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Orta Karadeniz Bölgesinde Yetiştirilen Bazı Elma (Malus × domestica Borkh.) Çeşitlerinin Şeker ve Biyokimyasal İçerikleri

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 3, 129 - 135, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.55507/gopzfd.1113864

Öz

Türkiye, sahip olduğu farklı ekolojik koşullar nedeniyle çoğu meyve türünün ülke genelinde hem ekonomik hem de doğal olarak yayılış gösterdiği ender ülkelerden biridir. Ekonomik öneme sahip önemli meyve türlerinden biri olan elma üzerine yapılan bu çalışmada Samsun ili Çarşamba ilçesi ekolojik koşullarında yetiştirilen 4 farklı ticari elma çeşidinin renk özellikleri, biyokimyasal ve şeker içeriklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın materyalini M9 klon anacı üzerine aşılı Granny Smith, Fuji, Galaxy Gala ve Royal Gala çeşitlerine ait 6-7 (2016 ve 2017) yaşındaki ağaçlar oluşturmuştur. Çeşitler arasında incelenen bütün parametrelerde geniş varyasyonlar oluşmuştur. Çeşitlerin fruktoz içeriği 14.22 (Royal Gala)-34.40 g 100 ml-1 (Fuji), glikoz içeriği 1.30 (Galaxy Gala)-4.34 g 100 ml-1 (Fuji) ve sukroz içeriği 2.01 (Fuji)-4.52 g 100 ml-1 (Granny Smith) arasında değişim göstermiştir. Toplam şeker içeriğinde en yüksek değer 40.75 g 100 ml-1 ile Fuji çeşidinde belirlenmiştir. En yüksek toplam fenolik, toplam flavonoid ve antioksidan aktivitesi (DPPH ve FRAP) ise sırasıyla 423.7 mg 100 g-1 (Granny Smith), 96.1 mg 100 g-1 (Fuji), 250.8 µmol 100 g-1 (Granny Smith) ve 952.9 µmol 100 g-1 (Granny Smith) olarak tespit edilmiştir. Temel bileşen analizi sonuçlarına göre, 1. bileşen a*, b*, hue açısı, toplam fenolik, toplam flavonoid ve antioksidan aktivite (DPPH ve FRAP) ile ilişkili olup, toplam varyasyonun %59.4’ünü açıklamıştır. 2. bileşen ise elde edilen verilerin toplam varyasyonunun %36.4’ünü açıklamış ve L*, kroma, glikoz, sukroz, fruktoz ve toplam şeker özellikleri ile ilişkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, biyokimyasal özellikler bakımından Granny Smith, şeker içerikleri bakımından ise Fuji çeşidi kayda değer sonuçlar vermiştir. Elde edilen sonuçların bu bölgede elma ile ilgili yapılacak araştırmalara yol gösterici nitelikte olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Aglar E, Saracoglu O, Karakaya O, Ozturk B and Gun S (2019). The relationship between fruit color and fruit quality of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L. cv.‘0900 Ziraat’). Turkish Journal of Food and Agriculture Sciences, 1(1): 1-5.
  • Balta MF, Karakaya O, Yaman İ, Uzun S ve Kırkaya H (2021). Taşova (Amasya) yöresinde yetiştirilen ‘Ekmek’ ayva çeşidinin fiziksel ve biyokimyasal özellikleri. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 26(3): 155-162.
  • Benzie IF and Strain JJ (1996). The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239(1): 70-76. Blois MS (1958). Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 181(4617): 1199-1200.
  • Borsani J, Budde CO, Porrini L, Lauxmann MA, Lombardo VA, Murray R, Andreo C, Drincovich M and Lara MV (2009). Carbon metabolism of peach fruit after harvest: changes in enzymes involved in organic acid and sugar level modifications. Journal of Experimental Botany, 60(6): 1823-1837.
  • Boyer J and Liu RH (2004). Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits. Nutrition Journal, 3(1): 1-15.
  • Çelik F, Gundogdu M, Ercisli S, Kaki B, Berk S, Ilhan G and Sagbas HI (2018). Variation in organic acid, sugar and phenolic compounds in fruits of historical apple cultivars. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 46(2): 622-629.
  • Da Silva Porto PAL, Laranjinha JAN and De Freitas VAP (2003). Antioxidant protection of low density lipoprotein by procyanidins: structure/activity relationships. Biochemical Pharmacology, 66(6): 947-954.
  • Di Pietro PF, Medeiros NI, Vieira FGK, Fausto MA and Belló-Klein A (2007). Breast cancer in southern Brazil: association with past dietary intake. Nutricíon Hospitalaria, 22 (5): 565-572.
  • Doty TE (1976). Fructose sweetness: a new dimension. Cereal Foods World, 21: 62-63.
  • Drogoudi PD, Michailidis Z and Pantelidis G (2008). Peel and flesh antioxidant content and harvest quality characteristics of seven apple cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae, 115(2): 149-153.
  • Ercisli S (2004). A short review of the fruit germplasm resources of Turkey. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 51(4): 419-435.
  • FAO (2020). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Apple production quantity. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/ (Accessed to web: 07.03.2022).
  • Gundogdu M, Canan I and Okatan V (2018). Bioactive contents and some horticultural characteristics of local apple genotypes from Turkey. Journal of Animal Plant Sciences, 28(3): 865-874.
