Occupational skin carcinogens

Seher Kurtul; Nejdiye Güngördü

doi:10.18621/eurj.1193815

Derleme

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 234 - 240, 04.03.2024

Seher Kurtul Nejdiye Güngördü

https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.1193815

Öz

Kaynakça

1. World Health Organization (WHO). Radiation: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation and skin cancer. 2017. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/radiation-ultraviolet-(uv)-radiation-and-skin-cancer.
2. Gonzales M, Erdei E, Berwick M. Epidemiology of skin cancer. In: Nouri K, eds. Skin Cancer. 1st Florida: The McGraw Hill Companies. 2008: pp. 32-39.
3. Cancer Council Australia 2021. Understanding Skin Cancer, A guide for people with cancer, their families and friends. Editor: Ruth Sheard. Available from: https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/skin-cancer
4. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. Türkiye Kanser İstatistikleri. 2017. Ankara. Available from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/kanser-db/istatistik/Turkiye_Kanser_Istatistikleri_2017.pdf
5. Fischman ML, Rugo HS. Occupational Cancer. In: Joseph LaDou, and Robert J. Harrison, editors. Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 5th ed. New York: Lange. 2014: pp. 299-302.
6. Trakatelli M, Ulrich C, del Marmol V, Euvrard S, Stockfleth E, Abeni D. Epidemiology of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in Europe: accurate and comparable data are needed for effective public health monitoring and interventions. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156 Suppl 3:1-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07861.x.
7. John SM, Trakatelli M, Gehring R, et al. CONSENSUS REPORT: Recognizing non-melanoma skin cancer, including actinic keratosis, as an occupational disease - A Call to Action. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30 Suppl 3:38-45. doi: 10.1111/jdv.13608.
8. Gallagher RP, Lee TK. Adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation: a brief review. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2006;92(1):119-131. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.011.
9. IARC. List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, IARC Monographs Volumes 1–130. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Classifications_by_cancer_site.pdf
10. Kurtul S. Mesleki Cilt Hastalıkları. In: Meral Türk, editor. First ed. Olgularla Meslek Hastalıkları. Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri. 2021: pp. 107-128.
11. Bräuner EV, Loft S, Sørensen M, et al. Residential Radon Exposure and Skin Cancer Incidence in a Prospective Danish Cohort. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0135642. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135642.
12. Kim KE, Cho D, Park HJ. Air pollution and skin diseases: Adverse effects of airborne particulate matter on various skin diseases. Life Sci. 2016;152:126-134. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.03.039.
13. Solar and ultraviolet radiation. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 1992;55:1-316.
14. Schmitt J, Haufe E, Trautmann F, et al; FB-181 Study Group. Is ultraviolet exposure acquired at work the most important risk factor for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma? Results of the population-based case-control study FB-181. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178(2):462-472. doi: 10.1111/bjd.15906.
15. European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. New and Emerging Risks in Occupational Safety and Health. European Risk Observatory. Office for Official Publications of the Euro pean Communities, Luxembourg 2009. Available from: https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/new-and-emerging-risks-occupational-safety-and-health/view
16. Bauer A, Diepgen TL, Schmitt J. Is occupational solar ultraviolet irradiation a relevant risk factor for basal cell carcinoma? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiological literature. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(3):612-625. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10425.x.
17. Schmitt J, Seidler A, Diepgen TL, Bauer A. Occupational ultraviolet light exposure increases the risk for the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164(2):291-307. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10118.x.
18. Bauer A, Diepgen TL, Schmitt J. Is occupational solar ultraviolet irradiation a relevant risk factor for basal cell carcinoma? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiological literature. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(3):612-625. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10425.x.
19. Trakatelli M, Barkitzi K, Apap C, Majewski S, De Vries E; EPIDERM group. Skin cancer risk in outdoor workers: a European multicenter case-control study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30 Suppl 3:5-11. doi: 10.1111/jdv.13603.
20. Stenehjem JS, Robsahm TE, Bråtveit M, Samuelsen SO, Kirkeleit J, Grimsrud TK. Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer risk in offshore workers. Occup Med (Lond). 2017;67(7):569-573. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqx110.
