065.180
  • Demirkeser , T. H., Kaplankıran, M., Toplu, C., and Yıldız, E. (2009). Yield and fruit quality performance of Nova and Robinson mandarins on three rootstocks in Eastern Mediterranean. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 4(4), 262-268.
  • Eichert, T., Peguero-Pina, J. J., Gil-Pelegrín, E., Heredia, A., and Fernández, V. (2010). Effects of iron chlorosis and iron resupply on leaf xylem architecture, water relations, gas exchange and stomatal performance of field-grown peach (Prunus persica). Physiologia Plantarum, 138(1), 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01295.x
  • FAO. (2020). FAOSTAT. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC
  • Forner, J. B., Forner-Giner, M. A., and Alcaide, A. (2003b). Forner-Alcaide 5 and Forner-Alcaide 13: Two New Citrus Rootstocks Released in Spain. HortScience, 38(4), 629–630. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.38.4.629
  • Forner-Giner, M. A., Alcaide, A., Primo-Millo, E., and Forner, J. B. (2003a). Performance of ‘Navelina’ orange on 14 rootstocks in Northern Valencia (Spain). Scientia Horticulturae, 98(3), 223–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(02)00227-3
  • Georgiou, A. (2002). Evaluation of rootstocks for ‘Clementine’ mandarin in Cyprus. Scientia Horticulturae, 93(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(01)00311-9
  • González-Mas, M. C., Llosa, M. J., Quijano, A., and Forner-Giner, M. A. (2009). Rootstock Effects on Leaf Photosynthesis in ‘Navelina’ Trees Grown in Calcareous Soil. HortScience, 44(2), 280–283. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.44.2.280
  • Hamzé, M., Ryan, J., and Zaabout, M. (1986). Screening of citrus rootstocks for lime induced chlorosis tolerance. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 9(3–7), 459–469. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904168609363459
  • Hussain, S., Curk, F., Anjum, M. A., Pailly, O., and Tison, G. (2013). Performance evaluation of common clementine on various citrus rootstocks. Scientia Horticulturae, 150, 278–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2012.11.010
  • Jifon, J. L., Syvertsen, J. P., and Whaley, E. (2005). Growth Environment and Leaf Anatomy Affect Nondestructive Estimates of Chlorophyll and Nitrogen in Citrus sp. Leaves. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 130(2), 152–158. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.130.2.152
  • Lado, J., Rodrigo, M. J., and Zacarías, L. (2014). Maturity indicators and citrus fruit quality. Stewart Postharvest Review, 2(2), 1–6.
  • Larbi, A., Abadía, A., Abadía, J., and Morales, F. (2006). Down co-regulation of light absorption, photochemistry, and carboxylation in Fe-deficient plants growing in different environments. Photosynthesis Research, 89(2), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-006-9089-1
  • Lawlor, D.W. (1995). The effects of water deficit on photosynthesis. Environment and Plant Metabolism Flexibility and Acclimation, pp. 129-160., Ed, N. Smirnoff. BIOS, Oxford
  • Legua, P., Bellver, R., Forner, J., and Forner-Giner, M. A. (2011). Plant growth, yield and fruit quality of ‘Lane Late’ navel orange on four citrus rootstocks. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 9(1), 271–279. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/20110901-172-10
  • Meinzer, F. C. (2002). Co-ordination of vapour and liquid phase water transport properties in plants. Plant, Cell & Environment, 25(2), 265–274.
  • Molassiotis, A., Tanou, G., Diamantidis, G., Patakas, A., and Therios, I. (2006). Effects of 4-month Fe deficiency exposure on Fe reduction mechanism, photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and antioxidant defense in two peach rootstocks differing in Fe deficiency tolerance. Journal of Plant Physiology, 163(2), 176–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2004.11.016
  • Morales, F., Belkhodja, R., Abadía, A., and Abadía, J. (2000). Photosystem II efficiency and mechanisms of energy dissipation in iron-deficient, field-grown pear trees (Pyrus communis L.). Photosynthesis Research, 63(1), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006389915424
  • Nenova, V. R. (2008). Growth and photosynthesis of pea plants under different iron supply. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 31(2), 385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-008-0247-2
  • Pestana, M., Correia, P. J., David, M., Abadía, A., Abadía, J., and Varennes, A. de. (2011). Response of five citrus rootstocks to iron deficiency. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 174(5), 837–846. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201000341
  • Pestana, M., Varennes, A. de, Abadía, J., and Faria, E. A. (2005). Differential tolerance to iron deficiency of citrus rootstocks grown in nutrient solution. Scientia Horticulturae, 104(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2004.07.007
  • Ribeiro, R. V., Machado, E. C., Santos, M. G., and Oliveira, R. F. (2009). Photosynthesis and water relations of well-watered orange plants as affected by winter and summer conditions. Photosynthetica, 47(2), 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-009-0035-2
  • Sperry, J. S. (2000). Hydraulic constraints on plant gas exchange. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 104(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00144-1