  • Henríquez C, Almonacid S, Chiffelle I, Valenzuela T, Araya M, Cabezas L, Aimpson R and Speisky H (2010). Determinación de la capacidad antioxidante, contenido de fenoles totales y composición mineral de diferentes tejidos de frutos de cinco variedades de manzana cultivadas en Chile. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 70(4): 523-536.
  • Iglesias I, Echeverria G and Soria Y (2008). Differences in fruit colour development, anthocyanin content, fruit quality and consumer acceptability of eight ‘Gala’apple strains. Scientia Horticulturae, 119(1): 32-40.
  • Kasnak C ve Palamutoğlu R 2015. Doğal antioksidanların sınıflandırılması ve insan sağlığına etkileri. Türk Tarım - Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 3(5): 226-234
  • Kaur C and Kapoor H C (2001). Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables–the millennium’s health. International Journal of Food Science Technology, 36(7): 703-725.
  • Khalil AJ, Barhoom AM, Musleh MM and Abu-Naser SS (2019). Apple Trees Knowledge Based System.
  • Kolaç T, Gürbüz P ve Yetiş G (2017). Doğal ürünlerin fenolik içeriği ve antioksidan özellikleri. İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksek Okulu Dergisi, 5(1): 26-42.
  • Lam CK, Zhang Z, Yu HT, Sang SY, Huang Y and Chen ZY (2008). Apple polyphenols inhibit plasma CETP activity and reduce the ratio of non‐HDL to HDL cholesterol. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 52(8): 950-958.
  • Lata B (2007). Relationship between apple peel and the whole fruit antioxidant content: year and cultivar variation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(3): 663-671.
  • Lata B and Tomala K (2007). Apple peel as a contributor to whole fruit quantity of potentially healthful bioactive compounds. Cultivar and year implication. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(26): 10795-10802.
  • Lata B, Przeradzka M and Bińkowska M (2005). Great differences in antioxidant properties exist between 56 apple cultivars and vegetation seasons. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(23): 8970-8978.
  • Ma B, Chen J, Zheng H, Fang T, Ogutu C, Li S, Han Y and Wu B (2015). Comparative assessment of sugar and malic acid composition in cultivated and wild apples. Food Chemistry, 172: 86-91.
  • Macit İ, Aydın E, Tas A and Gundogdu M (2021). Fruit quality properties of the local apple varieties of Anatolia. Sustainability, 13(11): 6127.
  • McGhie TK, Hunt M and Barnett LE (2005). Cultivar and growing region determine the antioxidant polyphenolic concentration and composition of apples grown in New Zealand. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(8): 3065-3070.
  • McGuire RG (1992). Reporting of objective color measurements. HortScience, 27(12): 1254-1255.
  • Nedić Tiban N, Lončarić A, Tkalec D and Piližota V (2017). Physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of six apple cultivars (Malus domestica) grown in Slavonia. 9th International Scientific and Professional Conference, 108-115, Osijek, Croatia.
  • Öztürk B, Uzun S, Bektaş E, Yarılgaç T, Karakaya M, Karakaya O, Gün S ve Turga E (2017). M9 Anacı üzerine aşılı bazı elma çeşitlerinin Ordu ilinde verim ve kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Bahçe, 45: 492-497.
  • Quitral V, Sepúlveda M and Schwartz M (2013). Antioxidant capacity and total polyphenol content in different apple varieties cultivated in Chile. Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnología Postcosecha, 14(1): 31-39.
  • Uyar BB,Gezmen Karadağ M, Şanlıer N and Günyel S (2013). Toplumumuzda Sıklıkla Kullanılan Bazı Bitkilerin Toplam Fenolik Madde Miktarlarının Saptanması. GIDA, 38 (1): 23-29
  • Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M and Telser J (2007). Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. The International Journal of Biochemistry Cell Biology, 39(1): 44-84.
  • Vieira FGK, Borges GDSC, Copetti C, Di Pietro PF, da Costa Nunes E and Fett R (2011). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of the apple flesh and peel of eleven cultivars grown in Brazil. Scientia Horticulturae, 128(3): 261-266.
  • Wardlaw GM, Hampl JS and DiSilvestro RA (2004). Perspectives in Nutrition. Mc Graw Hill, New York.
  • Wu J, Gao H, Zhao L, Liao X, Chen F, Wang Z and Hu X (2007). Chemical compositional characterization of some apple cultivars. Food Chemistry, 103(1): 88-93.
  • Yaman M, Uzun A, Yildiz E and Pinar H (2021). The effect of different pollinators on fruit set and some fruit characteristics in apple. Current Trends in Natural Sciences, 10(19): 170-174.
  • Yoon HK, Kleiber T, Zydlik Z, Rutkowski K, Woźniak A, Świerczyński S and Morkunas I (2020). A comparison of selected biochemical and physical characteristics and yielding of fruits in apple cultivars (Malus domestica borkh.). Agronomy, 10(4): 458.
  • Zhishen J, Mengcheng T and Jianming W (1999). The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry, 64(4): 555-559.
  • Zhu Z, Liu R, Li B and Tian S (2013). Characterisation of genes encoding key enzymes involved in sugar metabolism of apple fruit in controlled atmosphere storage. Food Chemistry, 141(4): 3323-3328.