21. Turner S, Forman SD, McNamee R, Wilkinson SM, Agius R. Investigating work-related neoplasia associated with solar radiation. Occup Med (Lond). 2015;65(1):22-28. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqu156.
22. Currie CL, Monk BE. Welding and non-melanoma skin cancer. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2000;25(1):28-29. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2230.2000.00565.x.
23. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). ICNIRP statement--Protection of workers against ultraviolet radiation. Health Phys. 2010;99(1):66-87. doi: 10.1097/HP.0b013e3181d85908.
24. Leisenring W, Friedman DL, Flowers ME, Schwartz JL, Deeg HJ. Nonmelanoma skin and mucosal cancers after hematopoietic cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(7):1119-1126. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.02.7052.
25. Yoshinaga S, Hauptmann M, Sigurdson AJ, et al. Nonmelanoma skin cancer in relation to ionizing radiation exposure among U.S. radiologic technologists. Int J Cancer. 2005;115(5):828-834. doi: 10.1002/ijc.20939.
26. Sugiyama H, Misumi M, Kishikawa M, et al. Skin cancer incidence among atomic bomb survivors from 1958 to 1996. Radiat Res. 2014;181(5):531-539. doi: 10.1667/RR13494.1.
27. Freedman DM, Sigurdson A, Rao RS, Hauptmann M, Alexander B, Mohan A, Morin Doody M, Linet MS. Risk of melanoma among radiologic technologists in the United States. Int J Cancer. 2003;103(4):556-562. doi: 10.1002/ijc.10854.
28. Wang JX, Inskip PD, Boice JD Jr, Li BX, Zhang JY, Fraumeni JF Jr. Cancer incidence among medical diagnostic X-ray workers in China, 1950 to 1985. Int J Cancer. 1990;45(5):889-895. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910450519.
29. Wang JX, Zhang LA, Li BX, et al. Cancer incidence and risk estimation among medical x-ray workers in China, 1950-1995. Health Phys. 2002;82(4):455-466. doi: 10.1097/00004032-200204000-00004.
30. Wakeford R. Radiation in the workplace-a review of studies of the risks of occupational exposure to ionising radiation. J Radiol Prot. 2009;29(2A):61-79. doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/29/2A/S05.
31. Zeeb H, Hammer GP, Blettner M. Epidemiological investigations of aircrew: an occupational group with low-level cosmic radiation exposure. J Radiol Prot. 2012;32(1):N15-19. doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/32/1/N15.
32. Sanlorenzo M, Vujic I, Posch C, Cleaver JE, Quaglino P, Ortiz-Urda S. The risk of melanoma in pilots and cabin crew: UV measurements in flying airplanes. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151(4):450-452. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.4643.
33. Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. Cancer incidence among Norwegian airline pilots. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2000;26(2):106-111. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.519.
34. Reynolds P, Cone J, Layefsky M, Goldberg DE, Hurley S. Cancer incidence in California flight attendants (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2002;13(4):317-324. doi: 10.1023/a:1015284014563.
35. Lubin JH, Boice JD Jr, Edling C, et al. Radon-exposed underground miners and inverse dose-rate (protraction enhancement) effects. Health Phys. 1995;69(4):494-500. doi: 10.1097/00004032-199510000-00007.
36. Robertson A, Allen J, Laney R, Curnow A. The cellular and molecular carcinogenic effects of radon exposure: a review. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(7):14024-14063. doi: 10.3390/ijms140714024.
37. Charles MW. Radon exposure of the skin: II. Estimation of the attributable risk for skin cancer incidence. J Radiol Prot. 2007;27(3):253-274. doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/27/3/R02.
38. Sevcova M, Horacek J, Sevc J. [Occupational basalioma in external alpha radiation hazards]. Cas Lek Cesk. 1978;117:1442-1444. [Article in Czech].
39. Matthews NH, Fitch K, Li WQ, et al. Exposure to Trace Elements and Risk of Skin Cancer: A Systematic Review of Epidemiologic Studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2019;28(1):3-21. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-18-0286.
40. Lansdown AB. Metal ions affecting the skin and eyes. Met Ions Life Sci. 2011;8:187-246. doi: 10.1039/9781849732116-00187.
41. Spiewak R. Pesticides as a cause of occupational skin diseases in farmers. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2001;8:1-5.
42. LuchA. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon induced carcinogenesis. An introduction. In: Andreas Lunch ed. The Carcinogenic Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. USA; Imperial College Pres. 2005: pp. 1-18.
43. Siddens LK, Larkin A, Krueger SK, , et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as skin carcinogens: comparison of benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[def,p]chrysene and three environmental mixtures in the FVB/N mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012;264:377-386. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.08.014.
44. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2010;92:1-853.
45. Stenehjem JS, Robsahm TE, Bråtveit M, Samuelsen SO, Kirkeleit J, Grimsrud TK. Aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of skin cancer by anatomical site in 25 000 male offshore petroleum workers. Am J Ind Med. 2017;60(8):679-688. doi: 10.1002/ajim.22741.