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3, 236 - 243, 15.09.2020

Turgut Yeşiloğlu Berken Çimen Bilge Yılmaz Meral İncesu

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2020.3.1
Cited By: 1

Öz

Proje Numarası

FDK-2015-3290

Kaynakça

  • Bassal, M. A. (2009). Growth, yield and fruit quality of ‘Marisol’ clementine grown on four rootstocks in Egypt. Scientia Horticulturae, 119(2), 132–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.07.020
  • Bavaresco, L., Bertamini, M., and Iacono, F. (2006). Lime-induced chlorosis and physiological responses in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot blanc) leaves. 45, 45–46.
  • Brodribb, T. J., and Holbrook, N. M. (2003). Stomatal Closure during Leaf Dehydration, Correlation with Other Leaf Physiological Traits. Plant Physiology, 132(4), 2166–2173. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.103.023879
  • Byrne, D. H. (Texas A. U., Rouse, R. E., and Sudahono. (1995). Tolerance of citrus rootstocks to lime-induced iron chlorosis. Subtropical Plant Science : Journal of the Rio Grande Valley Horticultural Society (USA).
  • Castle, W. S. (1995). Rootstock as a fruit quality factor in citrus and deciduous tree crops. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 23(4), 383–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.1995.9513914
  • Castle, W. S., Nunnallee, J., and Manthey, J. A. (2009). Screening Citrus Rootstocks and Related Selections in Soil and Solution Culture for Tolerance to Low-iron Stress. HortScience, 44(3), 638–645. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.44.3.638
  • Chouliaras, V., Therios, I., Molassiotis, A., Patakas, A., and Diamantidis, G. (2005). Effect of Iron Deficiency on Gas Exchange and Catalase and Peroxidase Activity in Citrus. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 27(12), 2085–2099. https://doi.org/10.1081/PLN-200034638
  • Cimen, B, Yesiloglu, T., Incesu, M., and Yilmaz, B. (2014). Growth and photosynthetic response of young ‘Navelina’ trees budded on to eight citrus rootstocks in response to iron deficiency. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 42(3), 170–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2014.885064
  • Cimen, B., and Yesiloglu, T. (2016). Rootstock Breeding for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Citrus. Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.5772/62047
  • Cimen, B., Yesiloglu, T., Incesu, M., and Yildirim, B. (2015). Physiological Investigation of Tolerance to Iron Chlorosis of Navelina Orange Budded on Different Citrus Rootstocks. Acta Horticulturae, 1065, 1423–1430. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1065.180
  • Demirkeser , T. H., Kaplankıran, M., Toplu, C., and Yıldız, E. (2009). Yield and fruit quality performance of Nova and Robinson mandarins on three rootstocks in Eastern Mediterranean. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 4(4), 262-268.
  • Eichert, T., Peguero-Pina, J. J., Gil-Pelegrín, E., Heredia, A., and Fernández, V. (2010). Effects of iron chlorosis and iron resupply on leaf xylem architecture, water relations, gas exchange and stomatal performance of field-grown peach (Prunus persica). Physiologia Plantarum, 138(1), 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01295.x
  • FAO. (2020). FAOSTAT. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC
  • Forner, J. B., Forner-Giner, M. A., and Alcaide, A. (2003b). Forner-Alcaide 5 and Forner-Alcaide 13: Two New Citrus Rootstocks Released in Spain. HortScience, 38(4), 629–630. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.38.4.629
  • Forner-Giner, M. A., Alcaide, A., Primo-Millo, E., and Forner, J. B. (2003a). Performance of ‘Navelina’ orange on 14 rootstocks in Northern Valencia (Spain). Scientia Horticulturae, 98(3), 223–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(02)00227-3
  • Georgiou, A. (2002). Evaluation of rootstocks for ‘Clementine’ mandarin in Cyprus. Scientia Horticulturae, 93(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(01)00311-9