Sugar and Biochemical Composition of Some Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) Cultivar Grown in the Middle Black Sea Region

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 3, 129 - 135, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.55507/gopzfd.1113864

Öz

Due to its different ecological conditions, Türkiye is one of the rare countries where the most of fruit species have spread widely throughout the country, both economically and naturally. In this study on apple, which is one of the important fruit species with economic importance, was aimed to determine the color characteristics, biochemical and sugar contents of 4 different commercial apple cultivars grown in the ecological conditions of Çarşamba district of Samsun province. The material of the study consisted of 6-7 years (2016 and 2017) old trees belonging to Granny Smith, Fuji, Galaxy Gala, and Royal Gala cultivars grafted on M9 clone rootstock. Wide variations occurred in all parameters evaluated in the study among the cultivars. The fructose content of the cultivars was from 14.22 (Royal Gala) to 34.40 g 100 ml-1 (Fuji), glucose content was from 1.30 (Galaxy Gala) to 4.34 g 100 ml-1 (Fuji), and sucrose content was varied from 2.01 (Fuji) to 4.52 g 100 ml-1 (Granny Smith). The highest value in total sugar content was determined in Fuji cultivar with 40.75 g 100 ml-1. The highest total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity (according to DPPH and FRAP) were 423.7 mg 100 g-1 (Granny Smith), 96.1 mg 100 g-1 (Fuji), 250.8 µmol 100 g-1 (Granny Smith) and 952.9 µmol 100 g-1 (Granny Smith), respectively. In the principal component analysis results, the first component was associated with a*, b*, hue angle, total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP) and explained 59.4% of the total variation. The second component explained 36.4% of the total variation of the obtained data and was determined to be related to L*, chroma, glucose, sucrose, fructose, and total sugar properties. As a result, Granny Smith cultivar gave remarkable results in terms of biochemical properties and Fuji cultivar in terms of sugar content. It is thought that the results obtained may guide the researches to be made about apples in this region.