Occupational skin carcinogens

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 234 - 240, 04.03.2024

Seher Kurtul Nejdiye Güngördü

https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.1193815

Öz

Occupational skin cancer may manifest when employees are under exposure to one specific carcinogenic substance or more in the workplace. Workplaces often have higher concentrations of carcinogens compared to any other setting. The most common causes of skin cancer in the workplace are ultraviolet radiation, ionizing radiation, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and arsenic. However, there is only a limited number of studies on skin cancer from occupational exposure. Skin cancers that are considered mainly work-related are non-melanoma skin cancers. Their most common variants are basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and actinic keratosis. Two factors that reduced the risk of occupational carcinogen exposure are as follows: a better understanding of skin cancer risk factors involved in industrial processes and better control of the use of ionizing radiation. However, the exposure risk to ultraviolet radiation at dangerous levels remains. Worse still, this risk is often not considered. Yet, the prevention and risk reduction for occupational skin cancer requires the elimination of the contact of all carcinogens present in the workplace with the employees’ skin. Additionally, to encourage and facilitate the early recognition and management of premalignant and malignant skin lesions, training should be given to those working under higher skin cancer risk, and periodic examinations should be performed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cancer, occupation, skin, ultraviolet radiation

Kaynakça

1. World Health Organization (WHO). Radiation: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation and skin cancer. 2017. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/radiation-ultraviolet-(uv)-radiation-and-skin-cancer.
2. Gonzales M, Erdei E, Berwick M. Epidemiology of skin cancer. In: Nouri K, eds. Skin Cancer. 1st Florida: The McGraw Hill Companies. 2008: pp. 32-39.
3. Cancer Council Australia 2021. Understanding Skin Cancer, A guide for people with cancer, their families and friends. Editor: Ruth Sheard. Available from: https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/skin-cancer
4. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. Türkiye Kanser İstatistikleri. 2017. Ankara. Available from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/kanser-db/istatistik/Turkiye_Kanser_Istatistikleri_2017.pdf
5. Fischman ML, Rugo HS. Occupational Cancer. In: Joseph LaDou, and Robert J. Harrison, editors. Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 5th ed. New York: Lange. 2014: pp. 299-302.
6. Trakatelli M, Ulrich C, del Marmol V, Euvrard S, Stockfleth E, Abeni D. Epidemiology of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in Europe: accurate and comparable data are needed for effective public health monitoring and interventions. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156 Suppl 3:1-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07861.x.
7. John SM, Trakatelli M, Gehring R, et al. CONSENSUS REPORT: Recognizing non-melanoma skin cancer, including actinic keratosis, as an occupational disease - A Call to Action. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30 Suppl 3:38-45. doi: 10.1111/jdv.13608.
8. Gallagher RP, Lee TK. Adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation: a brief review. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2006;92(1):119-131. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.011.
9. IARC. List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, IARC Monographs Volumes 1–130. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Classifications_by_cancer_site.pdf
10. Kurtul S. Mesleki Cilt Hastalıkları. In: Meral Türk, editor. First ed. Olgularla Meslek Hastalıkları. Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri. 2021: pp. 107-128.
11. Bräuner EV, Loft S, Sørensen M, et al. Residential Radon Exposure and Skin Cancer Incidence in a Prospective Danish Cohort. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0135642. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135642.
