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DETERMINATION OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXIC EFFECTS OF METHYL PARATHION ON Chalcalburnus tarichi (Pallas, 1811)

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 35 - 45, 01.01.2018

Ertuğrul Kankaya Güler Ünal

Öz

Methyl parathion (MP) is widely used as an agricultural insecticide with
organic phosphorus. This study was conducted to determine acute and chronic
toxic effects on Chalcalburnus tarichi
of MP. Fish 8‒10 cm in
length were exposed to MP using the static test in the acute test and the
semi-static test in the chronic test. In the chronic test, 1.47, 2.10, 3.00, 4.28, 6.11 mg L-1 MP
concentrations were applied. The 96 hour LC50 value was determined to be 11.44 mg L-1.
The chronic test was continued at 17.9 °C for 30 days.
The fish were dissected, blood, brain, liver and muscle tissues were removed.
The activity of acetylcholinesterase in brain tissue decreased. Hemoglobin and
hematocrit values were decreased at 2.10, 4.28 and 6.11 mg L-1 concentrations. Based on hemoglobin and
hematocrit values, the lowest observed effect concentration was 2.10 mg L-1 and
the no observed effect concentration was 1.47 mg L-1. In conclusion, MP is an acute and chronic
toxic substance for C. tarichi
according to some biochemical and hematological criteria. In freshwater
environments where C. tarichi lives,
the MP concentration should not exceed 0.1144 mg L-1. MP should be used as a control in agriculture.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Methyl parathion Chalcalburnus tarichi LC50 AChE Hematology