Kaynakça

  • Aglar E, Saracoglu O, Karakaya O, Ozturk B and Gun S (2019). The relationship between fruit color and fruit quality of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L. cv.‘0900 Ziraat’). Turkish Journal of Food and Agriculture Sciences, 1(1): 1-5.
  • Balta MF, Karakaya O, Yaman İ, Uzun S ve Kırkaya H (2021). Taşova (Amasya) yöresinde yetiştirilen ‘Ekmek’ ayva çeşidinin fiziksel ve biyokimyasal özellikleri. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 26(3): 155-162.
  • Benzie IF and Strain JJ (1996). The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239(1): 70-76. Blois MS (1958). Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 181(4617): 1199-1200.
  • Borsani J, Budde CO, Porrini L, Lauxmann MA, Lombardo VA, Murray R, Andreo C, Drincovich M and Lara MV (2009). Carbon metabolism of peach fruit after harvest: changes in enzymes involved in organic acid and sugar level modifications. Journal of Experimental Botany, 60(6): 1823-1837.
  • Boyer J and Liu RH (2004). Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits. Nutrition Journal, 3(1): 1-15.
  • Çelik F, Gundogdu M, Ercisli S, Kaki B, Berk S, Ilhan G and Sagbas HI (2018). Variation in organic acid, sugar and phenolic compounds in fruits of historical apple cultivars. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 46(2): 622-629.
  • Da Silva Porto PAL, Laranjinha JAN and De Freitas VAP (2003). Antioxidant protection of low density lipoprotein by procyanidins: structure/activity relationships. Biochemical Pharmacology, 66(6): 947-954.
  • Di Pietro PF, Medeiros NI, Vieira FGK, Fausto MA and Belló-Klein A (2007). Breast cancer in southern Brazil: association with past dietary intake. Nutricíon Hospitalaria, 22 (5): 565-572.
  • Doty TE (1976). Fructose sweetness: a new dimension. Cereal Foods World, 21: 62-63.
  • Drogoudi PD, Michailidis Z and Pantelidis G (2008). Peel and flesh antioxidant content and harvest quality characteristics of seven apple cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae, 115(2): 149-153.
  • Ercisli S (2004). A short review of the fruit germplasm resources of Turkey. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 51(4): 419-435.
  • FAO (2020). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Apple production quantity. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/ (Accessed to web: 07.03.2022).
  • Gundogdu M, Canan I and Okatan V (2018). Bioactive contents and some horticultural characteristics of local apple genotypes from Turkey. Journal of Animal Plant Sciences, 28(3): 865-874.
  • Henríquez C, Almonacid S, Chiffelle I, Valenzuela T, Araya M, Cabezas L, Aimpson R and Speisky H (2010). Determinación de la capacidad antioxidante, contenido de fenoles totales y composición mineral de diferentes tejidos de frutos de cinco variedades de manzana cultivadas en Chile. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 70(4): 523-536.
  • Iglesias I, Echeverria G and Soria Y (2008). Differences in fruit colour development, anthocyanin content, fruit quality and consumer acceptability of eight ‘Gala’apple strains. Scientia Horticulturae, 119(1): 32-40.
  • Kasnak C ve Palamutoğlu R 2015. Doğal antioksidanların sınıflandırılması ve insan sağlığına etkileri. Türk Tarım - Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 3(5): 226-234
  • Kaur C and Kapoor H C (2001). Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables–the millennium’s health. International Journal of Food Science Technology, 36(7): 703-725.
  • Khalil AJ, Barhoom AM, Musleh MM and Abu-Naser SS (2019). Apple Trees Knowledge Based System.
  • Kolaç T, Gürbüz P ve Yetiş G (2017). Doğal ürünlerin fenolik içeriği ve antioksidan özellikleri. İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksek Okulu Dergisi, 5(1): 26-42.
  • Lam CK, Zhang Z, Yu HT, Sang SY, Huang Y and Chen ZY (2008). Apple polyphenols inhibit plasma CETP activity and reduce the ratio of non‐HDL to HDL cholesterol. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 52(8): 950-958.
  • Lata B (2007). Relationship between apple peel and the whole fruit antioxidant content: year and cultivar variation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(3): 663-671.