12. Kim KE, Cho D, Park HJ. Air pollution and skin diseases: Adverse effects of airborne particulate matter on various skin diseases. Life Sci. 2016;152:126-134. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.03.039.
13. Solar and ultraviolet radiation. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 1992;55:1-316.
14. Schmitt J, Haufe E, Trautmann F, et al; FB-181 Study Group. Is ultraviolet exposure acquired at work the most important risk factor for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma? Results of the population-based case-control study FB-181. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178(2):462-472. doi: 10.1111/bjd.15906.
15. European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. New and Emerging Risks in Occupational Safety and Health. European Risk Observatory. Office for Official Publications of the Euro pean Communities, Luxembourg 2009. Available from: https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/new-and-emerging-risks-occupational-safety-and-health/view
16. Bauer A, Diepgen TL, Schmitt J. Is occupational solar ultraviolet irradiation a relevant risk factor for basal cell carcinoma? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiological literature. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(3):612-625. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10425.x.
17. Schmitt J, Seidler A, Diepgen TL, Bauer A. Occupational ultraviolet light exposure increases the risk for the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164(2):291-307. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10118.x.
18. Bauer A, Diepgen TL, Schmitt J. Is occupational solar ultraviolet irradiation a relevant risk factor for basal cell carcinoma? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiological literature. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(3):612-625. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10425.x.
19. Trakatelli M, Barkitzi K, Apap C, Majewski S, De Vries E; EPIDERM group. Skin cancer risk in outdoor workers: a European multicenter case-control study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30 Suppl 3:5-11. doi: 10.1111/jdv.13603.
20. Stenehjem JS, Robsahm TE, Bråtveit M, Samuelsen SO, Kirkeleit J, Grimsrud TK. Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer risk in offshore workers. Occup Med (Lond). 2017;67(7):569-573. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqx110.
21. Turner S, Forman SD, McNamee R, Wilkinson SM, Agius R. Investigating work-related neoplasia associated with solar radiation. Occup Med (Lond). 2015;65(1):22-28. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqu156.
22. Currie CL, Monk BE. Welding and non-melanoma skin cancer. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2000;25(1):28-29. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2230.2000.00565.x.
23. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). ICNIRP statement--Protection of workers against ultraviolet radiation. Health Phys. 2010;99(1):66-87. doi: 10.1097/HP.0b013e3181d85908.
24. Leisenring W, Friedman DL, Flowers ME, Schwartz JL, Deeg HJ. Nonmelanoma skin and mucosal cancers after hematopoietic cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(7):1119-1126. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.02.7052.
25. Yoshinaga S, Hauptmann M, Sigurdson AJ, et al. Nonmelanoma skin cancer in relation to ionizing radiation exposure among U.S. radiologic technologists. Int J Cancer. 2005;115(5):828-834. doi: 10.1002/ijc.20939.
26. Sugiyama H, Misumi M, Kishikawa M, et al. Skin cancer incidence among atomic bomb survivors from 1958 to 1996. Radiat Res. 2014;181(5):531-539. doi: 10.1667/RR13494.1.
27. Freedman DM, Sigurdson A, Rao RS, Hauptmann M, Alexander B, Mohan A, Morin Doody M, Linet MS. Risk of melanoma among radiologic technologists in the United States. Int J Cancer. 2003;103(4):556-562. doi: 10.1002/ijc.10854.
28. Wang JX, Inskip PD, Boice JD Jr, Li BX, Zhang JY, Fraumeni JF Jr. Cancer incidence among medical diagnostic X-ray workers in China, 1950 to 1985. Int J Cancer. 1990;45(5):889-895. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910450519.