Kaynakça

  • Abhijith, B.D., Ramesh, M., Poopal, R.K. (2012). Sub-lethal toxicological evaluation of methyl parathion on some haematological and biochemical parame-ters in an Indian major carp Catla catla. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 21(1), 55-61.
  • Aguiar, L.H., Moraes, G., Avilez, I.M., Altran, A.E., Correa, C.F. (2004). Metabolical effects of Folidol 600 on the neotropical freshwater fish Matrinxa, Brycon cephalus. Environmental Research, 95(2), 224-230.
  • Almeida, L.C., Aguiar, L.H., Moraes, G. (2005). Effect of methyl parathion on the muscle and brain acetylcholinesterase activity of Matrinxa (Brycon cephalus). Ciencia Rural, Santa Maria, 35(6), 1412-1416.
  • Alwan, S.F. (2013). Effect of aluminum exposure on some blood parameters in the Tilapia zillii fish. International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, 4(7), 2766-2769. Anonim. (2017a, Temmuz 19). Su ürünleri istatistikleri. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=97&locale=tr (Erişim tarihi: 19.07.2017).
  • Anonim. (1995). Standart methods for the examination of water and wastewater. (19th edition) (1995-09-16). APHA, AWWA, WEF, Washington, USA, ASIN: B0146V1584
  • Anonim. (2017b, Temmuz 19). Pan pesticides data-base-chemical toxicity studies on aquatic organ-isms. US. EPA Aquire, United States. http://www.pesticideinfo.org/List_AquireAll.jsp?Rec_Id=PC35110&offset=100 (Erişim tarihi: 19.07.2017).
  • Atamanalp, M., Cengiz, M. (2002). Bir sentetik piretroit insektisit (Cypermethrin)’in sublethal dozlarının Capoeta capoeta capoeta (Güldenstaedt, 1772)’da hemoglobin, hematokrit ve sediment seviyeleri üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 19(1-2), 169-175.
  • Atamanalp, M. & Yanık, T. (2003). Alterations in he-matological parameters of rainbow trout (On-corhynchus mykiss) exposed to mancozeb. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 27(5), 1213-1217.
  • Attademo, A.M., Peltzer, P.M., Lajmanovich, R.C., Ca-bagna, M. & Fiorenza, G. (2007). Plasma B-Esterase and Glutathione S-Transferase activity in the Toad Chaunus schneideri (Amphibia, Anura) inhabiting rice agroecosystems of Argenti-na. Ecotoxicology, 16(8), 533-539.
  • Blaxhall, P.C., Daisley, K.W. (1973). Routine haemato-logical methods for use fish with blood. Journal of Fish Biology, 5(6), 771-781. Çetinkaya, O. (2005). Akuatik toksikoloji: balık biyo-deneyleri. M. Karataş (Eds.), Balık biyolojisi araştırma yöntemleri (s. 169-217). Ankara, Nobel. ISBN 9755917578
  • Chang, C.C., Lee, P.P., Hsu, J.P., Yeh, S.P., Cheng, W. (2006). Survival, and biochemical, physiological, and histopathological responses of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, to short-term trichlorfon exposu-re. Aquaculture, 253(1-4), 653-666.
  • Chuiko, G.M., Podgornaya, V.A. & Lavrikova, I.V. (2002). Organophosphorus compound O, O-Dimethyl-O-(2,2-Dichlorovynyl)-Phosphate as se-lective inhibitor for separate determination of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase ac-tivities in the Roach Rutilus rutilus. Journal of Evo-lutionary Biochemistry and Physiology, 38(3), 264-269.
  • Chuiko, G.M., Podgornaya, V.A., Zhelnin, Y.Y. (2003). Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase ac-tivities in brain and plasma of freshwater teleosts: cross-species and cross-family differ-ences. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B, Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, 135(1), 55-61.
  • Chupani L, Savari A, Zolgharnein H, Chupani, L., Sa-vari, A., Zolgharnein, H., Rezaie, A., Zeinali, M., (2016). (2016). Enzymatic and histopathologic bi-omarkers in the flatfish Euryglossa orientalis from the northwestern Persian Gulf. Toxicology and In-dustrial Health 32(5): 866-876. De La Vega Salazar M.Y., Tabche, L.M., Garcia, C.M. (1997). Bioaccumulation of methyl parathion and its toxicology in several species of the freshwater community in Ignacio Ramirez Dam in Mexi-co. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Sa-fety, 38(1), 53-62.
  • Duyar, H.A. (2000). İnci kefali (Chalcalburnus tarichi Pallas, 1811) kas ve yumurtasının kimyasal kom-pozisyonu ve kroket yapımı üzerine bir araştırma (doktora tezi, basılmamış). Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bi-limleri Enstitüsü, İzmir.
  • Düzgüneş, O., Kesici, T., Kavuncu, O. & Gürbüz, F. (1987). Araştırma ve Deneme Metodları (İstatistik Metodları-II). Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, Yayın: 1021, Ders Kitabı: 295, Ankara, 381 s.
  • Edwards, F. & Tchounwou, P.B. (2005). Environmental toxicology and health effects associated with metyhl parathion exposure-a scientific re-view. International Journal of Environmental Re-search and Public Health, 2(3), 430-441.
  • Ellman, G.L., Courtney, K.D., Andres, V.Jr. & Feather-stone, R.M. (1961). A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activi-ty. Biochemical Pharmacology, 7(2), 88-90, IN1, 91-95.
  • Elp, M. (1996). İnci kefali (Chalcalburnus tarichi Pal-las, 1811)’nin üreme biyolojisi üzerine bir araştır-ma (yüksek lisans tezi, basılmamış). Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Van. Houston, A.H. (1990). Blood and circulation. C.B. Schreck & P.B. Moyle (Eds.), Methods for Fish Bi-ology (p.273-334). American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, ISBN 091323558X
  • Isik, I., Celik, I. (2008). Acute effects of methyl para-thion and diazinon as inducers for oxidative stress on certain biomarkers in various tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Pesticide Biochemis-try and Physiology, 92(1), 38-42.
  • John, P.J. (2007). Alteration of certain blood parame-ters of freshwater teleost Mystus vittatus after chronic exposure to Metasystox and Sevin. Fish Physiology Biochemistry, 33(1), 15-20.
  • Kalipci, E., Özdemir, C., Öztas, F., Sahinkaya, S. (2010). Ecotoxicological effects of methyl parathi-on on living things and environment. African Jour-nal of Agricultural Research, 5(8), 712-718.
  • Kankaya, E., Kaptaner, B. (2014). Increased apoptosis in the liver of Chalcalburnus tarichi exposed to sublethal concentrations of methyl parathi-on. Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 8(1), 45-48.
  • Kankaya, E., Arslan, Ö.Ç., Parlak, H., Ünal, G. (2012). Induction of micronuclei in Chalcalburnus tarichi (Pallas, 1811) exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of methyl parathion. Fresenius Environmental Bul-letin, 21(6), 1417-1421.
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METİL PARATİON’UN İNCİ KEFALİ (Chalcalburnus tarichi Pallas, 1811) ÜZERİNDEKİ AKUT VE KRONİK TOKSİK ETKİLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 35 - 45, 01.01.2018