  • González-Mas, M. C., Llosa, M. J., Quijano, A., and Forner-Giner, M. A. (2009). Rootstock Effects on Leaf Photosynthesis in ‘Navelina’ Trees Grown in Calcareous Soil. HortScience, 44(2), 280–283. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.44.2.280
  • Hamzé, M., Ryan, J., and Zaabout, M. (1986). Screening of citrus rootstocks for lime induced chlorosis tolerance. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 9(3–7), 459–469. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904168609363459
  • Hussain, S., Curk, F., Anjum, M. A., Pailly, O., and Tison, G. (2013). Performance evaluation of common clementine on various citrus rootstocks. Scientia Horticulturae, 150, 278–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2012.11.010
  • Jifon, J. L., Syvertsen, J. P., and Whaley, E. (2005). Growth Environment and Leaf Anatomy Affect Nondestructive Estimates of Chlorophyll and Nitrogen in Citrus sp. Leaves. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 130(2), 152–158. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.130.2.152
  • Lado, J., Rodrigo, M. J., and Zacarías, L. (2014). Maturity indicators and citrus fruit quality. Stewart Postharvest Review, 2(2), 1–6.
  • Larbi, A., Abadía, A., Abadía, J., and Morales, F. (2006). Down co-regulation of light absorption, photochemistry, and carboxylation in Fe-deficient plants growing in different environments. Photosynthesis Research, 89(2), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-006-9089-1
  • Lawlor, D.W. (1995). The effects of water deficit on photosynthesis. Environment and Plant Metabolism Flexibility and Acclimation, pp. 129-160., Ed, N. Smirnoff. BIOS, Oxford
  • Legua, P., Bellver, R., Forner, J., and Forner-Giner, M. A. (2011). Plant growth, yield and fruit quality of ‘Lane Late’ navel orange on four citrus rootstocks. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 9(1), 271–279. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/20110901-172-10
  • Meinzer, F. C. (2002). Co-ordination of vapour and liquid phase water transport properties in plants. Plant, Cell & Environment, 25(2), 265–274.
  • Molassiotis, A., Tanou, G., Diamantidis, G., Patakas, A., and Therios, I. (2006). Effects of 4-month Fe deficiency exposure on Fe reduction mechanism, photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and antioxidant defense in two peach rootstocks differing in Fe deficiency tolerance. Journal of Plant Physiology, 163(2), 176–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2004.11.016
  • Morales, F., Belkhodja, R., Abadía, A., and Abadía, J. (2000). Photosystem II efficiency and mechanisms of energy dissipation in iron-deficient, field-grown pear trees (Pyrus communis L.). Photosynthesis Research, 63(1), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006389915424
  • Nenova, V. R. (2008). Growth and photosynthesis of pea plants under different iron supply. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 31(2), 385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-008-0247-2
  • Pestana, M., Correia, P. J., David, M., Abadía, A., Abadía, J., and Varennes, A. de. (2011). Response of five citrus rootstocks to iron deficiency. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 174(5), 837–846. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201000341
  • Pestana, M., Varennes, A. de, Abadía, J., and Faria, E. A. (2005). Differential tolerance to iron deficiency of citrus rootstocks grown in nutrient solution. Scientia Horticulturae, 104(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2004.07.007
  • Ribeiro, R. V., Machado, E. C., Santos, M. G., and Oliveira, R. F. (2009). Photosynthesis and water relations of well-watered orange plants as affected by winter and summer conditions. Photosynthetica, 47(2), 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-009-0035-2
  • Sperry, J. S. (2000). Hydraulic constraints on plant gas exchange. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 104(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00144-1
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Bahçe Bitkileri Yetiştirme ve Islahı
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Turgut Yeşiloğlu 0000-0001-5820-838X