  • Lata B and Tomala K (2007). Apple peel as a contributor to whole fruit quantity of potentially healthful bioactive compounds. Cultivar and year implication. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(26): 10795-10802.
  • Lata B, Przeradzka M and Bińkowska M (2005). Great differences in antioxidant properties exist between 56 apple cultivars and vegetation seasons. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(23): 8970-8978.
  • Ma B, Chen J, Zheng H, Fang T, Ogutu C, Li S, Han Y and Wu B (2015). Comparative assessment of sugar and malic acid composition in cultivated and wild apples. Food Chemistry, 172: 86-91.
  • Macit İ, Aydın E, Tas A and Gundogdu M (2021). Fruit quality properties of the local apple varieties of Anatolia. Sustainability, 13(11): 6127.
  • McGhie TK, Hunt M and Barnett LE (2005). Cultivar and growing region determine the antioxidant polyphenolic concentration and composition of apples grown in New Zealand. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(8): 3065-3070.
  • McGuire RG (1992). Reporting of objective color measurements. HortScience, 27(12): 1254-1255.
  • Nedić Tiban N, Lončarić A, Tkalec D and Piližota V (2017). Physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of six apple cultivars (Malus domestica) grown in Slavonia. 9th International Scientific and Professional Conference, 108-115, Osijek, Croatia.
  • Öztürk B, Uzun S, Bektaş E, Yarılgaç T, Karakaya M, Karakaya O, Gün S ve Turga E (2017). M9 Anacı üzerine aşılı bazı elma çeşitlerinin Ordu ilinde verim ve kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Bahçe, 45: 492-497.
  • Quitral V, Sepúlveda M and Schwartz M (2013). Antioxidant capacity and total polyphenol content in different apple varieties cultivated in Chile. Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnología Postcosecha, 14(1): 31-39.
  • Uyar BB,Gezmen Karadağ M, Şanlıer N and Günyel S (2013). Toplumumuzda Sıklıkla Kullanılan Bazı Bitkilerin Toplam Fenolik Madde Miktarlarının Saptanması. GIDA, 38 (1): 23-29
  • Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M and Telser J (2007). Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. The International Journal of Biochemistry Cell Biology, 39(1): 44-84.
  • Vieira FGK, Borges GDSC, Copetti C, Di Pietro PF, da Costa Nunes E and Fett R (2011). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of the apple flesh and peel of eleven cultivars grown in Brazil. Scientia Horticulturae, 128(3): 261-266.
  • Wardlaw GM, Hampl JS and DiSilvestro RA (2004). Perspectives in Nutrition. Mc Graw Hill, New York.
  • Wu J, Gao H, Zhao L, Liao X, Chen F, Wang Z and Hu X (2007). Chemical compositional characterization of some apple cultivars. Food Chemistry, 103(1): 88-93.
  • Yaman M, Uzun A, Yildiz E and Pinar H (2021). The effect of different pollinators on fruit set and some fruit characteristics in apple. Current Trends in Natural Sciences, 10(19): 170-174.
  • Yoon HK, Kleiber T, Zydlik Z, Rutkowski K, Woźniak A, Świerczyński S and Morkunas I (2020). A comparison of selected biochemical and physical characteristics and yielding of fruits in apple cultivars (Malus domestica borkh.). Agronomy, 10(4): 458.
  • Zhishen J, Mengcheng T and Jianming W (1999). The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry, 64(4): 555-559.
  • Zhu Z, Liu R, Li B and Tian S (2013). Characterisation of genes encoding key enzymes involved in sugar metabolism of apple fruit in controlled atmosphere storage. Food Chemistry, 141(4): 3323-3328.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Bahçe Bitkileri Yetiştirme ve Islahı
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mehmet Fikret Balta 0000-0002-3859-6490

Orhan Karakaya 0000-0003-0783-3120

Mehmet Yaman 0000-0002-2899-2238

Hüseyın Kırkaya 0000-0001-8371-5324

İzzet Yaman 0000-0002-2576-7721

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 39 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Balta, M. F., Karakaya, O., Yaman, M., Kırkaya, H., vd. (2022). Sugar and Biochemical Composition of Some Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) Cultivar Grown in the Middle Black Sea Region. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpaşa University (JAFAG), 39(3), 129-135. https://doi.org/10.55507/gopzfd.1113864