Ertuğrul Kankaya Güler Ünal

Öz

Metil paration (MP) organik fosforlu tarımsal bir
insektisit olarak geniş bir alanda kullanılır. Bu çalışma, MP’nin inci kefali (Chalcalburnus tarichi) üzerine akut ve
kronik toksik etkilerini belirlemek için yapılmıştır. Ağırlıkları 3‒7 g, boyları 8‒10 cm olan balıklar akut testte statik, kronik testte yarı statik test yöntemi
kullanılarak, MP’ye maruz bırakılmıştır. Akut testte, 6.45‒15.00 mg/L
arasında 9 farklı MP; kronik testte 1.47, 2.10, 3.00, 4.28, 6.11 mg/L MP konsantrasyonları uygulanmıştır. Akut testin sonunda, 96 saat LC50 değeri 11.44 mg/L, ve LT50 değeri
28.14‒289.29 saat arasında belirlenmiştir.
Kronik test 17.9 °C’de, 30 gün
devam ettirilmiştir. Testin bitiminde balıklar
disekte edilmiş, hematolojik incelemeler için kan,
biyokimyasal incelemeler için beyin, karaciğer ve
kas dokusu alınmıştır. Beyin dokusunda asetilkolinesteraz aktivitesinin azaldığı (P<0.05)
görülmüştür. Hemoglobin ve hematokrit değerlerinin 2.10, 4.28 ve 6.11 mg/L MP konsantrasyonlarında azaldığı (P<0.05) tespit edilmiştir.
Hemoglobin ve hematokrit değerleri esas alınarak etkisi gözlenen en düşük
konsantrasyon 2.10 mg/L, etkisi gözlenmeyen
konsantrasyon 1.47 mg/L olarak belirlenmiştir.
Sonuç olarak MP inci kefali için bazı biyokimyasal ve hematolojik kriterlere
göre akut ve kronik toksik bir maddedir. Türün yaşadığı tatlısu ortamlarında MP
konsantrasyonu 0.1144 mg/L’yi geçmemelidir. MP
tarımda kontrollü olarak kullanılmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Metil paration İnci kefali Chalcalburnus tarichi LC50 AChE Hematoloji