Berken Çimen 0000-0002-9376-1823

Bilge Yılmaz 0000-0003-4158-560X

Meral İncesu 0000-0001-7892-3794

Proje Numarası FDK-2015-3290
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Eylül 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Nisan 2020
Kabul Tarihi 4 Temmuz 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Yeşiloğlu, T., Çimen, B., Yılmaz, B., İncesu, M. (2020). Relationship between photosynthesis and fruit quality of ‘Clemenules clementine’ mandarin variety budded on various rootstocks. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, 4(3), 236-243. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2020.3.1
AMA Yeşiloğlu T, Çimen B, Yılmaz B, İncesu M. Relationship between photosynthesis and fruit quality of ‘Clemenules clementine’ mandarin variety budded on various rootstocks. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. Eylül 2020;4(3):236-243. doi:10.31015/jaefs.2020.3.1
Chicago Yeşiloğlu, Turgut, Berken Çimen, Bilge Yılmaz, ve Meral İncesu. “Relationship Between Photosynthesis and Fruit Quality of ‘Clemenules clementine’ Mandarin Variety Budded on Various Rootstocks”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 4, sy. 3 (Eylül 2020): 236-43. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2020.3.1.
EndNote Yeşiloğlu T, Çimen B, Yılmaz B, İncesu M (01 Eylül 2020) Relationship between photosynthesis and fruit quality of ‘Clemenules clementine’ mandarin variety budded on various rootstocks. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 4 3 236–243.
IEEE T. Yeşiloğlu, B. Çimen, B. Yılmaz, ve M. İncesu, “Relationship between photosynthesis and fruit quality of ‘Clemenules clementine’ mandarin variety budded on various rootstocks”, int. j. agric. environ. food sci., c. 4, sy. 3, ss. 236–243, 2020, doi: 10.31015/jaefs.2020.3.1.
ISNAD Yeşiloğlu, Turgut vd. “Relationship Between Photosynthesis and Fruit Quality of ‘Clemenules clementine’ Mandarin Variety Budded on Various Rootstocks”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 4/3 (Eylül 2020), 236-243. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2020.3.1.
JAMA Yeşiloğlu T, Çimen B, Yılmaz B, İncesu M. Relationship between photosynthesis and fruit quality of ‘Clemenules clementine’ mandarin variety budded on various rootstocks. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2020;4:236–243.
MLA Yeşiloğlu, Turgut vd. “Relationship Between Photosynthesis and Fruit Quality of ‘Clemenules clementine’ Mandarin Variety Budded on Various Rootstocks”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, c. 4, sy. 3, 2020, ss. 236-43, doi:10.31015/jaefs.2020.3.1.
Vancouver Yeşiloğlu T, Çimen B, Yılmaz B, İncesu M. Relationship between photosynthesis and fruit quality of ‘Clemenules clementine’ mandarin variety budded on various rootstocks. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2020;4(3):236-43.

Cited By

Performance of Two Very Early-Season Clementines, ‘Clemenrubi’ and ‘Orogros’ Mandarins on Three Rootstocks in Spain: Yield and Quality Study
Agronomy
https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051072
 Kapak Resmi İndir

by-nc.png

International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences dergisinin içeriği, Creative Commons Alıntı-GayriTicari (CC BY-NC) 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile yayınlanmaktadır. Söz konusu telif, üçüncü tarafların içeriği uygun şekilde atıf vermek koşuluyla, ticari olmayan amaçlarla paylaşımına ve uyarlamasına izin vermektedir. Yazarlar, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences dergisinde yayınlanmış çalışmalarının telif hakkını elinde tutar. 

Web: dergipark.org.tr/jaefs  E-mail: editor@jaefs.com WhatsApp: +90 850 309 59 27