29. Wang JX, Zhang LA, Li BX, et al. Cancer incidence and risk estimation among medical x-ray workers in China, 1950-1995. Health Phys. 2002;82(4):455-466. doi: 10.1097/00004032-200204000-00004.
30. Wakeford R. Radiation in the workplace-a review of studies of the risks of occupational exposure to ionising radiation. J Radiol Prot. 2009;29(2A):61-79. doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/29/2A/S05.
31. Zeeb H, Hammer GP, Blettner M. Epidemiological investigations of aircrew: an occupational group with low-level cosmic radiation exposure. J Radiol Prot. 2012;32(1):N15-19. doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/32/1/N15.
32. Sanlorenzo M, Vujic I, Posch C, Cleaver JE, Quaglino P, Ortiz-Urda S. The risk of melanoma in pilots and cabin crew: UV measurements in flying airplanes. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151(4):450-452. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.4643.
33. Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U. Cancer incidence among Norwegian airline pilots. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2000;26(2):106-111. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.519.
34. Reynolds P, Cone J, Layefsky M, Goldberg DE, Hurley S. Cancer incidence in California flight attendants (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2002;13(4):317-324. doi: 10.1023/a:1015284014563.
35. Lubin JH, Boice JD Jr, Edling C, et al. Radon-exposed underground miners and inverse dose-rate (protraction enhancement) effects. Health Phys. 1995;69(4):494-500. doi: 10.1097/00004032-199510000-00007.
36. Robertson A, Allen J, Laney R, Curnow A. The cellular and molecular carcinogenic effects of radon exposure: a review. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(7):14024-14063. doi: 10.3390/ijms140714024.
37. Charles MW. Radon exposure of the skin: II. Estimation of the attributable risk for skin cancer incidence. J Radiol Prot. 2007;27(3):253-274. doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/27/3/R02.
38. Sevcova M, Horacek J, Sevc J. [Occupational basalioma in external alpha radiation hazards]. Cas Lek Cesk. 1978;117:1442-1444. [Article in Czech].
39. Matthews NH, Fitch K, Li WQ, et al. Exposure to Trace Elements and Risk of Skin Cancer: A Systematic Review of Epidemiologic Studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2019;28(1):3-21. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-18-0286.
40. Lansdown AB. Metal ions affecting the skin and eyes. Met Ions Life Sci. 2011;8:187-246. doi: 10.1039/9781849732116-00187.
41. Spiewak R. Pesticides as a cause of occupational skin diseases in farmers. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2001;8:1-5.
42. LuchA. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon induced carcinogenesis. An introduction. In: Andreas Lunch ed. The Carcinogenic Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. USA; Imperial College Pres. 2005: pp. 1-18.
43. Siddens LK, Larkin A, Krueger SK, , et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as skin carcinogens: comparison of benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[def,p]chrysene and three environmental mixtures in the FVB/N mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012;264:377-386. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.08.014.
44. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2010;92:1-853.
45. Stenehjem JS, Robsahm TE, Bråtveit M, Samuelsen SO, Kirkeleit J, Grimsrud TK. Aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of skin cancer by anatomical site in 25 000 male offshore petroleum workers. Am J Ind Med. 2017;60(8):679-688. doi: 10.1002/ajim.22741.

Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Halk Sağlığı, Çevre Sağlığı
Bölüm	Reviews
Yazarlar	Seher Kurtul 0000-0003-1287-4373 Nejdiye Güngördü 0000-0002-4058-3154
Erken Görünüm Tarihi	1 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi	4 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi	24 Ekim 2022
Kabul Tarihi	16 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2024 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

AMA	Kurtul S, Güngördü N. Occupational skin carcinogens. Eur Res J. Mart 2024;10(2):234-240. doi:10.18621/eurj.1193815

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