Kaynakça

  • Abhijith, B.D., Ramesh, M., Poopal, R.K. (2012). Sub-lethal toxicological evaluation of methyl parathion on some haematological and biochemical parame-ters in an Indian major carp Catla catla. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 21(1), 55-61.
  • Aguiar, L.H., Moraes, G., Avilez, I.M., Altran, A.E., Correa, C.F. (2004). Metabolical effects of Folidol 600 on the neotropical freshwater fish Matrinxa, Brycon cephalus. Environmental Research, 95(2), 224-230.
  • Almeida, L.C., Aguiar, L.H., Moraes, G. (2005). Effect of methyl parathion on the muscle and brain acetylcholinesterase activity of Matrinxa (Brycon cephalus). Ciencia Rural, Santa Maria, 35(6), 1412-1416.
  • Alwan, S.F. (2013). Effect of aluminum exposure on some blood parameters in the Tilapia zillii fish. International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, 4(7), 2766-2769. Anonim. (2017a, Temmuz 19). Su ürünleri istatistikleri. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=97&locale=tr (Erişim tarihi: 19.07.2017).
  • Anonim. (1995). Standart methods for the examination of water and wastewater. (19th edition) (1995-09-16). APHA, AWWA, WEF, Washington, USA, ASIN: B0146V1584
  • Anonim. (2017b, Temmuz 19). Pan pesticides data-base-chemical toxicity studies on aquatic organ-isms. US. EPA Aquire, United States. http://www.pesticideinfo.org/List_AquireAll.jsp?Rec_Id=PC35110&offset=100 (Erişim tarihi: 19.07.2017).
  • Atamanalp, M., Cengiz, M. (2002). Bir sentetik piretroit insektisit (Cypermethrin)’in sublethal dozlarının Capoeta capoeta capoeta (Güldenstaedt, 1772)’da hemoglobin, hematokrit ve sediment seviyeleri üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 19(1-2), 169-175.
  • Atamanalp, M. & Yanık, T. (2003). Alterations in he-matological parameters of rainbow trout (On-corhynchus mykiss) exposed to mancozeb. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 27(5), 1213-1217.
  • Attademo, A.M., Peltzer, P.M., Lajmanovich, R.C., Ca-bagna, M. & Fiorenza, G. (2007). Plasma B-Esterase and Glutathione S-Transferase activity in the Toad Chaunus schneideri (Amphibia, Anura) inhabiting rice agroecosystems of Argenti-na. Ecotoxicology, 16(8), 533-539.
  • Blaxhall, P.C., Daisley, K.W. (1973). Routine haemato-logical methods for use fish with blood. Journal of Fish Biology, 5(6), 771-781. Çetinkaya, O. (2005). Akuatik toksikoloji: balık biyo-deneyleri. M. Karataş (Eds.), Balık biyolojisi araştırma yöntemleri (s. 169-217). Ankara, Nobel. ISBN 9755917578
  • Chang, C.C., Lee, P.P., Hsu, J.P., Yeh, S.P., Cheng, W. (2006). Survival, and biochemical, physiological, and histopathological responses of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, to short-term trichlorfon exposu-re. Aquaculture, 253(1-4), 653-666.
  • Chuiko, G.M., Podgornaya, V.A. & Lavrikova, I.V. (2002). Organophosphorus compound O, O-Dimethyl-O-(2,2-Dichlorovynyl)-Phosphate as se-lective inhibitor for separate determination of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase ac-tivities in the Roach Rutilus rutilus. Journal of Evo-lutionary Biochemistry and Physiology, 38(3), 264-269.
  • Chuiko, G.M., Podgornaya, V.A., Zhelnin, Y.Y. (2003). Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase ac-tivities in brain and plasma of freshwater teleosts: cross-species and cross-family differ-ences. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B, Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, 135(1), 55-61.
  • Chupani L, Savari A, Zolgharnein H, Chupani, L., Sa-vari, A., Zolgharnein, H., Rezaie, A., Zeinali, M., (2016). (2016). Enzymatic and histopathologic bi-omarkers in the flatfish Euryglossa orientalis from the northwestern Persian Gulf. Toxicology and In-dustrial Health 32(5): 866-876. De La Vega Salazar M.Y., Tabche, L.M., Garcia, C.M. (1997). Bioaccumulation of methyl parathion and its toxicology in several species of the freshwater community in Ignacio Ramirez Dam in Mexi-co. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Sa-fety, 38(1), 53-62.
  • Duyar, H.A. (2000). İnci kefali (Chalcalburnus tarichi Pallas, 1811) kas ve yumurtasının kimyasal kom-pozisyonu ve kroket yapımı üzerine bir araştırma (doktora tezi, basılmamış). Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bi-limleri Enstitüsü, İzmir.
  • Düzgüneş, O., Kesici, T., Kavuncu, O. & Gürbüz, F. (1987). Araştırma ve Deneme Metodları (İstatistik Metodları-II). Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, Yayın: 1021, Ders Kitabı: 295, Ankara, 381 s.
  • Edwards, F. & Tchounwou, P.B. (2005). Environmental toxicology and health effects associated with metyhl parathion exposure-a scientific re-view. International Journal of Environmental Re-search and Public Health, 2(3), 430-441.
  • Ellman, G.L., Courtney, K.D., Andres, V.Jr. & Feather-stone, R.M. (1961). A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activi-ty. Biochemical Pharmacology, 7(2), 88-90, IN1, 91-95.
  • Elp, M. (1996). İnci kefali (Chalcalburnus tarichi Pal-las, 1811)’nin üreme biyolojisi üzerine bir araştır-ma (yüksek lisans tezi, basılmamış). Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Van. Houston, A.H. (1990). Blood and circulation. C.B. Schreck & P.B. Moyle (Eds.), Methods for Fish Bi-ology (p.273-334). American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, ISBN 091323558X
  • Isik, I., Celik, I. (2008). Acute effects of methyl para-thion and diazinon as inducers for oxidative stress on certain biomarkers in various tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Pesticide Biochemis-try and Physiology, 92(1), 38-42.
  • John, P.J. (2007). Alteration of certain blood parame-ters of freshwater teleost Mystus vittatus after chronic exposure to Metasystox and Sevin. Fish Physiology Biochemistry, 33(1), 15-20.
  • Kalipci, E., Özdemir, C., Öztas, F., Sahinkaya, S. (2010). Ecotoxicological effects of methyl parathi-on on living things and environment. African Jour-nal of Agricultural Research, 5(8), 712-718.
  • Kankaya, E., Kaptaner, B. (2014). Increased apoptosis in the liver of Chalcalburnus tarichi exposed to sublethal concentrations of methyl parathi-on. Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 8(1), 45-48.
  • Kankaya, E., Arslan, Ö.Ç., Parlak, H., Ünal, G. (2012). Induction of micronuclei in Chalcalburnus tarichi (Pallas, 1811) exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of methyl parathion. Fresenius Environmental Bul-letin, 21(6), 1417-1421.
  • Katalay, S., Parlak, H. (2002). Su kirliliğinin, Gobius niger Linn., 1758 (Pisces: Gobiidae)’in kan para-metreleri üzerine etkileri. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 19(1-2), 115-121.
  • Kocabatmaz, M., Ekingen, G. (1977). Preliminary in-vestigation on some haematological norms in five freshwater fish species. Fırat Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1-2), 28-40.
  • Kocabatmaz, M., Ekingen, G. (1984). Değişik tür balık-larda kan örneği alınması ve hematolojik metotların standardizasyonu. Doğa Bilim Dergisi, D1, 8(2), 149-159.
  • Kumar, S., Lata, S., Gopal, K. (1999). Deltamethrin in-duced physiological changes in freshwater cat fish Heteropneustes fossilis. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 62(3), 254-258.
  • Lakshmaiah, G. (2016). A histopathological study on the liver of common carp Cyprinus carpio exposed to sublethal concentrations of phora-te. International Journal of Applied Research, 2(6), 96-100.
  • Lionetto, M.G., Caricato, R., Giordano, M.E., Pascariel-lo, M.F., Marinosci, L. & Schettino, T. (2003). In-tegrated use of biomarkers (acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant enzymes activities) in Mytilus gal-loprovincialis and Mullus barbatus in an Italian coastal marine area. Marine Pollution Bulle-tin, 46(3), 324-330.
  • Macek, K.J., McAllister, W.A. (1970). Insecticide sus-ceptibility of some common fish family representa-tives. Transactions of the American Fisheries Soci-ety, 99(1), 20-27.
  • Machado, M.R., Fanta, E. (2003). Effects of the orga-nophosphorous methyl parathion on the branchial epithelium of a freshwater fish Metynnis roosevel-ti. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Techno-logy, 46(3), 361-372.
  • Milam, C.D., Bouldin, J.L., Farris, J.L., Schulz, R., Moore, M.T., Bennett, E.R., Cooper, C.M. & Smith, S.Jr. (2004). Evaluating acute toxicity of methyl parathion application in constructed wet-land mesocosms. Enviromental Toxicolgy, 19(5), 471-479.
  • Monteiro, D.A., Almeida, J.A., Rantin, F.T. & Kalinin, A.L. (2006). Oxidative stress biomarkers in the freshwater characid fish, Brycon cephalus, ex-posed to organophosphorus insecticide folisuper 600 (methyl parathion). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C, 143(2): 141-149.
  • Murthy, K.S., Kiran, B.R. & Venkateshwarlu, M. (2013). A review on toxicity of pesticides in fish. International Journal of Open Scientific Re-search, 1(1), 15-36.
  • Murty, A.S. (1984). Toxicity of methyl parathion and fensulfothion to the fish Mystus cava-sius. Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and Biological, 34(1), 37-46.
  • Nagaratnamma, R., Ramamurthi, R. (1981). Comparati-ve evaluation of methyl parathion toxicity to some selected freshwater organisms. Current Scien-ce, 50(7), 334-335.
  • OECD. (2000). Fish Juvenile Growth Test. OECD TG 215 (2000), C.14, Dir 2001/59/EC (O. J. L 225 2001).
  • Rao, K.S.P., Rao, K.V.R. (1984a). Changes in the tissue lipid profiles of fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) during methyl parathion toxicity-a time course study. Toxicology Letters, 21(2), 147-153.
  • Rao, K.S.P., Rao, K.V.R. (1984b). Impact of methyl parathion toxicity and eserine inhibition on acetylcholinesterase activity in tissues of the teleost (Tilapia mossambica)-a correlative study. Toxicology Letters, 22(3), 351-356.
  • Salles, J.B., Lopes, R.M., Salles, C.M.C., Vicente, P., Cassano, F., Oliveira, M.M., Bastos, V.L.F.C., Bastos, J.C. (2015). Bioconcentration and acute in-toxication of Brazilian freshwater fishes by the me-thyl parathion organophosphate pesticide. Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research Interna-tional, 2015, 1-9.
  • Santhakumar, M., Balaji, M., Ramudu, K. (1999). Ef-fect of sublethal concentrations of monocrotophos on erythropoietic activity and certain hematological parameters of fish Anabas testudineus (Bloch). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 63(3), 379-384.
  • SAS. (1998). SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA. Saxena, K.K. & Seth, N. (2002). Toxic effects of cy-permethrin on certain hematological aspects of fresh water fish Channa punctatus. Bulletin of En-vironmental Contamination and Toxicology, 69(3), 364-369.
  • Silva, H.C., Medina, H.S.G., Fanta, E. & Bacila, M. (1993). Sub-lethal effects of the organophosphate folidol 600 (methyl parathion) on Callichthys cal-lichthys (pisces: teleostei). Comparative Biochemis-try and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharma-cology, 105(2), 197-201.
  • Singh, B.K. & Walker, A. (2006). Microbial degrada-tion of organophosphorus compounds. Federation of European Microbiological Societies, 30(3), 428-471.
  • Sivaperumal, P. & Sankar, T.V. (2011). Toxic effects of methyl parathion on antioxidant enzymes and acetylcholinesterase activity in freshwater fish, Labeo rohita. Fishery Technology, 48(1), 59-66.
  • Sturm, A., Wogram, J., Segner, H., Liess, M. (2000). Different sensitivity to organophosphates of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase from three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus): application in biomonito-ring. Environmental Toxicology and Che-mistry, 19(6), 1607-1615.
  • Sürücü, K. (2005). Organik fosforlu pestisitlerden ma-lathionun inci kefali (Chalcalburnus tarichi Pallas, 1811) üzerindeki akut toksisitesinin belirlenmesi (yüksek lisans tezi, basılmamış). Yüzüncü Yıl Üni-versitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Van.
  • Svobodova, Z., Luskova, V., Drastichova, J., Svoboda, M., Zlabek, V. (2003). Effect of deltamethrin on haematological indices of common carp (Cprinus carpio L.). Acta Veterinaria Brno, 72(1), 79-85.
  • Ünsal, M. (1998). Kirlilik deneyleri: yöntemler ve so-nuçların değerlendirilmesi. TKB, Su Ürünleri Araş-tırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Bodrum, Seri A, No.11, 168.
  • USEPA. (1989). Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater organisms. EPA 600/4-89/001. Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Cincin-nati, OH, USA.
  • USEPA. (1991). Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms. EPA 600/4-90/027. Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C., USA.
  • Wheelock, C.E., Eder, K.J., Werner, I., Huang, H., Jones, P.D., Brammell, B.F., Elskus, A.A. & Ham-mock, B.D. (2005). Individual variability in estera-se activity and CYP1A levels in Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) exposed to esfenva-lerate and chlorpyrifos. Aquatic Toxicology, 74(2), 172-192.
  • Wogram, J., Sturm, A., Segner, H. & Liess, M. (2001). Effects of parathion on acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and carboxylesterase in three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) following short-term exposure. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 20(7), 1528-1531.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Konular Yapısal Biyoloji , Hidrobiyoloji, Çevre Mühendisliği
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ertuğrul Kankaya 0000-0002-3032-3041

Güler Ünal 0000-0001-5920-6693

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kankaya, E., & Ünal, G. (2018). DETERMINATION OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXIC EFFECTS OF METHYL PARATHION ON Chalcalburnus tarichi (Pallas, 1811). Journal of Aquaculture Engineering and Fisheries Research, 4(1), 35-45.
AMA Kankaya E, Ünal G. DETERMINATION OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXIC EFFECTS OF METHYL PARATHION ON Chalcalburnus tarichi (Pallas, 1811). J Aquacult Eng Fish Res. Ocak 2018;4(1):35-45.
Chicago Kankaya, Ertuğrul, ve Güler Ünal. “DETERMINATION OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXIC EFFECTS OF METHYL PARATHION ON Chalcalburnus Tarichi (Pallas, 1811)”. Journal of Aquaculture Engineering and Fisheries Research 4, sy. 1 (Ocak 2018): 35-45.
EndNote Kankaya E, Ünal G (01 Ocak 2018) DETERMINATION OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXIC EFFECTS OF METHYL PARATHION ON Chalcalburnus tarichi (Pallas, 1811). Journal of Aquaculture Engineering and Fisheries Research 4 1 35–45.
IEEE E. Kankaya ve G. Ünal, “DETERMINATION OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXIC EFFECTS OF METHYL PARATHION ON Chalcalburnus tarichi (Pallas, 1811)”, J Aquacult Eng Fish Res, c. 4, sy. 1, ss. 35–45, 2018.
ISNAD Kankaya, Ertuğrul - Ünal, Güler. “DETERMINATION OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXIC EFFECTS OF METHYL PARATHION ON Chalcalburnus Tarichi (Pallas, 1811)”. Journal of Aquaculture Engineering and Fisheries Research 4/1 (Ocak 2018), 35-45.
JAMA Kankaya E, Ünal G. DETERMINATION OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXIC EFFECTS OF METHYL PARATHION ON Chalcalburnus tarichi (Pallas, 1811). J Aquacult Eng Fish Res. 2018;4:35–45.
MLA Kankaya, Ertuğrul ve Güler Ünal. “DETERMINATION OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXIC EFFECTS OF METHYL PARATHION ON Chalcalburnus Tarichi (Pallas, 1811)”. Journal of Aquaculture Engineering and Fisheries Research, c. 4, sy. 1, 2018, ss. 35-45.
Vancouver Kankaya E, Ünal G. DETERMINATION OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXIC EFFECTS OF METHYL PARATHION ON Chalcalburnus tarichi (Pallas, 1811). J Aquacult Eng Fish Res. 2018;4(1):35-4.
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